________________
Sasana-Devatas
223
82.
Moti Chandra, in his Introduction to Angavijja (p. 42). writes: "In the above list the names of certain foreign goddesses are of great interest. Apala may be identified with the Greek goddess Pallas Athene. Anădita is the Avestic goddess Anahita whose cult was later on mixed with the cult of Nana or Nanaia. Airapi may be the Roman goddess Irene, Timissakesi may be the nymph Themis from whom her son Evander learned his letters, Tidhani cannot be identified, Salimalini may be identified with the moon-goddess Selene. From what source this tit-bit of information came in Angavijjä is not known, but it must be fairly early when the Greek influence was not completely lost from North-Western India and Mathura."
Also see Shah, U.P., Foreign Elements in Jaina
Literature, IHQ, XXIX.3, pp. 260-265. 52. This along with a study of all the Kubera-Häriti group
of sculptures, and of Mátrkā sculptures at Mathura, described by Dr. Agrawala in his Catalogue of Brahmanical Sculptures in the Mathura Museum, should suggest that the prototype of Ambika-yakşi, Härīti and Umā-Gauri possibly showed a child held with one hand, while the other carried a lotus bud with a stalk, which the Jainas either misunderstood or changed into a mango-bunch. Besides the sculptures referred to by Agrawala, also cf. 73 and 81 of Coomaraswamy's HIIA, or was it originally a Câmara (chowrie)? Also
see below on Iconography of the Yakşi Ambika. 53. The Deva-Nimmiya may be the Jaina Devanirmata
stūpa of Mathura. 54. Avasyaka Cürni, I, p. 591, also Avasyaka-vrti, p. 453. 55. A Yakşi carrying a big vessel, Mathura Museum no.
3549, has been assigned to Kuşāna age by Bajpai, K.D., Siksa (Hindi Journal), October, 1951, p. 156. She is a Kumbha yakşi and probably dates from late Kuşāņa or
early Gupta Age. 56. Avasyaka Cūri, p. 281, Hundi or Hundika Konanda
Susamanda. 57. Nayadhammakahão, II, pp. 48-49. 58. Näyādhammakahão, VIII, p. 95ff. 59. Vasudevahindi. p. 65, also in Nividhammakahão, VIII,
p. 95ff. 60. Vasudevahindi, p. 80ff. 61. Vasudevahindi, p. 307. 62. Ibid., p. 305. 63. The river Vitasta is said to be the abode of Nága
Takşaka. For various theories of and references to Näga worship see Vogel, Indian Serpent Lore. Also Pali Dictionary (Malalasekhara's), Vol. II, p. 675ff;
Milindapanha, p. 271ff'. 64. Vogel, Tree and Serpent Worship. pp. 102-4, 126,
Acarárga Niryukri, 335, Acaranga-Tika, p. 385. 65. Coomaraswamy, A.K., The Yaksas, Part II. 66. Yakşas, Part II, p. 2. He further refers to RV
VI1.65.2 and 88.6; also Digha Nikaya 11.204 where Varuna is called a Yakşa; AV XI.2.24. In Jaina references also, Kubera and his followers
shower riches in the palaces of the Parents of the Jinas. 68. Ganguly, O.C., The Mithuna in Indian Art, Ruram,
22-23 (1925). 69. Yakşas, II, p. 23.
70. Agrawala. V.S., Catalogue of Brahmanical Images in
Mathura Art, pp. 75-91. 71. Note especially the specimen in the British Museum,
Journal of Indian Art, vol. VIII, no. 62, pl. IV 2. Smith and Codrington, Fine Art in India and Ceylon, pl. 31, fig. B. For references to sculptures in the Mathura Museum, mentioned in this discussion, please refer to
V.S. Agrawala's Catalogue, op. cit. 72. Banerji, R.D., Age of the Imperial Guptas, pp. 104, 106,
108, 129, pl. xviii. 73. Fleet, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, II1.66-68. 74. The figures are seen on a tympanum from Mathura,
now in the Lucknow Museum, no. B.207. 75. See fig. 35 in this book. Also, Shah, U.P., Akora
Bronzes, figs. 10a, 10b, 11 and p. 28. 76. Ibid., fig. 14 and pp. 30-32. 77. Sankalia, H.D., in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
July, 1938, 427ff. Archaeology of Gujarat, 160ff. 78. Shah, U.P., Bronze Hoard from Vasantagadh, Lalit
Kala, 1-2 (April, 1955-March, 1956), pp. 55-65 and
plates. Akota Bronzes, fig. 49. 79. Akota Bronzes, figs. 56 and 77c. 80. Michael W. Meister, Jaina Temples in Central India,
Aspects of Jaina Art and Architecture, pp. 223-242. 81. Devendra Handa, Jaina Sculptures from Osia, Punjab
University Research Bulletin (Arts), vol. XIV, no. 1 (April, 1983), pp. 149-194. Sankalia. H.D., in Bulletin of the Deccan College
Research Institute, vol. I, parts 2-4, fig. 2 and pp. 157ff. 83. Jose Pereira, Monolithic Jinas (Delhi, 1977). 84. Shah, U.P., A Female Chanri-bearer from Ankopfaka and
the School of Ancient West, Bulletin of the Prince of
Wales Museum, I, pp. 43-6. 85. Settar, S., The Brahmadeva Pillars, Artibus Asiae,
vol. XXXIII, 1-2, pp. 17-38 and plates. 86. cf. et a fanfara T
T T Nemicandra, Nityamahotsava, v. 55, in Abhisekapāhasamgraha. Also see Pratisthāsároddhāra, p. 115 and
vv. 215-216. 87. In the Caityavandana, a kayotsarga is prescribed in
honour of the following: atra T TATT -
THTETRIT PT Arufafa"** Haribhadra suri, commenting on the above writes:
यावत्पकराणां प्रवचनार्थ व्यापृतभाबानां यथाऽम्बकुष्माण्डी-आदीनां शान्तिकराणां क्षुद्रोपद्रवेषु सभ्यन्दृष्टीना....'नेपामेव स्वरूपमेवंतaitafa FETA:****
Lalitavistara (Cuit yarandanasitra-vitri), p. 60 Also cf. या पाति शासन जैन सद्यः प्रत्यहनाशिनी। साभिप्रेतसमद्धार्थ भूयाच्छामनदेवताः ।।
Icara-Dinakara For Vaiyavrttakaras, see Pravacanasdroddhara, 6th
dvara. 88. Bhagavati Sutra, 25.7; Aupapātika Sutra, 20; Sthananga
Sätra, sutra 397. 89. Uttaradhyayana Sitra, adhyayana 29. 90. Annual Progress Report, Hindi and Buddhist Monuments,
Northern Circle, for the year 1918. Sankalia, H.D., Jaina Mortiments from Devgadh, JISO 4, vol. IX (1941), pp. 977r. Klaus Bruhn, The Jing Images of Deogarh,
figs. 47-74, 342, and chp. 8. 91. Mitra, Debala, Susanaderis in the Khandagiri Caves, J.AS,
vol. I, no. 2 (1959), pp. 127-133. 92. Mohapatra, R.P., Udayagiri & Khanlagiri Caves, p. 260.
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