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194
Jaina-Rūpa-Mandana
REFERENCES
1. Trişastišalakāpuruşacarita, parva 1; Tiloyapannatti,
4.512ff, pp. 206ff; Hariramsa, sargas 8-13; Padmacarita of Ravisena, parva 4, pp. 56ff; Paumacariyam of Vimala
sūri, uddeśa 3-4. 2. Avašyaka Niryukti, verses 1080ff; Avašyaka Carni,
pp. 131ff; Vasudevahindi, pp. 157-185. Kalpasūtra describes the lives of all the 24 Tirthankaras, for which see Jacobi, Jaina Sutras, S.B.E., vol. XXII, pp. 217-311 for life of Rşabha. Lives of only Rşabha, Nemi, Parsva and Mahavira are given in greater detail. Being the earliest known source for lives of the Jinas, it would be interesting to compare this source with later accounts. For a standard text of Kalpa-sutra refer to Pavitra Kalpa-sitra edited by Muni Punyavijayaji with a
Very carly Cūrni by Agastyasimha süri. 3. बृषभोऽयं जगज्येष्ठो वषिष्यति जगद्धितम् ।
धर्मामृता मतीन्द्रास्तमाका!वषभाह्वयम् ॥ वृषो हि भगवान्धर्मस्तेन यद्धाति तीर्थकृत । ततोऽयं वृषभस्वामीत्याह्वास्तेन पुरंदरः । स्वर्गावतरणे दृष्टः स्वप्नेऽस्य वृषभो यतः । जनन्या तदयं देवो आहूतो वृषभारव्यया ।।
-Adipurāna, 4.160-162 Note that the Padmacarita (Padmapurana), 3.219, following the Svetāmbara tradition, says that name was given by the parents; cf. सुरेन्द्रपूजया प्राप्तो प्रधानन्वं जिनो यतः । तस्तं ऋषभाभिख्या निन्यतुः पितरी सुतम् ।। Also cf. तस्मिन्गर्भस्थिते यस्माज्जाता वृष्टिहिरण्मयी। हिरण्यगर्भनाम्नासी स्तुतस्तस्मात्सुरेश्वरैः ।।
op. cit., 3.216 4. Kalpa-sutra, 211, S.B.E., vol. XXII, pp. 282-283. 5. Jambudvi paprajñapti, sūtra 30, p. 135; Avašyaka Vrti of
Haribhadra, p. 142. Trişaşı.. .3.66-71. 6. Padmapurā::a, 3.283: Harivamsa, 9.99; Adipurana, 17.200. 7. Cf.:
TETTHETSTECUTfacraat रूतुप्ररोहशाखाग्रो यथा न्यग्रोधपादपः ।।
-Harivamsa, 9.204 चिरं तपस्यतो तस्य जटा मूनि बमुस्तराम् । ध्यानाग्निदग्धकर्मेन्धनियंधूमशिखा इव ।।
--Adipurana, 1.9 8. Vasudevahindi, pp. 163-164. 9. Ibid., p. 185; Avasyaka Niryukti, v. 435 and Mülabhâsya
gåthả 45; Haribhadra's Avaśyaka Vrtti, p. 169. 10. For Astăpada, see Astăpada giri-kalpa in Vividha-Tirtha
Kalpa (ed. by Muni Jinavijaya in Singhi Series), pp. 91ff. 11. Ibid., pp. 1-6. 12. Sri Sopäraka-stavana published in Jaina Stotra-
Samuccaya, pp. 7-14. 13. Vividha-Tirtha-Kalpa, pp. 88-89 Kudungešvara-Nábheya
deva-Kalpa. 14. Ibid., p. 85. 15. Ibid., p. 97.
16. Agrawala, V.S., Catalogue of the Mathura Museum,
J.U.P H.S., vol. XXIII (1950), pp. 39-40. Image no.
B4. The date is regarded as equivalent to 152 A.D. 17. Prasad, H.K., Jaina Bronzes in the Patna Museum,
Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Golden Jubilee Volume, I
(Bombay, 1968), pp. 275ff. 18. Shah, U.P., Akota Bronzes, pp. 26 and 28. 19. Shah, U.P., Seven Bronzes from Lilva Deva (Pancha
Mahals), Bulletin of the Baroda Museum & Picture
Gallery, Baroda, IX.1-2, pp. 43-52 and plates. 20. Also see Harihar Singh, Jaina Temples of Western India
(Varanasi, 1982). 21. Tiwari, M.N.P., Jaina Pratima-Vijñana (Hindi, Varanasi,
1981), p. 87. 22. Shah, U.P., Bronze Hoard from Vasantagadh, ...wir mig
(New Delhi), 1-2, pp. 55-65 and plates. For a later ornate bronze from Gujarat, see Shah, U.P., A PancaTirthika Metal Image with a Torana from Patan, JISOA, Special no. on Western Indian Art, New Series Vol. I
(1965-66), pp. 23-24 and plate. 23. Srivastava, V.S., Catalogue and Guide to Ganga Golden
Jubilee Museum, Bikaner (Bombay, 1961). Published in the Journal of the University of Bombay,
vol. IX, September, 1940, pp. 147-169. 25. Dhaky, M.A., Some Early Jaina Temples in Western
India, Sri Mahavira Jaina Vidyalaya Golden Jubilee
Volume, part I, pp. 290-347 and pls. 26. Shah, U.P., Iconography of the Jaina Goddess Ambika,
Journal of the University of Bombay, Vol. IX (Sept. 1940); Introduction of Sasanadevatas in Jaina Worship, Proceedings & Transactions of the All India Oriental Conference, 20th Session, Bhuvaneśvara (1959), pp. 141
152. 27. Shah, U.P., Origin of the Jaina Goddess Ambikā, paper
being published in the forthcoming Amalananda Ghosh
Memorial Volume. 28. Lohuizen-De Leeuw, J.E. van, Indische Skulpturen der
Sammlung von der Heydt im Museum Reitberg, Zurich (1964), pp. 110ff. Jain, Jyotindra and Eberhard Fischer, Jaina Iconography, part one (Leiden, 1971),
pl. XXXVIII, p. 31. 29. Shah, U.P., Iconography of Cakresvari, the Yakși of
Rşabhanátha, Journ. of the Oriental Institute, Baroda,
Vol. XX.3 (1971), fig. 8. 30. Ibid., fig. 14. 31. Chanda, Ramaprasad, in Archaeological Survey of India,
Annual Report for 1925-26, pp. 125ff. Shah, U.P., Studies in Jaina Art (Varanasi, 1955), p. 17, and note 6; Muni Vairadeva of Son Bhandara Cave Inscription, Jour. of the Bihar Research Society, Decemos, 1953,
pp. 410-12 32. Chanda, Ramaprasad, A.S.I., A.R., 1925-26, pp. 125ff. 33. In Marr bhumi, a daily in Oriya, dated January 12, 1970.
Jaina Art and Architecture, vol. I, p. 163. 34. JAA, vol. I, pp. 73ff; Debala Mitra, Udayagiri and
Khandagiri (New Delhi, 1960); Mohapatra, R.P., Udayagiri & Khandagiri Caves (Delhi, 1981); R.P.
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