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180
Jaina-Rupa-Mandana Samvat 1245, S. 1319, s. 1245, and s. 1222 respectively (ibid., inscriptions nos. 55, 135, 147, 171 respectively). It is not necessary to list here a large number of stone and metal images of this Jina from various temples in different States of India. No complete survey of all images of all the different Jinas in each and every Jaina temple of India is made. It is therefore not advisable every time to draw final conclusions regarding beginning and/or popularity etc. of images of each and every Jina in the different States of India. However from a study of different sites and museums and a few temples in each State it seems that Rşabha, Nemi, Päráva, Mahāvira and to a lesser extent Santinātha were more popular in Jaina worship. This is supported by two famous verses in the Rüpamandana:
Jinasya mürttayo=anantāḥ pujitaḥ sarvasaukhyadahl Catasroatiśayairyuktāstāsām pujyå viseşatah// 25 Sri-Adinātho Nemiśca Pārsvo Virascaturthakah/ Cakreśvari-Ambikā Padmavati Siddhayiketi ca// 26
Rūpamandana, adh. VI, v. 25-26, p. 45
In the museum at Kota, Rajasthan are four sculptures of Pārsva assignable to c. 9th-10th cent. A.D., obtained from Ramgadh and Ataru. Similarly there are seven images of mediaeval period in the museum at Bikaner. Bronzes from Lilvädevā, North Gujarat, preserved in the Baroda Museum, include three beautiful bronzes of Pārsva--one datable in the 11th cent., another assignable to c. end of 8th century and a third elaborate Tri-Tirthika dated in v.s. 1093 gifted by one Maikā of Siddhasena-Divakara-gaccha in the Nägendra kula.328
The National Museum, New Delhi has a few interesting bronzes of Pärsvanitha. No. 68.89 in this museum is a c. 8th century bronze of Pārśva in padmasana with Sarvānubhūti and Ambika as śāsanadevatās. Dharanendra and his queen, each with a snake-hood overhead with half-human and half-snake body, spring from the coils on the back of the Jina and have both the arms folded in añjali mudra.329 No. 64.357, No. 64.355 and No. 63.37 are Tri-Tirthika bronzes of Pārśva from Western India; the first is assignable to late 11th cent. A.D., the second is dated in Samvat 1112, and the third in Samvat 1126. No. 63.1081 is a single image dated in s. 1180.330 We have already referred to the elaborate stone sculpture from Rajasthan, in the National Museum (no. 39.202), showing Parsva standing with a background of snake-coils and having in the parikara small figures of snakes playing on viņa and veņu.
From Astal Bohr, Rohtak, was discovered a fine sculpture of Parśva standing with a canopy of seven cobra-hoods. The sculpture dates from c. 8th-9th cent. A.D.331 Two camaradharas stand near the legs of the Jina. In front of these two are two smaller standing females, one carrying a lotus and the other holding a sword. In front of these females are smaller seated figures of two-armed Sarvanubhūti and Ambikā. In another sculpture from the same spot, Pārsva sits in padmāsana on a lion throne. There are two standing attendant cămaradharas, flying garland bearers, triple umbrella etc. The Jina has a canopy of seven snake-hoods. A cloth hanging on the pedestal shows, in the centre, small half-snake and halfhuman figures of Dharama and his queen sitting in añjali mudra. On two ends of the throne are two-armed figures of Sarvanubhùti and Ambikā.
In the Lucknow Museum there are several images of Parsvanatha. Of these nos. J.846, J.859. J.882. G.223, G.310, no. 48.182, no. 40.121 are assignable to a period ranging from eighth to tenth cent. A.D. No. J.794 from Vateśvara, Agra district, represents Parśva in kayotsarga pose and is assignable to c. 11th cent. A.D. Yaksi Padmavati figures on the lion-throne and has five snake-hoods. Dharanendra yaksa with five snake-hoods figures on one end of the simhasana. No. G.223 dated in 1196 A.D. shows Päršva with hair-locks on shoulders and standing in the kayotsarga mudra. The snake cognizance is shown on the pedestal
There are several images of Pārśva at Devgadh. In most of them he is shown in a standing posture. Sometimes he is attended by Dharana's queen holding the umbrella and a câmaradhara with snake-hoods overhead. In Parsva images from temples 6 and 9, Devgadh, the Jina shows hair-locks on shoulders. We have already noted before some sculptures of Parsvanátha from Devgadh discussed by
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