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TRADITIONAL HISTORY OF KALINGA
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a monarchy. This view appears to be quite correct since in the Mahābhārata the term 'King of the Kalingas' definitely carries the sense that the Kalingas were a tribe. The name was, however, given to the country also in which that tribe lived.
Further, Pāṇini refers to Taitila-kadrū” which is mentioned after pāre-vaļavā (viz., a mare from across the Indus) and may have denoted a tawny-coloured mare of the Taitila country. Kautilya refers to horses imported from Taitila.3 The Mahābhārata refers to horses of partiridge colour as tittirakalmāsha, which seems to be an equivalent of taitila-kadrū. These horses came from the Uttara-Kuru region (viz., North of Pamir in Central Asia). The Taitila Janapada may, therefore, be looked for in the neighbourhood of that region. But according to mediaeval lexicons, Taitila was synonymous with Kalingas which may be identified with Fitilgarh situated in the south of of the Sambalapur district in Orissa. In this case Pāņini's taitila-kadrū would refer to some tawny-coloured material produced in Kalinga, probably rhinoceros hides.
KAUȚILYA'S ARTHAŚĀSTRA
Kalinga is mentioned several times in the Kautilya Arthaśāstra. In the Maurya army, there was a separate Department of Elephants. It looked to the business of recruiting elephants from various places and kept them in specially managed forests and preserves. In the first
1. Agarwala, op. cit. 2. VI, 2, 42; Qtd. Agarwala op. cit. 3. Arthaśāstra, II, 30. 4. Sabhā parvan, 28. 6, 19,
5. Nānārthārnava, II, 891 ; Vaijayanti p. 37, verse. 26. Qtd. Agarwala, op. cit. 6. Cf. Agarwala, op. cit.
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