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AN EARLY HISTORY OF ORISSA Dr. Barua? has cited the following :-"In upholding the interpretation offered by D. R. Bhandarkar and R. C. Majumdar of the text of the Andhau inscription as implying à conjoint rule of king Chashtana, the grandfather and Rudradāmana I, the grandson, of the same Kshaharāta royal family, Dr. Raychaudhari® calls our attention to a number of facts deserving consideration :(a) The account given by Diodorus of the political
constitution of Tauala (pašala), the Indus Delta, as having been drawn on the lines of Spartan, enjoining the conjoint rule of two kings representing the two eldest representatives of the ruling clan and as vesting the command in war to two hereditary
kings of different houses. (b) The mention of dvirāja' in the Atharva Vedas in
the sense of a conjoint rule of two. (c) The danger of "dvairājya' viz. the conjoint rule of
two kings, in the event of their disagreement and mutual enmity and hostility, discussed in the Arthaśāstra.' N.' N. Lawo maintains that dvairājya' or the rule by two kings was, according to the Arthaśāstra, a “vyasana' (distress) of the royal state ; it implying rather an abnormal than a normal state of things. The dvairājya form of government must have been ushered in as a means of avoiding keeping the crown-prince waiting indefinitely till the death or retirement of the reigning king.
1. OBI, p. 237. 2. PHAI, ED. V, pp. 486-8. 3. V, 20, 9. 4. VIII, 2, 128.
6. Technical Institutions' published in the Indian Historical Quarterly, referred to by Earua, OBI, p. 237, fn. 1.
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