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EDUCATION OF KHĀRAVELA
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high proficiency. We read—“Many were the arts and sciences, he knew-Holy tradition and the Secular law, the Sāňkhya, Yoga, Nyāya and Vaišeshika, Systems of Philosophy, Arithmetic, Music, Medicine, the four Vedas, the Purāṇas and the Itihāsa, Astronomy, Magic, Causation and Spells, the Art of War, Poetry, Conveyancing-in a word, the whole nineteen.” Rudradāmana I is represented in his Junāgadha inscription (A. D. 150) as a prince who gained fame by studying Grammar (sabda), Polity (artha), Music (gnndharva), Logic (nyāya). The Nidāna-kathā of the Pali Jātaka Commentary speaks of twelve vidyās (dvādasavidhain sippan) including the Archery (dhanuggha). The Vātsyāyana Kāmasūtra enumerates the ancient Indian sciences and arts, called yogas, under sixty four heads (chātuhshashthikā yogā) implying that, by the time the Sūtra in question was compiled in the present form (3rd or 4th Century A. D.), the traditional total of yogas came to be reckoned as sixty four: This total, once established, continued to be in use and gained a proverbial character in the later expression 'Chātuhshashți-kalā'.
Although references to all or most of the sciences and arts can be traced in various early works-Brahmanic, Jaina and Buddhist, it is difficult to conceive the total sixty four as coming into existence much before the 3rd or the 4th Century A. D.
There is nothing in the Hāthigumphā inscription to indicate that prince Khāravela was sent out of Kalinga for
1. Milind text as rendered by Rhys Davids (pp. 3-4) reads : "Bahuni ch'assa satthüni uggahitani honti, seyyathidam ; suti sammuti sai khya yogū niti visesiku ganikā gandhabba tikichchhà chātubbedà purana itihāsa jotisã nüyü hetu mantană yuddhi chhandasi muddī, vachanena ekunavisati."
2. SI, Vol. I, p. 172. 3. Fautboll Jataka, I, p. 58,
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