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EDUCATION OF KHĀRAVELA
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Edict and in the Arthaśāstra. R. D. Banerjisays that the term gamanā occurs in the Arthaśāstra, and has been translated as 'Accountancy'.' It is further certain that this term could not have been used for elementary mathematics in this inscription, as is supposed by Buhler. Buddhaghosha& states that lekha and gaṇanā are studies which ensure good living in later life to the learner. Lekha entailed hard work at the desk, whereas gananā is threatened with consumption.?
Vavahāra-Vidhi
Over and above lekha, rūpa and gananā, we have the use of two other terms to wit in the Hāthigumphā record, viz., vavalıāra and vidhi. Dr. Barua6 says that in the compound "lekhr-rūpa-gananā-vavahāra-vidhi', 'vidhi' may be interpreted in the sense of 'rule' (cf. lekha-vidhi, the rule of writing ; rūpa-vidhi, , the rule of coinage and currency) or treated as a separate term. The term 'vavahāra-vidhi' has been tentatively translated as 'administration and procedure' which is somewhat vague and misleading. The Sanskrit word vyava hāra corresponding to vavahāra has been clearly defined in the Arthaśāstra, as "Vyavahārika Šāstra' or judicial administration and procedures' in accordance with established conventions. Jayaswal and Banerji,10 however, render it as 'civil and municipal laws.'
1. Sitcar, SI, p. 20 ; Barua, AHI, Vol. II, p. 247. 2. II, 7, 25. 3. HO, Vol. I, p. 73 ; Jayaswal and Banorji, EI, Vol. XX, pp. 71f.
4. Pp. 69.73. An entire chapter has been devoted to it there and the subject is explainod in details. The actual term used therein is Gipanikya.
5. Indian Palaeography, p. 5. 6. SBE, XIII, p. 201 fn. 7. Jayaswal, JBORS, Vol. III, Pt. IV, p. 480, 8. OBI, p. 245. 9. III, i, 08.
10. EI, Vol. XX, pp. 71f.
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