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39
JNATADHARMAKATHA (NAYADHAMMAKAHÃO)
was put into prison where his feet were tied in a wooden frame (Ibid., 2, pp. 53ff.). For some slight fault merchant Dhanna of Rayagiha met with the same fate (Ibid., 2, p. 54). Four varieties of elephants, viz. Bhadda, Manda, Miya and Sankinna, are classified according to their seasonal uses, physical strength, intelligence and ability, etc. (Ibid., I, p. 39; Cf. Sammohavinodani, p. 397, mentioning ten kinds of elephants: Kalāvakañca Gangeyyam, Pandaram Tamba-Pingalam, Gandha-Mangala-Hemañ ca uposatha-Chaddant' ime dusati.). When Mithila was besieged by Jiyasattu and other kings, king Kumbhaga closed the city gates and the citizens could not move out (Ibid., 8, p. 112). The paddy was sown during the rains and when ripe the crops were harvested with new sharp sickles, thrashed, winnowed and then taken to the granary where they were kept in new sealed jars (Ibid., 7, 86). Flower-houses were made during festivals (Ibid., 8, 103). Woodgatherers (katthahāragā), leafgatherers (pattahāragā) and grass-cutters (tanahāragā) were found roaming about in forests (Ibid., 13, 143). Tortoises were eaten by the people (Ibid., 4). Clothes were moistened with soda (sajjiyākhāra) and heated on fire and then washed with clean water (Ibid., 5, 74). Various kinds of cloth were loaded in waggons and carried for sale (Ibid., 17, 203). The king could commute the sentence of death for banishment (Ibid., 8, 107). Mithila is mentioned as a port and the seafaring merchants of Campa came here for trade (Ibid., 8, 97ff.). Kaliyadiva was the place where there were rich mines of gold, jewels and diamond and which was noted for horses (Ibid., 17, 201ff.). There was the necessity of passport (rāyavarasāsana) (Ibid., 8, 98).
There was the worship of various deities (Ibid., 8, 100). There were taverns and gambling houses (juyakhalaya) (Ibid., 2, 48). The country of Daddara was noted for its sandal wood (Ibid., 8, 98). The town of Hatthikappa or Hatthakappa was visited by the five Pandavas (Ibid., 16, 199ff.). It may be identified with Hathab near Bhavnagar in Gujarat. The sayamvara of Dovai (Draupadi) was held in the city of Kampillapura2 (Ibid., 8, 178). Pandu Mahura may be
1 The Himalayan forests are said to have abounded in elephants living in herds or as rogues, distinguished as l'amanikā (dwarfish), Uccākaļārikā, Uccăkaneruka and Chaddanta (six-tuskod). The last named class is associated with the Chaddanta lake and is noted for the high quality of the ivory (B. C. Law, India as described in early texts of Buddhism and Jainism, p. 65).
2 Or Kampilyanagara (Mahabharata, 138, 73-74) which was the capital of southern Pañcala, identical with modern Kampil in the Farokhabad district, U.P. (B. C. Law, Geography of Early Buddhism, p. 18; B. C. Law, Panchalas and their capital Ahichchhatra, M.A.S.I., No. 67, pp. 3ff.)
