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KALPA SUTRA
101
what is necessary for carrying out the Law. Their opinion is that knowledge, faith and right conduct are the true causes of final liberation. Self is the one invincible foe together with four cardinal passions (namely, anger, pride, deceit and greed) and the five senses. Love, batred, etc., are heavy fetters; attachment is a dangerous ope; having regularly destroyed them, one should live according to the rules of conduct. Love of existence is the dreadful plant which brings forth dreadful fruit. Passions are the fire; knowledge, a virtuous life, andi penances are the water. Passiou should be subdued. Mind is an unruly, dreadful and bad horse. One should govern it by the discipline of the Law. The heterodox and the hereties have all chosen a wrong path, the right path is that which is taught by the Jinas. The right path is the most excellent one. The flood is old age and death which carry away living beings. Law is the refuge and the most excellent shelter. The body is the boat, life is the sailor and the circle of births is the ocean which is crossed by the great sages. The omniscient Jina has risen after putting an end to the circle of births. He is the luminary who brings light into the whole world of living beings. Nirvāṇa is the safe, happy, and quiet place which the great sages reach. It is freedom from pain. It is difficult of approach. Those sages who reach it are free from sorrows and they have put an end to the stream of existence. Thus Gautama removed the doubts of Kesi who bowed down his head before him. Kesi sincerely adopted the Law of the five vows proclaimed by the first Tīrthankara. Thus we find that in the meeting of Kesi and Gautama subjects of greatest importance were settled and knowledge and virtuous conduct were brought to eminence.
Mahāvīra, the last Tirthankara of the Jainas, is described as a great Brāhinana, a great guardian, a great guide, a great preacher, a great pilot and is great recluse. He belonged to the Kāśyapa gotin. He was a son of Ksatriya Siddhartha. also known as Sreyāmśa and Yasamsa and of Ksatriyāni Trišalā, also known as Videhadattā. His mother was a sister to Cetaka, one of the kings of Vaiśālī. He was born in the town of Kundapura, at suburb of Vaiśālī, and therefore he was called Vesālāi or a citizen of Vaiśālī. According to the Kalpasūtru (secs. 114-16), he was born in Kollāga and naturally when he assumed the monk's vocation he retired to the cheiya of his own clan called Duïpalāsa situated in the neighbourhood of his native place called Kollāga. He
Sūtrakrtinga, 1, 2, 3, 22: rahi nayaputte bhagavam l'esülic vi jāhicttivomi,
