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109
UTTARADHYAYANA SUTRA (UTTARAJJHAYANA SÜYA)
which a man should first study the Vedas as a Brahmacărin, then fulfil the duties of a householder, and only in old age retire to the forest to lead a hermit's life. This has its parallels with slight variations in the Mahabharata (XII, 175), Markandeya Purāņa (X) and the Pāli Jātaka (No. 509).
In Chapter IX of the same text in the beautiful ballad of King Nami, the ascetic ideal is contrasted with that of the warrior and ruler. This has its parallels in the Mahabharata (XII, 178, 2) and the Pali Jātaka (No. 539).
The Chapter XII of the text has its counter-part in the Matunga Jātaka (No. 497). The legend of Citta and Sambhuta of Chapter XIII of the text has long been traced by Leumann in the Pali Jātaka No. 498.
The Uttaradhyayana sūtra enjoins that a monk on receiving an order (ananiddesa-kare) from his superior goes to him watching his nods and motions. He is well behaved. He who desires his own welfare should adhere to good conduct. He who desires liberation (niyogarthin, mokṣārthin) will be received everywhere. He should acquire valuable knowledge and avoid what is worthless. He should always be meek and should not be talkative in the presence of the wise.1 A monk should avoid untruth. He should not tell anything sinful or meaningless or hurtful. On the highway or in a barber's shop (samare) a single monk should not stand with a single woman nor should he talk to her. A monk should sally forth at the right time and return at the right time. He should not approach dining people sitting in a row; but should collect alms that are freely given. He should eat a moderate portion at the right time. He should wait for his alms alone, not too far from other monks nor too near them.2 There are twenty-two troubles which a monk must learn and know, bear and conquer in order not to be vanquished by them. They are as follows: hunger, thirst, cold, heat, gad-flies, and gnats (all biting or stinging insects as lice), nakedness, women, to be discontented with the objects of control, erratic life, place for study (nisihiya), lodging, abuse, corporeal punishment, to ask for something (yayanā, yācanā), to be refused, illness, the pricking of grass, dirt, kind and respectful treatment, understanding, ignorance and righteousness. A monk, who is strong in self-control and does penance, should not cut or cause another to cut anything to be eaten nor cook it or cause another to cook it though his body is weakened by hunger. He should know the permitted
1 Uttaradh., I, 2, 6-8.
2 Ibid., I, 24-26, 31-33.
3 Ibid., II. (Parisaha-that which may cause trouble to an ascetic and which must be cheerfully borne).
