Jainism

Author(s): Vallabh Smarak Nidhi
Publisher: Vallabh Smarak Nidhi

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except the soul are devoid of consciousness. The atoms, according to Jainism, are fundamentally alike, having the abovementioned qualities and not different for earth, water, fire and air, as in the Nyaya system.
3. Space or “ Akasha.” Substances must havo room to exist. That which affords this room is called Akasha. Akasha is of two kinds Lokakasha' ( the space containing the world of souls, matter, time, etc) and Alokakasha (the empty space beyond such a world ).
4 Time or "Kala" The substance responsible for modifications and changes in things is known as time. In its absence nothing could continue to exist or undergo a change.
5, and 6. "Dharma" and "Adharma" These two substances are a distinguishing feature of the Jain system. They do not mean virtue and sin as these words ordinarily imply, The Jains believe that there must be some substances which help souls and material objects to move or to rest, These are known as Dharma and Adharma, respectively. Just as water helps a fish in its movement in the river or the shado of a tree helps a pagser-by to take rest, so these two substances help worldly objects in