________________
Chapter 01
Introduction to Research
Fixing the Milestones - 4
ATemperature (°C)
ILL
w
CO2 (ppmv)
Dust (ppm)
0.6FM WWW 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Thousands of Years Ago Fig.8: Climate change over the Earth in Four hundred fifty thousand years from present. The treatment on the Vostok ice core reveals Co, greenhouse gas emission, (right y-axis) and
equivalent global air temperature (left y-axis) variations over the Earth. The increase in CO, emission and hence enhancement in global air temperature is the consequence of volcano eruptions that often take place during long lasting glaciers.
On the other hand Geodynamics of Earth's Inner Core and Mantle forcing generates: a). super-rotation and inner-core nutation, b). super-plumes, c). Sub-ducting and d). plates volcanoes. In view of this force, the Earth has been observing significant variation in its super-rotation and nutation in last few millions of years, which results in several earthquakes and volcanoes in addition to wide climatic changes. One of the major forces affecting the Earth's climate in a variety of ways is the Solar Force, which has been well studied. Recent studies carried out at Physical Research Laboratory and over the globe show that the Sun is a major force to drive Space Weather and Space Climate, the two new emerging areas of research. The most striking and remarkable property of the Sun is the differential rotation, which along with its convection property produce sunspots. These sunspots have 11-year periodicity and are the major form of solar activity. The 80-year and 200-year periodicity of the solar activity is related to climate change over the Earth (Bhatt, Jain, Aggarwal, 2009). The 11-year, 80-year and 200-year periodicities may be well noted in Figure 8 as small fluctuations in long period time series. Nevertheless, in Figure 9 the sunspot cycle variation since 1700AD to present is shown along with predictions for the future sunspot maximum year and amplitude. However, it must be noted that sunspot activity periods may affect the climate cycle to significant extent but not to the extent of catastrophe on the Earth. The other climate affecting forces are the Cosmic Ray Forcing, which is related to heliosphere and magnetosphere shielding; however, only the high energy cosmic rays play a role, and the Greenhouse gases: a) Co, b) Methane, c) Water vapor, and d) TPW (true-polar-wander). Throughout history, the changing fortunes of human societies in Asia have been linked to variations in the precipitation resulting from seasonal monsoons. The variations in monsoon
- New Techniques to discover Ashtapad
