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Chapter 07
Ancient Tibet - History and Culture
MU-NE-BTSAN-PO The thirty-ninth king of Tibet, son of Khri-srong-lde-btsan. His reign was very brief. GNAM-RI-SRONG-BTSAN The thirty-second king of Tibet, father of Srong-btsan-sgam-po. Also known as Slon-mtshan. NAN-CHAO A kingdom southeast of Tibet in modern-day Yunnan, Ally of Tibet until 789 A.D. Known in Tibetan records as 'Jang or IJang. NONHUMANS Ancient rulers known as mi-ma-yin, including gods, demons, nagas, and other types of beings. They lived long before the time of the first king. GNYA-KHRI-BTSAN-PO The first king of Tibet. 247 B.C. seems a likely date for his reign, though sources differ. His lineage, which endured until the ninth century, originated outside Tibet, according to most sources - in India or in the heaven realms. ODDIYANA A region identified by most modern scholars with the Swat valley in modern-day Pakistan. OD-SRUNG Son of Glang-dar-ma. He ruled portions of central Tibet after the fall of the Tibetan Empire in the mid-ninth century. PADMASAMBHAVA The Oddiyana Guru invited to Tibet by Khri-srong-lde-btsan in the mideighth century. PALA DYNASTY Ruling dynasty in Bengal and northern India in the late eighth and ninth centuries. DPAL-'KHOR Son of 'Od-srung, who lived in the beginning of the tenth century. His son Khrilde Nyi-ma-mgon left central Tibet and established kingdoms in western Tibet. SPU-DE-GUNG-RGYAL The ninth king of Tibet, son of Gri-gum, who was exiled and returned to Yar-lung. RAL-PA-CAN The forty-first king of Tibet, grandson of Khri-srong-Ide-btsan. Also known as Khri-gtsug-Ide-btsan. SAD-NA-LEGS The fortieth king of Tibet, son of Khri-srong-lde-btsan, who reigned after his brother Mu-ne died. Also known as iDe-srong and Khri-lde-srong-btsan. BSAM-YAS The first Buddhist monastery established in Tibet. Founded by Khri-srong-lde-btsan, Santaraksita, and Padmasambhava. SANTARAKSITA The Abbot of Vikramasila Buddhist university in India. He was invited to Tibet by Khri-srong-lde-btsan. SILK ROUTE Caravan route across the Central Asian desert that opened in 112 B.C., linking east and west. Cities established in the oases along this route, such as Khotan, Kucha, Karashahr, Kashgar, became, prosperous, cosmopolitan centers. SRONG-BTSAN-SGAM-PO The thirty-third king of Tibet. He laid the foundation for the Buddhist tradition in Tibet and began the expansion of the Tibetan Empire. SUM-PA A culture or kingdom connected with the sTong tribe, according to Tibetan records. Modern scholars suggest that Sum-pa is connected with the Su-p'i tribes mentioned in old Chinese records.
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Translation from a pilgrimage guide to Mt. Kailash
