Anusandhan Swarup evam Pravidhi

Author(s): Ramgopal Sharma
Publisher: Rajasthan Hindi Granth Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/020048/1

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra // anaMtalabdhinidhAna zrI gautamasvAmine namaH / / // yoganiSTha AcArya zrImad buddhisAgarasUrIzvarebhyo namaH // // kobAtIrthamaMDana zrI mahAvIrasvAmine namaH // AcArya zrI kailAsasAgarasUri jJAnamaMdira Websiet : www.kobatirth.org Email: Kendra@kobatirth.org www.kobatirth.org punitapreraNA va AzIrvAda rASTrasaMta zrutoddhAraka AcAryadeva zrImat padmasAgarasUrIzvarajI ma. sA. zrI jaina mudrita graMtha skeniMga prakalpa graMthAMka : 1 mahAvIra zrI mahAvIra jaina ArAdhanA kendra AcAryazrI kailAsasAgarasUri jJAnamaMdira kobA, gAMdhInagara - zrI mahAvIra jaina ArAdhanA kendra AcAryazrI kailAsasAgarasUri jJAnamaMdira kobA, gAMdhInagara-382007 (gujarAta) (079) 23276252, 23276204 pheksa: 23276249 jaina / / gaNadhara bhagavaMta zrI sudharmAsvAmine namaH / / // cAritracUDAmaNi AcArya zrImad kailAsasAgarasUrIzvarebhyo namaH / / amRtaM ArAdhanA tu kendra kobA vidyA Wan zahara zAkhA AcAryazrI kailAsasAgarasUri jJAnamaMdira zahara zAkhA AcAryazrI kailAsasAgarasUri jJAnamaMdira traNa baMgalA, Tolakanagara parivAra DAiniMga haoNla kI galI meM pAlaDI, ahamadAbAda - 380007 (079) 26582355

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anusaMdhAnaH svarUpa evaM pravidhi DA. rAma gopAla zarmA 'dineza' rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI, For Private And Personal Use Only jayapura

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anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi lekhaka DaoN. rAmagopAla zarmA "dineza ema.e. (hindI, saMskRta), pI-eca.DI., DI. liTa. pUrva prAcArya tathA adhiSThAtA, hindI vibhAga evaM saMkAya mo. lA. sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura (rAja) ... rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI, jayapura For Private And Personal Use Only

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prathama saMskaraNa : 1994 ISBN 81-7137-135-3 mUlya : 41.00 rupaye mAtra (c) sarvAdhikAra prakAzaka ke adhIna meaniww mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa maMtrAlaya, prakAzaka: rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI bhArata sarakAra kI vizvavidyAlaya-starIya e-26/2, vidyAlaya mArga, tilaka nagara, | grantha-nirmANa yojanA ke antargata. jayapura-302 004 rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI, jayapura dvArA prkaashit| laiz2ara kampojiMga : jayapura kamyUTarsa A-691, mAlavIya nagara, jayapura mmammomaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaamwomemamamama mudraka : jayapura For Private And Personal Use Only

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prakAzakIya bhUmikA rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI apanI sthApanA ke 24 varSa pUre karake 15 julAI, 1993 ko 25veM varSa meM praveza kara cukI hai| isa avadhi meM vizva-sAhitya ke vibhinna viSayoM ke utkRSTa granthoM ke hindI anuvAda tathA vizvavidyAlaya ke zaikSaNika stara ke maulika granthoM ko hindI meM prakAzita kara akAdamI ne pAThakoM kI sevA karane kA mahattvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai aura isa prakAra vizvavidyAlaya-stara para hindI meM zikSaNa ke mArga ko sugama banAyA hai| ___ akAdamI kI nIti hindI meM aise granthoM kA prakAzana karane kI rahI hai jo vizvavidyAlaya ke snAtaka aura snAtakottara pAThyakramoM ke anukUla ho / vizvavidyAlaya-stara ke aise utkRSTa mAnaka-grantha, jo upayogI hote hue bhI prakAzana kI vyAvasAyikatA kI daur3a meM apanA samucita sthAna nahIM pA sakate hoM aura aise grantha bhI, jo aMgrejI kI pratiyogitA ke sAmane Tika nahIM pAte hoM; akAdamI prakAzita karatI hai / isa prakAra akAdamI jJAna-vijJAna ke hara viSaya meM una durlabha mAnaka-granthoM ko prakAzita karatI rahI hai aura karegI; jinako pAkara hindI ke pAThaka lAbhAnvita hI nahI; gauravAnvita bhI ho skeN| hameM yaha kahate hue harSa hotA hai ki akAdamI ne 375 se bhI adhika aise durlabha aura mahattvapUrNa granthoM ko prakAzita kiyA hai jinameM se ekAdhika kendra, rAjyoM ke borDoM evaM anya saMsthAoM dvArA puraskRta kiye gaye haiM tathA aneka vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM dvArA anushNsit| rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI ko apane sthApanA kAla se hI bhArata sarakAra ke zikSA mantrAlaya se preraNA aura sahayoga prApta hotA rahA hai tathA rAjasthAna sarakAra ne isake pallavana meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA nibhAI hai, ataH akAdamI apane lakSyoM kI prApti meM ukta sarakAroM kI bhUmikA ke prati kRtajJatA vyakta karatI hai| _"anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi" nAmaka pustaka kA prathama saMskaraNa prakAzita karate hue hama harSa kA anubhava kara rahe hai / prastuta pustaka meM anusaMdhAna ke svarUpa evaM pravidhi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| lekhaka dvArA isa bAta kI pUrNa ceSTA kI gaI hai ki mUla viSaya anAvazyaka uddharaNoM se bojhila na hone pAye tathA zodhakarmI isase pUrNa lAbhAnvita ho skeN| For Private And Personal Use Only

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(iv) pustaka ko kula milAkara 18 adhyAyoM meM likhA gayA hai| pahale cAra adhyAyoM meM anusaMdhAna kI paribhASA, uddezya, upayogitA, prakAra evaM pravidhiyA~ Adi para vistRta rUpa se carcA kI gaI hai| isake bAda vibhinna adhyAyoM meM kramAnusAra darzanazAstra, lalitakalAoM meM anusaMdhAna, bhASikI anusaMdhAna, sAhityika anusaMdhAna evaM samAlocanA, pANDulipisampAdana anusaMdhAna aura mAnava-mUlya, zodha-prabaMdha-lekhana Adi para pUrNa prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ataH pustaka samasta adhyetAoM ke lie upayogI siddha hogii| akAdamI lekhaka DaoN. rAmagopAla zarmA 'dineza' ke prati AbhAra vyakta karatI hai, jinhoMne isa pustaka ko likhakara, viSaya meM eka abhAva kI pUrti kI hai| lalita kizora caturvedI ucca zikSAmaMtrI, rAjasthAna sarakAra evaM adhyakSa, rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI jayapura DaoN. veda prakAza nidezaka rAjasthAna hindI grantha akAdamI jayapura For Private And Personal Use Only

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bhUmikA mAnavikI viSayoM meM vibhinna bhASAoM, unake sAhitya, itihAsa, darzanazAstra tathA lalitakalAoM kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| ina viSayoM meM mAnava kI anubhUti, cetanA aura kalpanA kA adbhuta sammizraNa rahatA hai, ataH inakA adhyayana atyanta sUkSma tattva-cintana aura gaMbhIra vicAra-vizleSaNa kI apekSA rakhatA hai| vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM ina viSayoM ke adhyayana kI sudIrgha paramparA milatI hai| aneka zodha-prabandha likhe jA cuke haiM tathA aneka viSaya paMjIkRta bhI haiM; kintu,bahuta kama zodha-prabaMdha anusandhAna kI pravidhi ke anusAra likhe gaye haiN| jo zodha-prabaMdha prakAzita hue haiM, unameM samAlocanAtmaka yA varNanAtmaka pravRtti adhika pAI jAtI hai / phalataH pramANa-puSTa niSkarSoM kA prAyaH abhAva rahatA hai| hindI meM anusaMdhAna-pravidhi ke vivecana kI ora bahuta kama vidvAnoM kA dhyAna gayA hai| jo graMtha likhe bhI gaye haiM, ve mAnavikI viSayoM kI samagra zodha-dRSTi prastuta nahIM karate / unameM kevala hindI-sAhitya ko lakSya banAkara kucha tathyoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura bhASA tathA sAhitya ke kSetra meM hue anusandhAna yA paMjIkRta viSayoM kI sUcI de dI gaI hai| zodhakarmiyoM ko sadA eka aise graMtha kA abhAva khaTakatA rahA hai, jo saMkSipta tathA sulajhe hae DhaMga se mAnavikI viSayoM kI anusandhAna-pravidhi para prakAza DAla ske| prastuta pustaka isI abhAva kI pUrti kI dizA meM eka prayAsa hai| isameM anusandhAna ke svarUpa aura pravidhi para gaMbhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| isa pustaka meM isa bAta kI pUrNa ceSTA kI gaI hai ki mUla viSaya anAvazyaka uddharaNoM se bojhila na hone paaye| zodhakarmI zodha-pravidhi kA sahaja rUpa meM zuddha parijJAna kara sakeM- kevala yahI merA mukhya uddezya rahA hai| vibhinna pAzcAtya yA prAcya vidvAnoM ne kisa-kisa saMdarbha meM kyA-kyA mata vyakta kiye haiM, unakA jaMgala prastuta karake aura unake mata-matAntara-gata satyAsatya ke anveSaNa meM pravRtta hokara zodhArthiyoM ke samakSa maiM adhika vidvAna to siddha ho sakatA thA tathA prakAzaka se pRSTha-vRddhi ke kAraNa dhana bhI le sakatA thA, For Private And Personal Use Only

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(vi) kintu pustaka likhane ke mUla lakSya se bahuta dUra calA jAtA, jo nitAnta anucita kArya hotaa| ataH pratyeka pakSa ko sAragarbhita rUpa meM hI prastuta karane kI ceSTA kI gaI hai| AzA hai mUla viSaya ko kendra meM rakhakara kI gaI sIdhI-sIdhI isa saMkSipta carcA se mAnavikI viSayoM ke zodha-vidyArthI lAbhAnvita hoMge aura apane anusandhAna kArya ko adhika saMyata, tarka-saMgata, gaMbhIra, niSkarSonmukhI tathA samAja-kalyANa ke lie upayukta banA skeNge| anta meM una vidvAnoM ke prati hRdaya se kRtajJatA jJApita karatA hU~, jinake vidvattApUrNa vicAroM se isa graMtha kI racanA meM jJAtAjJAta rUpa meM mujhe sahAyatA milI hai| udayapura (rAja) -DaoN. rAmagopAla zarmA 'dineza' For Private And Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 11. www.kobatirth.org adhyAya 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. mAnavikI anusandhAna kI vaijJAnika paddhati 7. 8. 9. 10. viSaya-sUcI anusandhAna kI paribhASA evaM uddezya anusandhAna kI upayogitA anusandhAna ke prakAra anusandhAna kI pravidhiyA~ mAnavikI viSaya aura anusandhAna itihAsa kI anusandhAna-pravidhi darzanazAstra kI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi lalitakalAoM meM anusandhAna 12. 13. 14. tulanAtmaka anusandhAna 15. 16. 17. 18. bhASikI anusandhAna-pravidhi sAhityika anusandhAna evaM samAlocanA sAhityika anusaMdhAna evaM pAThAlocana pANDulipi- sampAdana zabdakoza nirmANa kI zodha pravidhi anusandhAna aura mAnava-mUlya zodha-prabaMdha lekhana hindI anusaMdhAna : vikAsa, upalabdhiyA~ aura sujhAva pRSTha saMkhyA 1 6 a 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 1 0 2 888 9 13 21 26 30 37 41 46 53 61 64 75 79 83 86 90

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anusaMdhAna kI paribhASA evaM uddezya - sRSTi meM jo kucha hai, use jAnane ke lie aneka mArga manuSya ne nikAle haiN| koI vyakti samasta sRSTi-tattva ko buddhi se samajhanA cAhatA hai, koI use cintana se pAnA cAhatA hai aura koI usake lie vaijJAnika vizleSaNa tathA prayoga kI paddhati apanAtA hai / yaha kArya ananta kAla se cala rahA hai, kintu sRSTi ke sampUrNa rahasyoM kA patA Aja taka nahIM cala sakA / darzana ke sabhI cintana jisa dizA meM agrasara haiM, vijJAna ke camatkAra bhI usI dizA meM calate rahate haiN| jahA~ bar3e-bar3e dArzanikoM ne apane jJAna-cakSuoM se sRSTi ke aneka rahasyoM kA udghATana karane meM saphalatA pAI hai, vahIM vijJAna ne bhI Adhunika yuga meM aneka camatkAra-pUrNa AviSkAra kara DAle haiN| itanA mAnava-prayAsa bhI abhI nagaNya hI kahA jAegA, kyoMki abhI bhI bahuta kucha jAnane tathA pramANita karane ke lie zeSa hai| jahA~ vijJAna antarikSa meM nagara basAne kI saMbhAvanA prastuta karatA hai, vahIM vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatA hai ki bhUcAla Ane, jvAlAmukhI phaTane, bhayaMkara samudrI tUphAna calane Adi jaise bhISaNa daivI prakopoM ko vaha nahIM roka sakatA, kintu yaha Aja kA satya hai| ho sakatA hai ki kala naye AviSkAra hoM aura ina para bhI niyaMtraNa pAnA saMbhava ho jAye / isalie yaha svIkAra karanA par3atA hai ki anusaMdhAna kI sImA ananta kAla taka phailI huI hai tathA mAnava ke jJAna ko cunautI-pUrNa banAtI hai| paribhASA "anusaMdhAna" kI pahacAna kyA hai ? kaise kisI kArya ko anusaMdhAna kA pariNAma mAnA jAye ? isa prakAra ke aneka praznoM kA uttara pAne ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki anusaMdhAna ke zabdArtha evaM bhAvArtha ko vyavasthita rUpa se samajhA jAe tathA usake paryAyavAcI zabdoM kI bhI vyAkhyA kI jaae| ___"anusaMdhAna" zabda ke mUla meM saMskRta kI "dhA" dhAtu vidyamAna hai / "dhA" dhAtu kA artha dhAraNa karanA, rakhanA Adi hotA hai| "anu" upasarga hai, jisakA artha hai-pIche For Private And Personal Use Only

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2/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi laganA, anusaraNa karanA, punaH karanA Adi / "dhA" dhAtu se bane "saMdhAna" kA artha khojanA, nizcita karanA,lakSya-kendrita honA Adi hotA hai| ataH anu + saMdhAna se bane " anusaMdhAna" zabda kA artha kisI lakSya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara usake pIche laga jAnA arthAt ekAgra bhAva se khoja karate hue kisI lakSya ko prApta karanA hotA hai| aMgrejI meM anusaMdhAna kA paryAya 'risarca zabda mAnA jAtA hai| isa zabda kI vebsaTara kI "tharDa nyU iNTaranezanala DikzanarI" meM isa prakAra vyAkhyA kI gaI hai _ "Careful or diligent search : a close searching (as after hidden treasure), studious inquiry or examination; esp. critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories and laws, in the light of newly discovered facts or the practical applications of such new or revised conclusions theories. risarca kI yaha paribhASA bahuta vyApaka aura vistRta hai| vastutaH jisa artha meM Ajakala anusaMdhAna" zabda kA prayoga hotA hai,usako pUrNataH risarca kI uparyukta paribhASA meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| ataH zabdArtha kI dRSTi se "anusaMdhAna" utanA vyApaka evaM vistRta artha nahIM rakhatA,jitane vyApaka evaM vistRta artha meM,usakA jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM Ajakala prayoga hotA hai| saMkSepa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki anusaMdhAna eka aisA kArya hai, jise kaThora parizrama, viveka, ekAgratA, ekaniSThatA, gaMbhIra abhiruci Adi ke AdhAra para sampanna kiyA jAtA hai / isa kArya ke phalasvarUpa mahattvapUrNa navIna jJAna yA jJAta tathyoM kA navIna vyAkhyAna mAnava jAti ko prApta hotA hai| hindI meM anusaMdhAna ke kaI paryAyavAcI zabda haiM jinameM kucha pramukha zabda haiMzoSa, khoja anveSaNa, gaveSaNA evaM anuzIlana / ye sabhI zabda anusaMdhAna ke lie prayukta hote haiM, kintu zabdArtha kI dRSTi se pratyeka zabda kI eka sImA hai / 'zodha' zabda meM jJAna kI zuddhi kA bhAva rahatA hai| zodhakartA vismRta jJAna ko punaH prakAza meM lAkara use zuddha rUpa se prastuta karatA hai| adyAvadhi prApta jJAna se usa vismRta jJAna kA sambandha jor3akara vaha jJAna kA vistAra karatA hai| jJAna kI kramabaddhatA aura zuddhi tathA usake satya kA jIvanopayogI pakSa zodhakartA kI dRSTi meM rahatA hai| ataH 'zodha' zabda meM anusaMdhAna ke sabhI pakSa A jAte hai| samyak rUpa se kisI bhI parikalpanA ke hala taka pahuMcane kI prakriyA zodha artha ko sUcita karatI hai| ataH zodha aura anusaMdhAna sabhI dRSTiyoM se eka-dUsare ke adhika nikaTa hai| jo tathya yA satya jJAta hai, usako bhI yuga ke anurUpa parakhanA aura zuddha karanA par3atA hai| yaha kArya bhI zodha yA anusaMdhAna kI sImA meM AtA hai| atIta kA pratyeka jJAta tathya kisI yuga ke mAnava-jIvana ke lie sarvathA grAhya hI ho, aisA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ata: usakI bhI punarvyAkhyA karanI par3atI hai, jo zodha ke kSetra meM AtI hai| udAharaNa ke lie, For Private And Personal Use Only

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anusaMdhAna kI paribhASA evaM uddezya/3 bAdarAyaNa ke brahma-sUtroM kI zaMkarAcArya, rAmAnujAcArya, nimbArkAcArya, madhvAcArya, ballabhAcArya Adi dArzanikoM ne apanI-apanI dRSTi se yugAnurUpa vyAkhyA kI, jo unakI maulika zodha-dRSTi kI paricAyikA siddha huI / isI prakAra kAtyAyana ke vArtikoM kI maharSi pataMjali dvArA kI gaI vyAkhyAe~ maulika zodha kA paricaya detI haiN| ye saba aise udAharaNa hai,jo anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM bhI Ate haiM, ataH zodha aura anusaMdhAna zabdoM kA prayoga isa grantha meM sarvatra samAna artha meM kiyA gayA hai| vizvavidyAlayoM meM bhI, jahA~ anusaMdhAna kArya hotA hai,zodha aura anusaMdhAna zabdoM ko samAna arthoM meM prayukta kiyA jAtA hai tathA aMgrejI ke "risarca' zabda kA ye donoM zabda sthAna lete haiN| tIsarA zabda "khoja" bhI anusaMdhAna ke lie prayukta hotA hai, kintu isa zabda kI artha-vyApakatA sImita hai| kisI maulika evaM sarvathA nUtana jJAna kA nirmANa "khoja" kA antima lakSya nahIM hai, kevala ajJAta ko jJAta banA denA mAtra "khoja" ko kArya-sImA hai| cauthA "anveSaNa" zabda bhI anusaMdhAna ke artha ko sImita artha meM vyakta karatA hai| yaha zabda bhI "anu" upasarga lagAkara "aiSaNa" (eSaNA) zabda se banA hai jisakA sAmAnya artha hotA hai-pIche lagane kI icchA, patA lagAne yA khoja karane kA kArya, jo anusaMdhAna kI ora hI saMketa karatA hai| jo jJAta nahIM hai use jAnane kI icchA isa zabda ke bhAva meM chipI hai| jo milA nahIM hai, use khojanA hai aura yaha kArya "zodha" aura "anusaMdhAna" zabdoM kA hI viSaya hai, jo "anveSaNa" se adhika vyApaka artha dete haiN| sAmAnyataH "gaveSaNA" zabda bhI isI anveSaNa ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai| eka anya zabda "anuzIlana" bhI "zodha" ke lie prayukta hotA hai / isa zabda kA artha satat abhyAsa, manana, cintana, vicaraNA Adi taka sImita hai| uparokta vivecana ke pazcAt anusaMdhAna (zodha) kI paribhASA isa prakAra nirdhArita kI jA sakatI hai ki jaba kisI ajJAta tathya kI kaThora parizramapUrvaka viveka aura ekaniSTha bhAva se khoja kI jAtI hai tathA usa khoja ke AdhAra para prApta tathya ko pUrNata: zuddha karake itanA prAmANika banAyA jAtA hai ki vaha maulika svarUpa grahaNa kara le, taba usa kArya ko anusaMdhAna kahA jAtA hai| yadi koI zodhakartA kisI jJAta tathya kI ekAgra bhAva se kisI zuddha lakSya kI siddhi ke lie aisI navIna vyAkhyA prastuta karatA hai,jo pramANa-puSTa hokara tathA tarka kI kasauTI para kharI utara kara pUrNataH vizvasanIya bana jAtI hai, taba vaha vyAkhyA bhI anusaMdhAna yA zodha kI paribhASA meM AtI hai| isa prakAra anusaMdhAna kI paribhASA meM jijJAsA-pUrNa parizrama, taTastha dRSTi evaM vivekapUrNa parIkSaNa kA maulika jJAna ke lie samAveza hotA hai| anusaMdhAna kA uddezya anusaMdhAna kA satyAnveSI aura satya-saMzodhana kArya itanA mahattvapUrNa hai ki usake uddezya ko samajhanA kaThina nahIM raha jAtA / mAnava-jIvana kA samyaka nirvAha usake vaiyaktika For Private And Personal Use Only

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4/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi evaM sArvajanIna jJAna para nirbhara hai| ajJAna andhakAra ke samAna hai| jahA~ aMdhakAra hotA hai, vahA~ saba kucha hone para bhI kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hotaa| baMda kamare kA dvAra kholane para usameM rakhe padArtha tabhI jAne jA sakate haiM, jaba usakA aMdhakAra dUra ho / yaha andhakAra netroM se hI dUra hotA ho, aisI bAta nahIM hai| hamArI anya indriyA~ bhI use miTAtI haiN| AvazyakatA isI bAta kI hai ki ye indriyA~ sahI DhaMga se vastuoM ko pramANita karane kI kSamatA rakhatI hoN| udAharaNArtha, hama andhakAra meM bhI sparza, zravaNa, gandha Adi se vastuoM kA patA lagA sakate haiM, kintu pUrNa jJAna ke lie hamAre ye jJAna-cakSu bhI paryApta nahIM haiN| hameM pUrNa jJAna ke lie andhakAra ko miTAnA hotA hai| ata: zodha kA prathama uddezya isa andhakAra ko miTAnA hI hai, jo vastuoM ke mUla rUpa ko Avarita rakhatA hai| vastuoM ke mUla rUpa ko samajhane ke lie hameM una para chAI dhUla-miTTI ko sApha karanA hotA hai| miTTI meM dabA sonA bhI taba taka sahI DhaMga se nahIM parakhA jA sakatA, jaba taka usako zuddha na kara liyA jaae| jaba vaha agni meM tapakara parizodhita ho jAtA hai, tabhI vaha svarNa ke rUpa meM apanI pahacAna karA pAtA hai aura tabhI vaha grAhya banatA hai| jo vastu zuddha hokara grAhya bana jAtI hai, vahI mAnava-jIvana meM upayogI siddha hotI hai| isa prakriyA meM viSa bhI roga-nivAraNa meM sahAyaka auSadha bana jAtA hai| ataH zodha kA pramukha uddezya haivastuoM aura unase sambandhita jJAna ko upayogI banAnA, tAki ve mAnava jIvana meM vyavahAra yogya bana sakeM / upaniSad meM eka sthAna para ullekha AtA hai ki "hiraNyamayena pAtreNa satyasya apihitaM mukhm|" nizcaya hI satya ajJAna ke AvaraNa meM chipA rahatA hai| "hiraNyamayapAtra" mAyA kA pratIka hai / dArzanikoM ne mAyA ko bahuta mahattva diyA hai / yaha saMsAra mAyA yA ajJAnajanya hai| lekina jo janya hai, vaha hai avazya / use "hai" arthAt "satya" ko ajJAna se mukta karanA hI zodha kA uddezya hai / brahma kahA~ nahIM hai ? maiM,vaha, tuma saba meM to vahI hai,para use pahacAnA kaise jAe ? mAyA jo chAI huI hai,saMsAra meM sarvatra ajJAna jo phailA huA hai / isa ajJAna se pIchA tabhI chUTa sakatA hai, jaba hama zodha kI prakriyA ko nirantara calAte rheN| ___ ata: dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki zodha kA parama uddezya nirantara ajJAna ko miTAte hue jJAna kA prakAza phailAte calanA hai| jo loga zodha kA uddezya kahIM virAma pA lenA mAnate haiM, ve bhrama meM haiN| jaisA ki maiMne pahale kahA, yaha eka nirantara prakriyA hai| jJAna kI koI sImA nahIM hai aura isIlie zodha kA bhI koI sImita uddezya yA lakSya nahIM hai / vijJAna meM zodha ke pariNAmoM ko zAzvata mAnakara jo loga santoSa kara lete haiM, ve gahare andhakAra meM haiN| mAnavikI tathA samAjazAstra ke viSayoM meM bhI zodha ke uddezyoM kI koI eka sImA nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sktii| jisa prakAra vijJAna meM pahale aNu ko padArtha kA nyUnatama aMza mAnA jAtA thA, kintu zodha kI prakriyA nirantara calatI rahane se yaha tathya sAmane AyA ki paramANu hI nyUnatama For Private And Personal Use Only

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anusaMdhAna kI paribhASA evaM uddezya / 5 aMza ho sakatA hai / aba vijJAna isase bhI Age bar3ha rahA hai| yaha zodha pariNAma vijJAna kI hI dena ho, aisA nahIM hai, yaha satya to sAMkhyakAroM ne sadiyoM pahale mAnava jAti ko batA diyA thA / unhoMne to paramANu se bhI Age bar3hakara tanmAtrAoM ko padArtha kA nyUnatama aMza ghoSita kiyA thA / kintu abhI taka pramANoM aura prayogoM se ise puSTa nahIM kara pAye haiM / ataH zodha kA yaha uddezya bhI nahIM bhulAyA jA sakatA ki pUrva jJAta satya ko bhI pramANita karake hI grahaNa kiyA jAe / yahA~ hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki zodha kisI bhI prakriyA se gujare, usakA mUlabhUta uddezya mAnava-kalyANa hI hotA hai| mAnavikI viSayoM meM hama zodha ke isa uddezya kI sthApanA kA hI bAra-bAra prayatna karate haiN| vijJAna meM zodha kA yaha uddezya kabhI-kabhI bhulA diyA jAtA hai, isIlie saMsAra meM saMkaTa Ate haiM tathA zodha para kiyA gayA zrama aura dhana kabhI-kabhI bekAra siddha ho jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, "eTama bama" kA AviSkAra zodha kA pariNAma hai, kinatu usase mAnava-kalyANa ke sthAna para bhayaMkara vinAza hotA hai| pahale padArtha (maiTara) tathA UrjA (enarjI) do bhinna tattva mAne jAte the, parantu navIna zodha ke phalasvarUpa donoM ko eka hI siddha kiyA gyaa| AiMsTAina se preraNA lekara jarmanI ke vaijJAnika "hAna" aura "sTAsagAna" ne padArtha ko UrjA meM parivartita karane ke kArya meM saphalatA prApta kI / zodha prakriyA Age bddh'ii| patA calA ki yUreniyama padArtha ko vizeSa mAtrA meM eka sAtha rakha dene para paramANu svataH TUTane lagate haiM jisase bhayaMkara agni nikalatI hai| isI prakriyA kA pariNAma huA "eTama bama" kA nirmANa / vijJAna kA yaha zodha kArya mAnava-jAti ke lie akalyANakArI hI siddha huA, jo zodha kA kadApi uddezya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / mAnavikI viSayoM meM bhI kabhI-kabhI zodha kI dizA akalyANa kI ora mur3a jAtI hai, manuSya ke vicAra aura bhAva kabhI-kabhI aNubama se bhI adhika ghAtaka siddha hote haiM / ataH jo loga mAnavikI viSayoM meM anusaMdhAnarata haiM, unheM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki zodha kA parama uddezya una vicAroM, bhAvoM aura anubhavoM kA parizodhana karanA hai, jo mAnava jAti ke kalyANa meM sahabhAgI ho sakate haiN| jo vicAra eka jAti yA varga ke lie kalyANakArI hoM aura dUsarI jAti yA varga ke lie vinAzakArI siddha hoM, use zodha kA lakSya nahIM banAnA caahie| aise jJAna ko prakAza meM lAne se adhika zreyaskara yahI hogA ki hama use ajJAna ke garta meM sadA ke lie dabA deN| 1 For Private And Personal Use Only

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anusaMdhAna kI upayogitA zodha yA anusaMdhAna kA hara kSetra meM bahuta mahattva hai| jJAna ke kSetra meM to isakI sabase adhika AvazyakatA hai| samaya aura sthAna ke anusAra jJAna meM bhI parivartana hotA rahatA hai| jo vastu Aja jisa rUpa meM hai yA Aja usakI jo vizeSatA hai, vaha kala arthAt kucha kAla ke pazcAt bhI rahegI yaha kahanA kaThina hai / eka deza kA satya dUsare deza meM badala sakatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hameM hara prakAra ke jJAna ko samaya-samaya para prayoga karake vaijJAnika dRSTi se zuddha karanA par3atA hai| yadi aisA na kiyA jAe, to eka deza-videza kA jJAna vibhinna prabhAvoM se malina hokara dUsare samaya meM anya deza ke jIvana ko saMkaTa meM DAla sakatA hai| isIlie zikSA kA mukhya kArya kevala jJAna kA prasAra karanA hI nahIM hai, balki jJAna ko zuddhatA kI kasauTI para kasate calanA bhI hai| isa dRSTi se zodha yA anusaMdhAna kI jJAna ke saMzodhana meM bahuta upayogitA hai| sAhityika zodha ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM kA dhyAna bIsavIM zatAbdI meM hI vizeSa rUpa se gayA, usase pahale AlocanA hI mahattvapUrNa thii| aba yaha sabhI vidvAna mAnane lage hai ki sAhityika racanAoM ke satyoM, mUlyoM aura kalAtmaka saundarya ko prakaTa karane ke lie zodha kI dRSTi se AlocanA karanA bahuta Avazyaka hai| kisI bhI sAhityika racanA ke saundarya kI vyAkhyA karanA hI paryApta nahIM hai, balki usa saundarya ke kAraNoM, sthitiyoM aura AdhAroM kA patA lagAnA bhI aba Avazyaka mAnA jAne lagA hai| ina bAtoM ko samajhe binA racanA-saundarya koI artha nahIM rkhtaa| udAharaNa ke lie, yadi kisI racanA meM upavana,koyala kI kUka, basaMta kI mohakatA Adi kA varNana hai aura vAtAvaraNa meM koI nartakI nRtya kara rahI hai, bhASA meM bhI madhuratA hai, to Alocaka usa samasta varNana ko sundara batA sakatA hai| lekina jaba vaha Alocaka yaha bhI patA lagAtA hai, arthAt isa bAta kA zodha karatA hai ki vaha varNana kisa kSetra se sambandhita hai tathA vaha nartakI nRtya kyoM kara rahI hai aura use yaha patA calatA hai ki usa For Private And Personal Use Only

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anusaMdhAna kI upayogitA/7 kSetra meM akAla par3a rahA hai, loga pAnI kI eka-eka bUMda ke lie tarasa rahe haiM, cAroM ora dhUla ur3a rahI hai, hariyAlI kA kahIM nAmo-nizAna nahIM hai, pakSI garmI se jhulasa-jhulasa kara sUkhe per3oM kA Azraya chor3a yA to kahIM cale gaye haiM yA mara kara sUkhe pattoM kI taraha bhUmi para gira gaye haiM, taba usa Alocaka kA mata badala jAtA hai| vaha usa kavitA ke viSaya meM aneka prazna khar3e kara detA hai aura usake kalAtmaka mUlya ko cunautI dene lagatA hai / vAstava meM yahI zodha-dRSTi AlocanA ko sahI dizA meM Age bar3hAtI hai / isalie hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki AlocanA ko vizvasanIya banAne ke lie zodha kI bahuta upayogitA hai| yoM zodha kA kArya bahuta nIrasa hai jabaki racanA aura AlocanA meM bahuta sarasatA hotI hai, lekina zodha kI nIrasatA ke binA racanA aura AlocanA kI sarasatA jIvita nahIM raha sktii| zodha se racanA ke mUla meM chipe AnaMda taka hama pahu~cate haiN| AlocanA ko kisI marma taka zodha ke dvArA hI pahu~cAyA jA sakatA hai| koI bhI racanA sIdhe-sIdhe sAmAnya zabdoM se nahIM banatI, kavi yA lekhaka lakSaNa aura vyaMjanA kA sahArA lekara vakra (Ter3he) DhaMga se apanI bAta kahatA hai / isa vakratA ko samajhe binA koI bhI pAThaka kevala UparI taura para hI AnaMda le sakatA hai, lekina jaba bhAva kI gaharAI taka pahu~cane ke lie usa vakratA kI pahacAna kI jAtI hai,taba racanA kA aisA svAda milatA hai, jo hRdaya aura mastiSka para sthAyI prabhAva DAlatA hai| isalie zodha kI upayogitA ko bhulAyA nahIM jA sktaa| sAhitya ke viSaya aneka prakAra ke hote haiN| ye viSaya aise bhI ho sakate haiM, jo bahuta purAne hoM aura aise bhI ho sakate haiM, jo ekadama naye hoM / yahA~ taka ki aise viSaya bhI ho sakate haiM, jinakI abhI kevala kalpanA hI kI gaI ho tathA bhaviSya meM hI unakA svarUpa sAmane Aye / zodha ke binA ina sabhI prakAra ke viSayoM ko samajhanA yA samajha pAnA saMbhava nhiiN| samaya kI sImA pAra karake zodhakartA una viSayoM ke rahasya kholatA hai aura tabhI unakA sahI artha prakAza meM AtA hai, isalie bhI zodha kI upayogitA siddha hai| sAhitya kI dIvAra bhASA para khar3I hai| vizeSa bhASA kA prayoga karake hI. sAhityakAra apanI racanA meM koI artha bhara sakatA hai| sAmAnya bhASA sAhitya nahIM bana sktii| jaba bhASA ke vizeSa prayoga kI ora koI kavi yA lekhaka bar3hatA hai, taba usake hara zabda ke pIche usake mana kI eka bhUmikA rahatI hai| zodhakartA isa bhUmikA ko spaSTa karatA hai aura tabhI pAThaka evaM Alocaka bhI racanA ko sahI DhaMga se samajha pAte haiN| isa bAta ko yoM bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki zodha ke dvArA hama racanA karane vAle kI bhASA ke sahI prayoga taka pahu~cate haiN| yadi aisA na ho to racanA aura racanAkAra donoM ke prati anyAya hone kA khatarA barAbara banA rahatA hai / eka udAharaNa lIjie- jayazaMkara prasAda ne kAmAyanI meM likhA hai are amaratA ke camakIle putale ! tere ve jayanAda / aura For Private And Personal Use Only

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8/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi arI A~dhiyoM ! o bijalI kI divA-rAtri ! terA nartana / Alocaka ina donoM udAharaNoM meM "tere" va "terA" zabdoM para Apatti karate rahe haiM / unakA yaha mata banatA rahA hai ki prasAdajI ne pahale udAharaNa meM bahuvacana ke lie eka vacana zabda "tere" kA prayoga galata kiyA hai tathA dUsare udAharaNa meM "kI" va "terA" do galata prayoga kiye haiM / ve kahate haiM ki bijalI kI nahIM, "bijalI ke" prayoga honA caahiye| "terA" kA prayoga bhI ve yaha kaha kara galata batAte haiM ki divA-rAtri do haiM. jaba ki "terA" zabda ekavacana hai| vAstava meM yaha kevala AlocanA hai, isameM zodha kA abhAva hai| "kAmAyanI kA nayA anveSaNa" grantha meM pRSTha 161 para AlocakoM ke ina matoM kA zaiva darzana sambandhI zodha ke AdhAra para khaNDana kiyA gayA hai aura yaha zuddha mata vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki pahale udAharaNa meM "tere" zabda kA prayoga amaratA ke lie huA hai| amaratA ekarUpa hai, usake putale aneka haiM / pralaya ke samaya ve putale apanI aneka rUpatA khokara ekarUpa meM A cuke the| isI prakAra "bijalI kI divA-rAtri" meM bijalI ghane bAdaloM ke kAraNa divA yAnI dina bhI rAtri ke samAna bana gayA hai| bijalI camaka kara bAdaloM ke hone kA saMketa de rahI hai| yaha rAtri bijalI kI rAtri hai, jo divA (dina) se banI hai| yaha "dina" se banI huI "rAtri" hI nartana (nAca) kara rahI hai| isalie "kI" aura "terA" donoM zabdoM kA prayoga prasAdajI ne bahuta sahI DhaMga se kiyA hai| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki zodha kI yaha dRSTi yadi na apanAI jAe to kavi prasAda ke sAtha Alocaka anyAya hI karate rheNge| ata: yaha mAnanA kucha artha rakhatA hai ki sAhitya ke sahI artha aura bhASA ke sahI prayoga ko samajhane ke lie zodha kI bahuta upayogitA hai / zodha ke dvArA hama racanA ke una pakSoM para bhI vicAra kara lete haiM jinakA racanA se sIdhA sambandha to nahIM hotA, kintu jinako jAne binA racanA ke bhAva ko pUrNa rUpa se grahaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura na racanA karane vAle ke prayojana ko samajhA jA sakatA hai / racanA ke zuddha likhita rUpa kA nirNaya bhI zodha ke binA saMbhava nahIM hai| racanA karane vAlA sadA jIvita nahIM raha sakatA aura jIvita bhI ho to hara kisI ko vaha mila nahIM sktaa| taba kisase pUche ki usakI racanA kA sahI likhita rUpa kyA hai ? zodha karane vAlA hI racanA ke sahI pATha kA nirNaya karatA hai| ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki zodha kI sAhitya ke kSetra meM bhI bahuta upayogitA hai / For Private And Personal Use Only

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3 Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir anusaMdhAna ke prakAra anusaMdhAna yA zodha ke nimnAMkita prakAra ho sakate haiM 1. maulika zodha 2. aitihAsika zodha 3. mUlya-paraka zodha 4. vyAkhyAtmaka zodha 5. sarvekSaNAtmaka zodha 6. prayogAtmaka zodha 7. saMkalanAtmaka zodha zodha ke vyApaka artha ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue ukta prakAroM para bhedAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai 1 1. maulika zodha saMsAra meM manuSya ne aneka naye camatkAra kara dikhAye haiN| kisI ne AkAza meM ur3ane kA vicAra kiyA hogA, kisI ne vAyuyAna kI khoja kara ddaalii| relagAr3I kA AviSkAra huaa| tAra dvArA samAcAra bhejane kA camatkAra sAmane AyA / binA tAra ke bhI bAtacIta hone lagI / AiMsTAina ne padArtha aura UrjA ko abhinna siddha kara DAlA / isa prakAra ke aneka zodha kArya samaya-samaya para sAmAnya vyaktiyoM dvArA sampanna hue aura dekhate-dekhate ve vyakti saMsAra ke sarvAdhika mahAn vyakti bana gaye / zodha yA khoja kA yaha prakAra sabase adhika mahattvapUrNa tathA pUrNataH maulika mAnA jAtA hai 1 kevala maulika AviSkAra hI maulika zodha kI sImA meM nahIM Ate, dArzanika cintana kI mahatI upalabdhiyA~ bhI isI zreNI meM AtI haiN| vaidika RSiyoM ne apanI jJAna- dRSTi se jina dArzanika tathyoM kA patA lagAyA yA prayogazAlA meM gaye binA jo auSadha - jJAna prastuta kiyA gayA, vaha maulika zodha kI hI sImA meM AtA hai| vizvavidyAlayoM meM baiTha kara isa prakAra ke zodha kArya taba taka saMbhava nahIM haiM, jaba taka niHsvArtha, nirahaMkAra, nirlobha bhAvoM For Private And Personal Use Only

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10/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi se satat sAdhanA ke sAtha zodha kA kArya na kiyA jaae| isa prakAra ke zodha-kAryoM ke lie samaya kI sImA nirdhArita nahIM kI jA sktii| upAdhiyoM ke liye bhI isa prakAra ke zodha-kArya nahIM ho sakate, kyoMki inameM kabhI-kabhI pUrNa jIvana hI homa denA par3atA hai| 2. aitihAsika zodha bhUtakAla meM saMsAra kA itihAsa jina-jina dizAoM meM pragati kara cukA hai, una sabhI dizAoM meM manuSya ke pramANita prayala aura kArya sampanna hue haiN| ye kArya vaijJAnika, samAjazAstrIya sAhityoM, bhASAoM,kalAoM Adi ke vibhinna viSayoM meM kiye gaye haiN| inhIM prayatnoM aura kAryoM se mAnava-saMskRti aura sabhyatA kA aba taka kA vikAsa sambhava huA hai| isa samasta vikAsa kA pratyeka viSaya ke kSetra meM nirdhArita parikalpanA ke AdhAra para vaijJAnika paddhati se anveSaNa karanA aura maulika niSkarSoM taka pahu~canA aitihAsika zodha kahA jA sakatA hai| 3. mUlya-paraka zodha aitihAsika zodha kA kSetra bahuta vistRta hotA hai| vaha kAla kI sudIrgha paramparA se bhI jur3A ho sakatA hai| kintu eka kSetra vizeSa meM eka kAla-khaNDa cunakara kisI nizcita parikalpanA ke AdhAra para jaba mUlyoM kI khoja kI jAtI hai, taba use mUlya-paraka zodha kahA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, hama kisI kAla-vizeSa kI kalA-kRtiyoM meM mAnava ke saundarya-bodha kI khoja kareM, to vaha mUlya-paraka zodha kI zreNI kI zodha hogii| isI prakAra kisI sAhitya meM hamAre sAMskRtika mUlyoM ko khojane kA prayAsa mUlya-paraka zodha kI sImA meM hI aayegaa| 4. vyAkhyAtmaka zodha zodha kA eka prakAra vaha bhI hotA hai, jaba hama kisI upalabdha jJAna kI vyAkhyA karake maulika tathyoM kA pratipAdana karate haiN| yaha sthiti sabhI viSayoM meM taba taka banI rahatI hai, jaba taka ucita vyAkhyA ke abhAva meM hama ajJAna kA anusaraNa karate rahate haiN| kisI bhI jAti ko sadiyoM kI garta se bAhara nikAlakara eka nirmala dRSTi dene ke lie vyAkhyAtmaka zodha kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| jJAna-vijJAna kI aneka upalabdhiyA~ mAnavIya vyavahAra se yA kabhI-kabhI kAla-yAtrA ke sAtha samAja meM dUSita vAtAvaraNa paidA kara detI haiM yA andhAnukaraNa kI zaraNa bana jAtI hai| aisI sthiti meM yadi mAnava ke andha jJAna kI punarvyAkhyA na kI jAye, to samasta jJAna hI ajJAna bana jAtA hai ! 5. sarvekSaNAtmaka zodha saMsAra meM nirantara jJAna-vRddhi ho rahI hai| mAnava samudAyoM kA vikAsa ho rahA hai, sAmAjika aura vaiyaktika samasyAe~ bar3hatI jA rahI haiM / aisI sthiti meM sarvAdhika prAthamikatA For Private And Personal Use Only

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anusaMdhAna ke prakAra/11 kA kArya yaha ho gayA hai ki hama vibhinna sthitiyoM kA sarvekSaNa karake maulika tathya prastuta kareM / vizvavidyAlayoM ke vibhinna viSayoM ke zodhArthiyoM ke lie sarvekSaNa karanA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa zodha kArya ho gayA hai| udAharaNArtha, yadi koI yaha patA lagAne ke lie sarvekSaNa kare ki kisI kSetra vizeSa meM kina-kina dharmoM ke loga apane dharma ke niyamoM kA vAstava meM pAlana karate haiM tathA kitane loga aise haiM, jo kevala anya logoM kI nakala karake kevala lokAcAra nibhAne ke lie dhArmika vyavahAra dikhAte haiM, to isa prakAra kA zodha kArya sarvekSaNAtmaka zodha hI kahA jaayegaa| isa prakAra ke zodha-kArya ke lie vibhinna kSetroM kI yAtrA karake tathA vibhinna vyaktiyoM se samparka sAdha kara praznAvalI ke uttara prApta karanA evaM niSkarSoM taka pahu~canA Avazyaka hotA hai| kintu upalabdha sAmagrI ke AdhAra para vizleSaNa-vivecana karake hI niSkarSa nikAlane hote haiM / 6. prayogAtmaka zodha zodha kA yaha prakAra Ajakala bahuta mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai, kintu yaha sabhI viSayoM para lAgU nahIM ho sktaa| vijJAna ke viSayoM meM hI isa prakAra kI zodha kI jA sakatI hai| isake lie viSaya ke anusAra vyavasthita prayogazAlA Avazyaka hotI hai, jahA~ baiThakara zodhakarmI apanA kArya karatA hai| prayogazAlA ke lie Avazyaka yaMtra, rasAyana Adi to juTAne hI par3ate haiM, sAtha hI use jalavAyu kI dRSTi se bhI niyaMtrita karanA hotA hai| zodhArthI nirdhArita sImA meM Avazyaka upakaraNoM kA sahArA lekara apanI parikalpanA ke anusAra prayoga para prayoga karatA jAtA hai tathA jo pariNAma nikalate jAte haiM, unakA Akalana bhI karatA jAtA hai| vijJAna ke samAna hI manovijJAna viSaya ke lie bhI prayogazAlA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / isa viSaya meM bhI prayogoM dvArA naye anusaMdhAna kiye jAte haiM, kintu yaha prayogazAlA vijJAna kI prayogazAlA se bhinna prakAra kI hotI hai| manovijJAna ke kSetra meM prayogAtmaka zodha ke lie yaMtrAdi upakaraNa to juTAye jAte haiM, kintu unameM prayoga kA viSaya manuSya hI hotA hai| yoM cUhoM, pakSiyoM Adi para bhI AraMbhika prayoga manovijJAna- vettAoM ne kiye haiM, kintu una saba kA lakSya manuSya hI rahA hai ! usI ke antarmana kI khoja aura maulika tathyoM tathA siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana prayogAtmaka zodha kA lakSya rahA hai| cikitsA vijJAna meM bhI prayogAtmaka zodha kA hI prayoga hotA hai| yahA~ bhI prayogazAlAoM, yaMtrAdi upakaraNoM jalavAya-niyaMtrita kakSoM Adi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai. kintu yahA~ vibhinna rasAyanoM ke sAtha manuSya zarIra bhI prayoga kA viSaya banatA hai| bhautika vijJAnoM meM jIva-vijJAna ke anusaMdhAna se isakA sIdhA sambandha hai| donoM meM hI jIvadhArI para prayoga kiye jAte haiM, kintu cikitsA vijJAna meM anya jIvoM kI tulanA meM manuSya ko adhika prayoga kA viSaya banAyA jAtA hai| sAtha hI, cikitsA vijJAna meM bhautika vijJAna kSetra ke vanaspati vijJAna kA bhI vikasita prayoga-kSetra kAma AtA hai| vibhinna vanaspatiyoM kA bhI auSadha-guNa prayogAtmaka paddhati se cikitsA vijJAnI zodha lete haiN| For Private And Personal Use Only

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12/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi 7. saMkalanAtmaka zodha zodha kA eka prakAra vaha bhI hotA hai, jisameM A~kar3oM kA saMkalana kiyA jAtA hai aura usake dvArA maulika niSkarSa nikAle jAte haiN| ise hama sAMkhyikIya zodha bhI kaha sakate haiN| gaNita jaise viSayoM meM to isI paddhati se maulika pariNAma sAmane Ate haiN| samAjazAstra, rAjanItizAstra Adi katipaya viSayoM meM bhI isa prakAra ke zodha ke lie paryApta guMjAiza rahatI hai| yaha zodha bhI kaI dRSTiyoM se paryApta mahattvapUrNa hotI hai| kisI bhI deza kI janasaMkhyA, unake samudAya, samudAya-gata vibhinna pravRttiyoM Adi kA anusaMdhAna isa prakAra ke zodha ke dvArA hI saMbhava hotA hai| niSkarSa anta meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki zodha ke kaI prakAra hote haiM aura sabhI prakAra sabhI viSayoM para samAna rUpa se lAgU nahIM hote| hara viSaya kI prakRti, kSetra, guNavattA, kAla-sImA Adi ke anusAra kisI eka yA adhika prakAra ke zodha kA mArga apanAyA jAtA hai| For Private And Personal Use Only

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anusaMdhAna kI pravidhiyA~ - anusaMdhAna eka kaThina kArya hai| yaha kArya jahA~ se Arambha hotA hai aura eka lambI yAtrA ke pazcAt jahA~ pUrNa hotA hai, vahA~ taka zodhakartA ko nirantara satarka hokara viSaya ke vibhinna pakSoM kA avalokana karate hue satya-saMgraha karanA par3atA hai| isalie yaha Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki vaha eka sunizcita DhaMga se kArya kare, tAki vaha idhara-udhara na bhaTaka jaae| isI sunizcita DhaMga ko zAstrIya zailI meM "pravidhi" kahA jAtA hai| yaha zabda aneka arthoM meM prayukta ho sakatA hai tathA bhrama bhI paidA kara sakatA hai| isalie anusaMdhAnapravidhi kI artha-sImA ko bhalI-bhA~ti samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| anusaMdhAna yA zodha kA uddezya navIna jJAna kI prApti taka sImita nahIM hai| jJAna ko zuddha karanA tathA usameM vRddhi karanA bhI usakA uddezya hai / ataH zodhakartA jahA~ taka aura maulika siddhAntoM kI prApti karatA hai, vahIM navIna aura prAcIna ke antara ko tulanAtmaka DhaMga se samajhakara vAstavika evaM upayogI tathyoM taka bhI use pahu~canA par3atA hai / siddhAnta kA taba taka koI mahattva nahIM hai,jaba taka vyavahAra meM usakA upayoga na ho, isalie anusaMdhAna kA vizeSa bala siddhAnta ke vyAvahArika pakSa para bhI rahatA hai / isa dRSTi se prayoga-prakriyA kA sahArA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| adhika spaSTatA ke lie yaha kaha sakate haiM ki tathyoM kI khoja karanA, pUrva jJAta tathyoM kA punarAkhyAna karanA evaM tathya-khoja tathA punarAkhyAna ke dvArA siddhAnta nirmANa karanA bhI anusaMdhAna kA lakSya rahatA hai| lakSya ke anusAra hI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi meM kucha vidvAn nimnAMkita tIna bAtoM ko mukhya mAnate haiM* 1. anusaMdhAnakartA kA prazikSaNa,zodha-pravRtti evaM prayojana kI spaSTatA / * 2. avadhAraNA kA sucArU nirdhAraNa / 3. AdhAra-sAmagrI kA saMgaThana, vizleSaNa, vivecana evaM prastutikaraNa sambandhI pddhtiyaaN| For Private And Personal Use Only

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14/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi ___ kucha vidvAna kevala AdhAra-sAmagrI ke saMgaThana, vizleSaNa, vivecana evaM prastutikaraNa se sambandhita paddhatiyoM taka hI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi ke kSetra kA vistAra mAnate haiM, kintu yaha pravidhi kI apUrNatA hI mAnI jaaegii| jaba taka anusaMdhAna-kartA ko prazikSaNa nahIM milegA, zodha-kArya meM usakI pravRtti nahIM hogI tathA vaha apane prayojana ko nahIM samajhegA, taba taka anusaMdhAna kI lambI yAtrA saphala nahIM ho skegii| Ajakala prAyaH yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki snAtakottara upAdhi prApta karate hI hara vidyArthI upAdhi-paraka anusaMdhAna meM laga jAnA cAhatA hai / na vaha anusaMdhAna ke artha ko samajhane kI prakriyA se gujaratA hai, na anya koI prazikSaNa prApta karatA hai aura na usameM zodha kI vAstavika pravRtti hI hotI hai / kaI aise zodhArthI milate haiM, jo viSaya kA paMjIkaraNa karAne taka utsAha dikhAte haiM aura usake pazcAt idhara-udhara se banI-banAI sAmagrI ekatra karake eka pothA TaMkita karA denA cAhate haiM tathA upAdhi jaldI mila jAe, isake lie lAlAyita rahate haiN| unakA prayojana satyAnveSaNa kama hotA hai, upAdhi prApta karake lAbha arjita karanA adhika / aise zodhArthiyoM ke lie kisI bhI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi kA koI artha nahIM raha jaataa| __ jaba zodhArthI ko kisI satya taka pahuMcane kI tIvra AkA~kSA hotI hai, tabhI vaha zodha-viSaya kI sahI avadhAraNA kara pAtA hai aura tabhI usakI zodha-yAtrA ko sahI dizA milatI hai| prasiddha vidvAn grAhama kA mata hai ki anusaMdhAna zAsa niyamoM ke usa saMgraha kA nAmakaraNa hai,jina niyamoM se sAMsArika jJAna kA sucArU paddhati se nirmANa hotA hai aura usa jJAna ke satya kA parIkSaNa karane ke lie anuzIlana kiyA jAtA hai / vastutaH prApta jJAna aura satya kI prApti mAtra paryApta nahIM hai| yaha sthApita karanA bhI Avazyaka hotA hai ki koI vastu yA upalabdhi satya kyoM hai aura usakI satyatA kI pahacAna kisa AdhAra para kI jA sakatI hai ? kevala anusaMdhAnakartA ke saMtoSa ke lie zodha-kArya nahIM hotaa| vaha bina tathyoM tathA niSkoM ko satya mAnatA hai, unake prati hara jijJAsu ko santuSTa karanA bhI usakA dAyitva hotA hai| kintu yaha kArya tabhI ho sakatA hai, jaba vaha apane mata ke pratipAdana ke lie paryApta pramANa prastuta kare aura ve pramANa aise hoM jinake prati kisI prakAra ke saMdeha kI dRSTi na uTha skeN| zodhakartA ko yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie, anusaMdhAna kI pravidhi aisI hotI hai, jo sadaiva navIna tathyoM kI ora use agrasara hotI hai| yadi use aisA pratIta hone lage ki vaha navIna tathyoM kI ora agrasara nahIM ho rahA hai,to use spaSTa samajha lenA cAhie. ke vaha jisa zodha-paddhati kA sahArA le rahA hai vaha paryApta aura upayukta nahIM hai| vastutaH tathyoM kI ora bar3hane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hotA hai ki usake kArya ke viSaya meM jo bhI prazna uThe, unakA samAdhAna usake pAsa ho tathA aisI sthiti bhI banI rahe ki pratyeka samAdhAna naye praznoM ko janma de evaM eka dizA-vizeSa meM usake kArya ko le jaae| For Private And Personal Use Only

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anusaMdhAna kI pravidhiyA~/15 anusaMdhAna kisI bhI viSaya kA ho, zodhakartA ko yaha dekhanA hotA hai ki viSaya ke bodha kA nirantara vikAsa hotA cale, usa bodha kI nizcayAtmakatA banI rahe, usake prati vizvasanIyatA rahe tathA jJAna ke saMzodhana ke avasaroM meM vRddhi ho| vastutaH anusaMdhAna-pravidhi zodhArthI se AraMbha hokara viSaya ke gaMbhIra vizleSaNa-vivecana se hotI huI mAnava-kalyANa taka jAtI hai| yadi eka vyakti zodha karake satya kA udghATana karatA hai, to dUsarA (sAmAjika vyakti) usa satya kA upayoga karatA hai| yaha satya viSaya-sAmagrI se AtA hai aura upayoga bhI usa sAmagrI kA hI kiyA jAtA hai| ataH zodha kI sabhI paddhatiyA~ pUrvokta trikoNa se ghirI huI haiN| viSaya-sAmagrI, jisase satya prApta kiyA jAtA hai, samAja ke upayoga kI vastu hai, ata: zodha kI sahI dizA kA jJAna bahuta Avazyaka hai| jaba taka zodha-kArya sAmAjika pragati meM sahAyaka nahIM hotA, taba taka anusaMdhAna-pravidhi kA lakSya siddha nahIM ho sktaa| manuSya kI sAMskRtika unnati ke lie hI pratyeka anusaMdhAna kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| bhautika vikAsa bhI antatogatvA eka vikasita saMskRti kA hI paryAya mAnA jA sakatA hai| isa dizA meM zodha-kArya ko agrasara karane ke lie usakI pravidhi kI zuddhatA aura prAmANikatA bahuta Avazyaka hotI hai| zodha-pravidhi ke bheda zodha yA anusaMdhAna kI pravidhi ke kaI bheda haiN| sAhityika anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM Ajakala adhikAMzataH jo pravidhi pracalita hai, vaha vibhAjanavAdI hai| yaha pravidhi paryApta nahIM hai| vidvAnoM ne apane-apane dRSTikoNa se jina pravidhiyoM kA AviSkAra kiyA hai, ve nimnAMkita hai(a) viSaya-sambandhI bheda 1: vibhAjanavAdI paramparAgata pravidhi 2. antarmukha mAnasa-pratyakSa pravidhi 3. dArzanika pravidhi 4. manovizleSaNa-pravidhi 5. prAyogika manovijJAnavAdI pravidhi 6. samAjazAsIya pravidhi 7. vividha jJAnAtmaka pravidhi zailIgata bheda 1. sAhityika zailI-pravidhi 2. dhAraNAtmaka zailI-pravidhi 3. vaijJAnika zailI-pravidhi 4. prayogAtmaka zailI-pravidhi For Private And Personal Use Only

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16/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi yahA~ hama saMkSepa meM uparyukta sabhI anusaMdhAna pravidhiyoM para vicAra kareMge (a) viSaya-sambandhI bheda 1. vibhAjanavAdI paramparAgata pravidhi yaha anusaMdhAna kI vaha pravidhi hai, jisake anusAra viSaya kA parIkSaNa vibhinna tattvoM ke anusAra usakA vibhAjana karake kiyA jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha, sAhityika kRtiyoM ke anusaMdhAna meM eka paramparA calI A rahI hai ki kRtitva ko zabda, artha, viSaya-sAmagrI, rasa, rIti, dhvani, vakrokti, aucitya, alaMkAra, kAvyAnubhUti Adi meM vibhAjita karake dekhA jAtA hai aura tadanukUla hI vizleSaNa-vivecana karake niSkarSa nikAle jAte haiN| isa pravidhi ke sAtha anya pravidhiyoM kA bhI mizraNa kara diyA jAtA hai| phalataH samasta adhyayana khicar3I bana jAtA hai aura niSkarSoM kI prAmANikatA para prazna-cihna laga jAtA hai / hindI sAhitya aura bhASikI taka meM isa prakAra kI mizrita paramparAvAdI vibhAjana-pravidhi binA soce-samajhe apanAI jA rahI hai| 2. antarmukha yA mAnasa pratyakSa pravidhi isa pravidhi ke anusAra kavi aura sahRdaya ke mana meM utara kara usakA marma samajhanA, mAnasa kA pratyakSIkaraNa honA Avazyaka hai| isa pravidhi meM vaiyaktikatA kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai tathA pramANa evaM niSkarSa prAyaH prabhAvaparaka ho jAte haiN| eka hI viSaya ke anusaMdhAna meM isa pravidhi se jaba-jaba bhinna-bhinna vidvAn pravRtta hote haiM, taba unake niSkarSa bhI samAna nahIM hote / phalataH kRti kA satya hI badala jAtA hai| yA yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki avizvasanIya ho jAtA hai| 3. dArzanika pravidhi hindI sAhitya tathA vibhinna kalAoM ke anusaMdhAna meM darzana ke AdhAra para satyAnveSaNa kI pravRtti bhI cala par3I hai| isa pravidhi ke anusAra kisI darzana kA DhA~cA zodha-viSaya para lAgU kara diyA jAtA hai / dArzanika cintana-vRtta meM sthita hokara kiyA gayA anusaMdhAna mUla viSaya ko eka bAhya satya se AvRtta kara detA hai aura kRti kA satya dabA raha jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha, tulasI, sUra, paMta, nirAlA Adi kisI bhI kavi ke kAvya kA adhyayana karate samaya jaba kisI darzanazAstra ke siddhAntoM ko AdhAra banAyA jAtA hai , taba kavi kI mUla racanA-zakti aura bhAva-prakriyA achUtI raha jAne ke aneka khatare sAmane Ate haiN| anusaMdhAna kI yaha pravidhi bhI isa dRSTi se kisI nirvivAda satya taka nahIM phuNcaatii| 4. manovizleSaNa pravidhi hindI sAhitya ke anusaMdhAna meM isa pravidhi kA bhI pichale kucha varSoM meM paryApta prayoga huA hai| yaha pravidhi manovaijJAnika pravidhi bhI kahalAtI hai| isa pravidhi ke dvArA For Private And Personal Use Only

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anusaMdhAna kI pravidhiyA~/ 17 manuSya ke kAryoM meM antarnihita icchAoM kA udghATana karake satat pahu~canA hotA hai / vyakti isa pravidhi kA mUla zodha-kendra hotA hai| kAraNa bhI spaSTa hai, kyoMki sAhitya kI racanA ke mUla meM vyakti kA mAnasa evaM tajjanya usake vyavahAra hI rahate haiN| vyaktitva ke vikAsa kA adhyayana karane meM yaha pravidhi adhika upayogI siddha hotI hai, kintu ekAMgI hone ke kAraNa anya pravidhiyoM kA sahArA lie binA isa pravidhi se anusaMdhAna kArya prAmANika nahIM ho sakatA / hindI ke aneka zodhakarttA andhAnukaraNa ke rUpa meM isa zodha pravidhi ko apanA rahe haiN| ve vaijJAnika DhaMga se manovizleSaNa karake racanA aura racanAkAra kA adhyayana nahIM karate, balki phrAyaDa, yuMga evaM eDalara kI mAnyatAoM ko yathAvat Aropita karake pUrva-nirdhArita pratimAnoM ke AdhAra para racanA kA parIkSaNa karate haiM jisakA pariNAma hI yaha hotA hai ki ve bAhya mAnasika saMskAroM meM kho jAte haiN| phrAyaDavAdI dhAraNAoM ko hamAre sAhitya para jyoM kA tyoM Aropita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / acetana, upacetana, cetana iDa Igo Adi ke vibhAjana meM aura zAstrIya alaMkAra, rasa, rIti Adi ke vibhAjana meM samAna doSa haiM / koI bhI kalAkRti vibhinna Tukar3oM meM nahIM bA~TI jA sktii| cetana, avacetana aura upacetana kA pArasparika prabhAvita honA bhI bhinna kAla - sApekSa nahIM hai / koI bhI vyaktitva cetana aura upacetana ke dvandva ke binA sArthaka nahIM ho sakatA / ataH inako alaga-alaga karake anusaMdhAna karanA hAsyAspada hI kahA jAyegA / 5. prAyogika manovijJAnavAdI pravidhi pAzcAtya kalA yA sAhitya meM usake avayava, anvaya kI kriyA se hI spaSTa ho pAte haiM / " kAvyaprakAza" meM mammaTa ne bhI isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura use anvitAbhidhAnavAda kahA | saMskRta ke anvitAbhidhAnavAdI AcArya artha - siddhAnta yA zabda- zakti siddhAnta taka hI sImita the, manovijJAna taka unakI pahu~ca nahIM thI / gaisTAlTa- manovijJAnavAdiyoM ne avayavI kI pUrNa pratIti para paryApta vicAra kiyaa| unakA niSkarSa thA ki vaijJAnika anusaMdhAnoM meM avayavoM ke vizleSaNa para dRSTi kendrita rahatI hai aura avayavoM ko samajha kara avayavI kA pUrNa jJAna prApta kiyA jAtA hai| vastutaH dRSTa rUpoM meM aMzI, aMza ko dabA detA hai, isalie vaijJAnika dRSTi bhI avayavI kI pratIti ke uparAnta avayava - vizleSaNa kI ora jAnI caahie| ThIka isI prakAra mAnava-vyavahAra kI bhI vyAkhya honI cAhie / manovizleSaNavAdI pravidhi meM aisA nahIM huA / usameM cetana-upacetana ke kRtrima vibhAjana se vaiyaktikatA kA poSaNa huA hai| vibhinna aMzoM meM vibhAjita karake satya kA udghATana hAsyAspada siddha hotA hai / isIlie manovijJAna kA prAyogika pakSa svIkAra karate hue kucha vidvAnoM ne "prAyogika manovijJAnavAdI pravidhi" kA pracAra kiyA hai / phrAyaDa jIvana ke bhAvAtmaka pakSa ke prati nyAya nahIM kara sakA thaa| vaha kevala palAyana aura virecana para hI bala detA rahA, kevala tRpti aura recana ko hI samajhatA rahA, jIvana kI mUlabhUta For Private And Personal Use Only

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18/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi vAtAvaraNa-saMgati ke dvandva ko nahIM pahacAna sakA thaa| prAyogika manovijJAna isa prakAra ke antarmukha manovizleSaNavAda ko samApta karane ke lie hI vikasita huaa| "phaikanara" nAmaka vidvAna ne prAyogika saundaryazAstra kA pravartana kiyaa| maiDonA ke citroM kI pradarzanI karake usane pratyeka darzaka se pratikriyA jAnanI caahii| kahA jAtA hai ki 11000 darzakoM meM se kevala 113 ne hI apanI pratikriyAeM likhane kA utsAha dikhaayaa| ina pratikriyAoM meM bhI phaikanara kI praznAvalI kI upekSA kara dI gaI thii| unameM jo kalA-vivecaka the unakI pratikriyAoM meM pUrvAgrahoM kI pradhAnatA milii| vastutaH yaha eka prayoga thA,jo racanAkAra aura racanA ke antarmukha manovizleSaNa se sambandhita na hokara racanAkAra aura racanA ke bAhya prabhAvoM se jur3A thaa| isa prakAra ke prayoga meM pAThaka aura darzaka kA manovijJAna prabhAvI rhaa| Ajakala zodha kI yaha manovaijJAnika prayoga-pravidhi hI adhika pracalita ho rahI hai, jisakA eka sirA yadi kRti aura kRtikAra se jur3A hai,to dUsarA sirA samAja se gahana-gaMbhIra sambandha rakhatA hai| ataH sAhitya ke anusaMdhAna meM prAyogika manovijJAnavAdI pravidhi prabhAva, vyApakatA Adi ke anuzIlana meM bahuta sahAyaka ho sakatI hai| 6. samAjazAstrIya zoSa-pravidhi prAyogika manovijJAnavAdI zodha-pravidhi kA eka sirA samAjazAstrIya zodha-pravidhi se jur3A hai| koI bhI racanA vaiyaktika kSetra taka sImita nahIM rahatI, usakA sambandha anivAryataH samAja se rahatA hai / ata: kucha varSoM se anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM isa paddhati kA prayoga adhika hone lagA hai| kisI bhI racanA kA mUlya aba isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM rahA ki usameM kauna-sA rasa-pradhAna hai tathA usakI zailI kaisI hai| samAjazAstrIya zodha-pravidhi ke pakSadhara zodhakartA yaha mAnate haiM ki pratyeka racanA kA samAja se kyA sambandha hai tathA samAja para usakA kyA prabhAva par3ane vAlA hai ? kucha pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki jJAna eka nirapekSa kriyA nahIM hai| usake sAtha sthiti bhI sambaddha hai| hara prakAra kA cintana taba taka koI artha nahIM rakhatA,jaba taka paristhiti ke sAtha usakI saMgati na samajhI jaae| kisI bhI kalAkRti kI sarjanA kisI-na-kisI vizeSa paristhiti meM hotI hai| usa saMdarbha ko sahI-sahI samajhe binA anusaMdhAnakartA satya ke nikaTa bhI nahIM pahu~ca sakatA, satya ko pAne kI bAta to dUra hai| cAhe viSaya-sAmagrI kA anveSaNa kiyA jAe, cAhe rUpa, bhASA, anubhava Adi kA- vaha saMdarbhaparaka hI hogA, vyakti-paraka nahIM ho sktaa| koI bhI pravRtti apane aitihAsika vikAsa meM saMdarbha-vizeSa se hI jur3I hotI hai| isa prakAra vyakti aura samAja kA dvandvAtmaka sambandha samajhanA atyAvazyaka hai jisake lie samAjazAstrIya zodha-pravidhi kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| kintu abhI taka hindI sAhitya meM jina zodhakartAoM ne isa pravidhi kA prayoga kiyA hai. unameM adhikAMza aise haiM.jo vivaraNAtmaka daSTi apanAte rahe haiN| yadi isa zodha-pravidhi kA sahI prayoga kiyA jAe, to kevala pAzcAtya sAhitya kI asaMgatiyoM kA hI udghATana nahIM hogA, balki prAcya dezoM ke sAhitya kI asaMgatiyA~ bhI prakAza meM A sakatI haiN| For Private And Personal Use Only

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anusaMdhAna kI pravidhiyA~/19 7. vividha jJAnAtmaka zodha-pravidhi zodha kI pUrvokta pravidhiyA~ kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM truTipUrNa haiN| koI bhI pravidhi sarvAMzataH satya kI sImA para nahIM pahu~cAtI / isalie kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki zodha kI pravidhi vividha jJAnAtmaka honI caahie| jisa viSaya kA anuzIlana karanA ho, usako samAjazAstrIya manovaijJAnika prayoga, manovizleSaNa Adi dRSTiyoM se to dekhanA hI cAhie, sAtha hI anya jJAna-dRSTiyoM kI bhI upekSA nahIM honI caahie| jIvana aneka samasyAoM se prasta hai, ata: hamArA sAhitya tathA kalAe~ unase mukta kaise ho sakatI haiM ? zodhakartA ko cAhie ki una samasyAoM para apanA dhyAna kendrita kara zodha kI vividha jJAnAtmaka dRSTi se unakA adhyayana kare, tabhI ekAMgI anuzIlana kI pravRtti samApta ho sakatI hai| isa pravidhi ke samarthaka vidvAn yaha mAnate haiM ki isI paddhati se zodha kA guNAtmaka vikAsa saMbhava hai| (ba) sAhityika zailI-pravidhi sAhityika kRti kA anusaMdhAna sAhatyika zailI kI pravidhi se hI saMbhava hai| prAkRtika vijJAnoM ke samAna sAhitya kA anuzIlana gaNita yA sAMkhyikI vidhi ke prayoga se nahIM ho sakatA / sAhityika kRti ko samajhane ke lie vyAkhyAtmaka zailI apanAnI par3atI hai| bhAvoM ko samajhAne ke lie do aura do cAra kA gaNita kAma nahIM A sktaa| ata: sAhityika zodha ke lie sAhityika zailI-pravidhi kA prayoga hI ucita hotA hai / 1. dhAraNAtmaka zailI-pravidhi isa paddhati meM anusaMdhAna ke lie dhAraNA-paraka vivecana kA rUpa apanAyA jAtA hai| zodhakartA kucha dhAraNAe~ nizcita karake unake anusAra praznAvalI cunatA hai aura kRti yA pAThaka se unake uttara prApta karane kI ceSTA karatA hai / vaha nirdhArita dhAraNAoM se utpanna samasyAoM ke samAdhAna khojatA hai| 2. vaijJAnika zailI pravidhi ___ isa zailI kA prayoga vaijJAnika viSayoM meM hI saMbhava hai, jahA~ bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke rAsAyanika prayoga karake pariNAma dekhe jAte haiN| sAhityika evaM kalAtmaka viSayoM meM isa pravidhi ke prayoga kA artha yahI hai ki zodhakartA kI parikalpanA pUrNataH vastugata ho tathA vaha aisI praznAvalI kA sahArA le, jisase adhikAdhika satya kA udghATana ho ske| samAjazAstrIya viSayoM meM isa pravidhi kA prayoga praznAvalI ke AdhAra para kiye gaye namUnoM ke sarvekSaNoM se kiyA jAtA hai| 3. prayogAtmaka zailI-pravidhi isa zodha-pravidhi kA prayoga sAmAjika vijJAnoM meM adhika sArthaka hotA hai| vijJAna ke viSayoM meM prayoga kI paddhati sarvAdhika sArthaka siddha hotI hai| sAhitya jIvana kI abhivyakti hotA hai, ata: usakA anusaMdhAna isa pravidhi se adhika nahIM ho sktaa| kintu For Private And Personal Use Only

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20/ anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi yaha bhI kama satya nahIM ki jIvana ko samajhane ke jo mApadaNDa haiM, ve sAhitya ko samajhane meM bhI sahAyaka ho sakate haiN| ina sabhI mApadaNDoM meM prayogAtmaka zailI kI pravidhi apanAI jAnI caahie| zodhArthI sAhityika yA kalAtmaka racanA ke sambandha meM pAThakoM para prayoga kara sakatA hai| kisI kavitA ke prabhAvoM kA Akalana pAThaka ke hAva-bhAva kA avalokana karake kiyA jA sakatA hai| eka hI racanA yadi aneka vyaktiyoM ko par3hane ko dI jAe yA unheM sunAI jAe to usake alaga-alaga prabhAva ho sakate haiN| sAdhAraNIkaraNa kI sthiti aba sarvamAnya nahIM rhii| kisI calacitra ko dekhate samaya dukhAnta sthiti meM kucha darzaka A~sU bahAte haiM, kucha ha~sate haiM aura kucha vyaMgya kasate hue cillAte bhI haiM / ataH yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki kisI kalAtmaka racanA kA anivAryataH sAdhAraNIkaraNa hotA hI hai| aisI sthiti meM zodhakartA ke prayogagata A~kar3e karake hI satya taka pahu~cane kA mArga mila sakatA hai / kintu yaha eka kaThina kArya hai / isalie isa pravidhi kA prayoga lekhana-zailI taka hI sImita raha gayA hai| niSkarSa anusaMdhAna kI pravidhi zuddha satya kI upalabdhi kA mArga hai / ataH jitanI pravidhiyoM kA AviSkAra huA hai, unakA upayoga viSaya aura uddezya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kiyA jAnA caahie| koI bhI anusaMdhAna pravidhi ke prayoga ke binA sampanna nahIM karanA cAhie anyathA usakI vaijJAnikatA evaM maulikatA saMdehAspada hI rahegI / For Private And Personal Use Only

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mAnavikI viSaya aura anusaMdhAna mAnavikI viSaya AraMbha meM adhyayana kI suvidhA ke lie zikSA-kSetra meM kRSi, vijJAna, vANijya evaM kalA Adi varga banAye gaye the, inheM saMkAya kahA jAtA hai| vijJAna aura vANijya ke antargata Ane vAle viSayoM ke sambandha meM saMkAya kI dhAraNA adhikAMzataH ThIka hai, kintu "kalA" saMkAya ke sambandha meM yaha mAnA jAtA rahA hai ki yaha saMjJA upayukta nahIM hai, kyoMki "kalA" se eka sImita artha kA jJAna hotA hai| sAmAnyataH "kalA" zabdacitra,saMgIta, nRtya Adi ke artha meM pracalita hai| jabaki kalA-saMkAya meM sammilita viSayoM kA kSetra isase Age jAtA hai| isIlie punarvicAra ke pazcAt yaha mAnyatA banI ki jina viSayoM ko kalA saMkAya meM liyA jAtA hai, unake lie "mAnavikI" zabda adhika upayukta hai| isI mAnyatA ke AdhAra para sabhI vizvavidyAlayoM meM "mAnavikI" zabda kalA saMkAya ke artha meM prayukta hone lgaa| mAnavikI saMkAya meM una viSayoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai jinakI pravRtti kalAtmaka hai| inameM sabhI bhASAoM ke sAhityoM ko pramukha rUpa se sammilita kiyA gayA hai| kintu citrakalA, saMgIta, kalA, itihAsa tathA darzanazAstra ko bhI mAnavikI viSaya hI mAnA jAtA hai kyoMki inakA sambandha manuSya kI pariskArAtmaka, cintanAtmaka evaM AkalanAtmaka pravRttiyoM ke kalAtmaka upayoga se adhika hai| mAnavikI viSayoM kA paraspara sambandha vividha bhASAoM ke sAhityoM meM racanAtmaka pravRtti samAna rahatI hai| ataH zodha ke kSetra meM unako samAna sthAna milatA hai| citrakalA aura saMgIta kalA kI pravRttiyA~ sAhitya se kucha bhinna hai / ina kalAoM kI abhivyakti sAhitya se kevala isa artha meM jur3I hai ki donoM kA mUla srota manuSya kI bhAvanA aura kalpanA meM nihita hai| kintu sAhityika zabda aura artha ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta hotA hai, jabaki citrakalA raMgoM aura phalaka kA sahArA For Private And Personal Use Only

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22/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi letI hai| yaha avazya satya hai ki donoM meM mAnasa-vimba samAna rUpa se sthAna pAte haiN| saMgIta meM sAhitya kI zabdArtha-zakti evaM laya kAma karatI hai| kintu darzana meM cintana-pakSa pradhAna hokara kalpanA eka siddhAnta kA rUpa grahaNa karatI hai| kalpanA-tattva itihAsa meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, kintu usakA atireka varjita rahatA hai| sAhitya,lalita-kalAeM citra,saMgIta,nRtya Adi), itihAsa tathA darzana kA paraspara gaharA sambandha hai| sAhitya mAnava ke bhAvoM, anubhavoM aura vicAroM kI kalpanA-paripuSTa abhivyakti hai / yaha sAmagrI vibhinna kalAoM, darzana tathA itihAsa se AtI hai| samAja meM jo kucha ghaTita hotA hai vaha sAhitya aura itihAsa donoM kA viSaya banatA hai| prakRti kA bhI ina sabhI viSayoM se gaharA sambandha rahatA hai| vibhinna kalAoM meM kalAkAra kI anubhUtiyaM abhivyakti pAtI hai aura sAhitya meM bhI ye anubhUtiyA~ samAja meM ghaTita jIvana kA hI pratibimba hotI haiN| inhIM se hamAre cintana kA vistAra hotA hai aura inhIM se darzanazAstra vikAsa-yAtrA pUrI karatA hai / anubhava hI cintana kA preraka aura puSTikartA hai tathA cintana hI darzanazAstra kI AdhArazilA hai| sAhitya tathA kalAeM bhI dArzanika vicAroM ko apane mUla meM janma detI haiN| itihAsa una saba kA saMcaya karatA hai| kevala rAjAoM-mahArAjAoM ke jIvana-vRtta saMcita karanA hI itihAsa kA kAma nahIM hai, use manuSya kI sAMskRtika yAtrA kA pUrA vikAsa bhI prastuta karanA hotA hai tathA usakI surakSA bhI karanI par3atI hai| ataH sAhitya, itihAsa, darzana tathA vibhinna kalAe~ paraspara sambaddha haiN| mAnavikI kSetra ke ye viSaya manuSya ko manuSya banAte haiM tathA usake lie zreSTha jIvana kI bhUmikA prastuta karate haiN| sAhitya eka vyApaka zabda hai| isa zabda kI artha-vyApti aneka rUpAtmaka hai| sAmAnya bhASA meM hara prakAzita kRti ko sAhitya kahA jAtA hai| kintu kAvya, kathA, nATaka Adi ke artha meM sAhitya kA sImita artha hI grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai| isI artha meM hamArA prastuta adhyayana sImita hai| isa artha meM sAhitya kI AdhAragata triveNI itihAsa, darzana evaM kalA hI hai| sAhitya meM ghaTanAoM ko sthAna milatA hai / ghaTanAe~ bhUta yA vartamAna kA itihAsa hotI haiN| kabhI kabhI to pratyakSataH aitihAsika ghaTanAoM para hI, upanyAsa, nATaka, kAvya Adi likhe jAte haiN| itihAsa bhI vibhinna ghaTanAoM ko prastuta karate samaya jIvana ke marma taka jAtA hai| usameM kisI ghaTanA-vizeSa ke pIche chipe mAnavIya vyavahAroM kI bhI samIkSA rahatI hai / ataH sAhitya aura itihAsa kI viSayagata hI nahIM, vivecanagata pravRtti meM bhI kaI tattva samAna hote haiN| jahA~ taka abhivyakti-pakSa kA prazna hai, sAhitya se itihAsa bhinna zailI apanAtA hai| vaha satya kI ora adhika mur3atA hai,jabaki sAhitya satya kI saMbhAvanAoM kA bhI patA lagAtA hai, isalie usake AdhAra meM nihita hokara kalpanA abhivyakti kI zailI badala detI hai| darzanazAstra meM jIvana jagat aura Izvara-sambandhI jo cintana rahatA hai, vaha manuSya-jIvana kI ghaTanAoM kI preraNA se hI AtA hai| manuSya sukha-duHkha kI vibhinna For Private And Personal Use Only

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mAnavikI viSaya aura anusaMdhAna/23 anubhUtiyA~ sameTa kara jaba cintana-kendra para apane mana ko sthira karatA hai, taba darzana kA janma hotA hai| ataH yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki manuSya kI sukha-duHkhAtmaka anubhUtiyA~ hI darzana kI vibhinna vicAra-dhArAoM meM ajastra rUpa se pravAhita rahatI haiN| isake viparIta sAhityakAra jaba apanI anubhUtiyoM ko abhivyakti detA hai, taba usake vicAra hI nahIM, dArzanikoM ke vicAra bhI usakI bhAva-bhUmi ke mUla meM vyApta ho jAte haiN| kisI bhI deza ke sAhitya ko leM,hama pAeMge ki usakI abhivyakti kA virAT paTala kisI-na-kisI dArzanika tattva se hI paripuSTa huA hai| ataH sAhitya se darzana ko usI prakAra alaga nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jisa prakAra jIvita rahanA hai to prANa aura zarIra kI abhinnatA ko nahIM tor3A jA sktaa| jo sAhitya jitanA adhika zreSTha hotA hai, utanA hI usakA darzana se adhika sambandha hotA hai| yahA~ yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki pUrva niSpAdita dArzanika tathya to sAhitya meM Akara usakA nirmANa karate hI haiM, sAhitya bhI naI anubhUtiyoM se rasa dekara naye dArzanika tathyoM ko janma detA hai| isa prakAra sAhitya aura darzana paraspara eka-dUsare ke poSaka aura vikAsakartA haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki zreSTha sAhityakAra vahI ho sakatA hai, jo eka gaMbhIra dArzanika pravRtti kA vyakti ho, tathA zreSTha dArzanika bhI vahI ho sakatA hai,jo sAhityika manovRtti kA vyakti ho, jisane anubhUtiyoM meM ramaNa kI zakti tathA kalpanA ke antarcakSu prApta kiye hoM / vizva ke sabhI mahAn sAhityakAroM ke sAhitya ko dekha lIjie, ve zreSTha mAnava-darzana ke prasAraka rahe haiM tathA mahAn dArzanikoM ne sadA mahAn anubhUtiyoM ko rUpAyita kiyA hai| mAnavikI viSayoM meM zodha ____ mAnavikI kI sImA meM Ane vAle jina viSayoM kI pIche carcA kI gaI hai, unameM zodha kI dRSTi se bhI bahuta samAnatA hai| sAhitya, itihAsa, darzana, citrakalA, saMgIta-kalA Adi ke kSetroM meM sAmagrI ke lie atIta aura vartamAna donoM para nirbhara rahanA par3atA hai| ina viSayoM meM hamArI zodha-yAtrA prayoga yA sarvekSaNa ke AdhAra para nahIM ho sakatI jisa prakAra vijJAna yA samAjazAstra ke viSayoM meM hotI hai| vijJAna meM prayogazAlA Avazyaka hotI hai aura usameM parIkSaNa punarIkSaNa tathA bAra-bAra prayoga kI paddhati apanAI jAtI hai| samAjazAstrIya yA sAmAjika vijJAnoM meM bhI pUrA samAja eka prayogazAlA bana jAtA hai| usameM vibhinna namUne, mata, kathana, vicAra, pramANa Adi loka-jIvana se grahaNa kiye jAte haiM jisake lie vizeSa praznAvalI Adi kA sahArA liyA jAtA hai| anuzIlana karate samaya A~kar3e nikAlane tathA unase kinhIM tathyoM taka pahu~cane kI ceSTA kI jAtI hai| mAnavikI viSayoM meM zodha kI dizAe~ aura paddhatiyA~ inase bhinna rahatI haiM / sAhitya ke kSetra meM zodhakartA ko zabda aura artha ke bhASA-jagata meM vicaraNa karanA par3atA hai tathA vibhinna sandarbho ke sahAre maulika vyAkhyAe~ karake niSkarSa nikAlane par3ate haiN| ina niSkarSoM taka pahu~cane ke lie likhita yA mudrita zabda-sAmagrI hI kAma AtI hai| itihAsa sambandhI zodha ke lie bhI For Private And Personal Use Only

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24/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi sAhityika granthoM ke sAtha-sAtha anya viSayoM ke grantha bhI AdhAra banate haiM aura isa prakAra zabdArtha-sAmagrI hI kAma AtI hai| yahI sthiti darzanazAstra kI bhI hai / ina viSayoM meM A~kar3A paddhati yA prayoga prakriyA kAma nahIM aatii| citrakalA meM zabda nahIM bolate, raMga aura phalaka bolate haiN| usameM bhI prayoga nahIM hotA, kevala abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| saMgIta kalA meM zabda aura svara kI pramukhatA rahatI hai, usakA bhI likhita sAhitya hotA hai| ataH ina viSayoM meM zodha kI paddhati adhikAMzataH samAna hotI hai| vijJAna ke zodha-pariNAma bhI mAnavikI ke zodha pariNAmoM se bhinna prakAra ke hote haiM tathA unakA uddezya bhI bhinna hotA hai / vijJAna pradhAnataH naye AviSkAra ko zodha kA phala mAnatA hai, jabaki mAnavikI ke kSetra meM zodha kA lakSya jIvana ke satya, ziva tathA saundarya ko udghATita karanA tathA unase sukha-pUrNa jIvana kI AdhArazilA rakhanA hotA hai| samAjazAstrIya viSaye kucha siddhAntoM kA navIna udghATana tathA unakA navIna siddhAnta-nirUpaNa meM yoga taka vistRta eke vyApaka jIvana-dRSTi ko puSTa karate haiN| isa prakAra hama kaha sakate haiM ki mAnavikI ke kSetra meM zodha kA bar3A mahattva hai| isa zodha ke dvArA hI mAnava kI kramazaH vikasita saMskRti kA svarUpa udghATita hotA hai / asthi-paMjara kA manuSya zarIra-tyAga ke pazcAt bhI apane anubhavoM, vicAroM, kalpanAoM, bhAvanAoM Adi ke rUpa meM hajAroM varSoM taka jIvita rahatA hai| yadi koI manuSya akSara-jJAna se zUnya hotA hai, to vaha bhI apane pIche apane anubhavoM Adi kA eka vistRta jagat chor3a jAtA hai| vaha bhale hI apanI bhAvanAe~ likhita rUpa meM vyakta na kara sake, likhane, sunane aura smaraNa kara surakSita rakhane vAle vyaktiyoM ke lie mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI chor3a jAtA hai| yaha sAmagrI kabhI loka-sAhitya meM kAma AtI hai, kabhI kisI kavi kI vANI kA Azraya pAkara ziSTa sAhitya banatI hai,kabhI kisI kalA kA rUpa grahaNa karatI hai,kabhI itihAsa ke pannoM meM kAma AtI hai aura kabhI kisI darzana ko paripuSTa karatI hai| zodhakartA ko isI mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI ke AdhAra para naye niSkarSoM taka pahu~canA hotA hai| yadi manuSya kI hajAroM varSa prAcIna sAMskRtika paramparA kA vikAsa karanA hai, purAtana ke doSoM ko tyAganA hai aura navIna kI acchAiyA~ grahaNa karanI haiM, to hameM zodha kA 'sahArA lekara usake itihAsa aura darzana kA samaya-samaya para mUlyAMkana karate rahanA caahie| yaha kArya sarala nahIM hotaa| zodhakartA ko tisI bhI eka mAnavikI viSaya ke jJAna ke AdhAra para apanI yAtrA prArambha nahIM kara denI caahie| cAhe itihAsa kI zodha kI jAe, cAhe darzana kI, zodhaka ko usase sambandhita samAja ke sAhitya kA eka bAra avalokana avazya karanA par3atA hai| kisI bhI itihAsa ke pIche eka samAja hotA hai| usakI bhAvanAoM aura AkAMkSAoM se hI itihAsa kI ghaTanAe~ janma letI haiN| yahI sthiti darzanazAstra kI bhI hai| pratyeka zodhakartA ko dArzanika tathyoM ke niSpAdana ke lie sAhitya meM yA anya ka oM meM abhivyakta bhAvanAoM aura vicAroM kA mUlyAMkana karanA par3atA hai / For Private And Personal Use Only

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mAnavikI viSaya aura anusaMdhAna / 25 1 citrakalA, saMgItakalA aura nRtyakalA kA sambandha jitanA bAhya prakRti se hai, utanA hI manuSya kI antaHprakRti se bhI hotA hai / ye kalAe~ apanI prakRti ke anusAra jIvana se bhAvanAoM, AkA~kSAoM Adi kA saMcaya karatI haiM aura raMga, svara yA gati ke mAdhyama se apane svarUpa kI abhivyakti pAtI haiN| ataH ina mAnavikI viSayoM meM bhI zodha kI sUkSma bhAvaparaka vahI dRSTi apanAnI hotI hai, jo sAhitya meM apanAI jAtI hai, kevala adhyayana kI zailI meM kucha antara A jAtA hai 1 niSkarSa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki mAnavikI viSayoM kA sIdhA sambandha manuSya-jIvana kI ghaTanAoM, paristhitiyoM, vAtAvaraNa aura unase utpanna vibhinna prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM tathA saMskAroM se hotA hai| ye sabhI viSaya manuSya ke atIta aura vartamAna jIvana kA darpaNa hote haiM tathA bhaviSya kI saMbhAvanAe~ bhI prastuta karate haiM / ataH ina viSayoM meM zodha ke lie zodhakartA ko mAnava-jIvana kI saMskAragata gaharAiyoM meM utara kara satya, ziva aura saundarya ke racanAtmaka pakSa kA udghATana karanA par3atA hai 1 For Private And Personal Use Only

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mAnavikI anusaMdhAna kI vaijJAnika paddhati prasiddha vidvAna sTuarTa ke matAnusAra vijJAna zodha kI paddhati meM nihita hai. viSaya-vastu meM nhiiN| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra kisI bhI zodha viSaya meM vaijJAnika paddhati kA prayoga Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| hama adhyayana ke lie koI bhI viSaya cuna sakate haiM, kintu usake adhyayana kI paddhati vaijJAnika hI honI caahie| Ajakala vizvavidyAlayoM meM jo anusaMdhAna-kArya sampanna hotA hai, usameM mAnavikI viSayoM meM prAyaH vaijJAnika paddhati kI upekSA kara dI jAtI hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hotA hai ki adhikAMza zodhArthiyoM ko vaijJAnika paddhati kA na to pUrvajJAna hotA hai, na unheM isa sambandha meM koI prazikSaNa hI diyA jAtA hai| kaI zodha-nirdezaka bhI vaijJAnika zodhaprakriyA se paricita nahIM hote / pariNAmataHsAhityika viSayoM meM mAtra AlocanAtmaka Alekha prastuta kara diye jAte haiM aura itihAsa, darzana Adi meM kevala vivaraNAtmaka sAmagrI sAmane AtI hai / isa sthiti meM zodha kA uddezya pIche chUTa jAtA hai tathA usakA stara bhI dinoMdina giratA calA jAtA hai| vastutaH zodha ke kaI rUpa hai / kabhI-kabhI kevala uddezyahIna nirIkSaNa evaM jijJAsA se bhI uccakoTi ke zodha kA pariNAma sAmane AtA hai / udAharaNArtha,vijJAna ke kSetra meM nyUTana ko pRthvI kI gurutvAkarSaNa zakti kA bodha uddezyahIna kintu jijJAsApUrNa nirIkSaNa se huA thaa| jaba usane vRkSa se "seba" phala nIce giratA dekhA tathA anya padArtha bhI Upara phaiMkane para nIce girate dekhe, to usake mastiSka meM yaha vicAra utpanna huA ki nizcaya hI pRthvI kI koI zakti Upara jAne vAle sabhI padArthoM ko nIce khIMca rahI hai| basa, isI nirIkSaNa kA phala huA "pRthvI" kI gurutvAkarSaNa kI zakti kA parijJAna / soddezya zodha ke lie viSaya kA cayana to Avazyaka hotA hI hai, sAtha hI usa viSaya kI viziSTa parikalpanA kA cayana bhI,jo nahIM karatA to usakA zodha-kArya dizAhIna ho jAtA hai aura vaha andhakAra meM tIra mAratA rahatA hai| prAyaH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki For Private And Personal Use Only

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mAnavikI anusaMdhAna kI vaijJAnika paddhati / 27 AraMbha meM hI koI parikalpanA arthAt "sinApsisa" banA lene se zodha kI saMbhAvanAe~ hI samApta ho jAtI hai| kintu yaha kathana adhika tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| vastutaH viSaya-nirdhAraNa ke pazcAt parikalpanA se eka dizA nirdhArita to ho jAtI hai, kintu usameM saMzodhanaparivarddhana kA mArga ruddha nahIM hotaa| zodhArthI kA adhyayana jyoM-jyoM Age bar3hatA jAtA hai, tyo -tyoM vaha apanI parikalpanA meM bhI upekSita parivartana karate rahane ke lie svatantra hotA hai| yaha parivartana parikalpanA ke mUla DhA~ce ko naSTa nahIM karatA, balki upayogI banAtA hai| parikalpanA meM parivartana-parivarddhana ke lie zodhakartA vyavasthita DhaMga se tarkapUrvaka apane viSaya kA anusaMdhAna karatA hai| jJAna-prApti kI AkA~kSA bar3hatI jAtI hai tathA apanA adhyayana bhI use rucikara lagane lagatA hai| usake sAmane eka parikalpanA hotI hai aura use apanI maMjila kA bhI dhyAna rahatA hai jisase vaha apane uddezya kI pUrti ke lie niraMtara utsAhI banA rahatA hai 1 zodhArthI ke sAmane jo sAmagrI hotI hai, usakA vaha vaijJAnika DhaMga se parIkSaNa karatA hai to use sahI niSkarSo taka pahu~cane meM suvidhA hotI hai| prasiddha vidvAna jaoNrja barga ke anusAra vaijJAnika paddhati ke lie "vaijJAnika nirIkSaNa, vibhAjana aura tathyoM kI vyAkhyA" paramAvazyaka hai| yahA~ vaijJAnika nirIkSaNa zabda vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai / hama sahaja rUpa meM jo kucha dekhate haiM, vaha vaijJAnika nirIkSaNa se bhinna hai| jaba hama kisI vastu para vizeSa uddezya se dRSTi DAlate haiM, taba use vaijJAnika nirIkSaNa kahA jAtA hai| isa nirIkSaNa ke bAda hama usa vastu kA vaijJAnika DhaMga se vibhAjana bhI karate haiN| isa vibhAjana se vastu ke aMga-pratyaMga kA pRthak jJAna sulabha ho jAtA hai| pRthak kie hue tattvoM kI vaijJAnika DhaMga se sapramANa vyAkhyA Avazyaka hotI hai| isa vyAkhyA se viSaya ke Antarika rahasyoM kA samajhanA sarala ho jAtA hai tathA zodhakarttA ko bhI apane bar3hate hue jJAna ke camatkAra para harSAtireka kA anubhava hone lagatA hai| zodhakartA apane tathA pUrva zodhakartAoM ke jJAna ke AdhAra para apane jJAna kA parimArjana bhI karatA jAtA hai tathA jJAna kI sImAe~ svataH vikasita hotI jAtI haiM / zodha kI isa prakriyA meM jo sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa bAteM dhyAna meM rakhanI hotI haiM, ve haiM- viSaya kA sahI nirvAcana tathA soca-samajha kara banAI gaI parikalpanA / kaI bAra zodhArthI zIghratAvaza viSaya kA cayana kara letA hai aura apanA adhyayana paryApta Age bar3hA cukane para use jJAta hotA hai ki usa viSaya para pahale hI zodha kArya ho cukA hai / aisI sthiti meM usake sAmane eka hI vikalpa raha jAtA hai ki vaha pUrvavartI zodha kArya kA punarAkhyAna kare / phalataH vivaza hokara use apanI parikalpanA ko nayA rUpa denA par3atA hai tathA pUrva meM kiyA huA usakA adhyayana bhI saMzodhana kI sImA meM A jAtA hai| kucha zodhArthI isa bAta kI cintA nahIM karate ki pUrvavartI kArya kA hI ve viSTapreSaNa yA anya prakAra se punaH prastuti kyoM kara rahe haiM ? aisI sthiti meM ve zodha ke nAma para pUrvavartI kArya kI nakala prastuta karake For Private And Personal Use Only

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28/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi zodha-jagat meM apratiSThA kA viSaya banate haiN| isalie yaha Avazyaka hai ki viSaya kA cayana karate samaya samasta pUrvavartI anusaMdhAna kA patA lagA liyA jaaye| eka bAra yaha nizcaya ho jAne para ki jo viSaya cunA gayA hai vaha pUrNataH navIna hai| yaha bhI dekhanA cAhie ki usase samAja yA mAnava jAti kA hita kisa sImA taka hogaa| kabhI-kabhI aise viSaya cuna liye jAte haiM jinakA aba koI sAmAjika upayoga to raha hI nahIM gayA hai, sAtha hI jo samAja, deza yA rASTra ke hitoM ke viruddha bhI jA rahe haiN| aise viSayoM para kI gaI zodha nirarthaka to hotI hI hai,sAmAjika nyAya ke kSetra meM hameM aparAdhI bhI banAtI jaba viSaya kI zuddhatA evaM upayogitA nirvivAda sthApita ho jAe, tabhI hameM usakI parikalpanA taiyAra karanI caahie| isa parikalpanA meM bhI aise bindu yA prazna ubharane cAhie~ jo viSaya ke antarnihita satya ko to prakAza meM lAe~, kintu manuSya, samAja aura deza ke hitoM se na TakarAte hoN| __ parikalpanA ke anusAra viSaya kA vibhAjana aura vargIkaraNa bhI soca-vicAra kara karanA caahie| vibhAjana se viSaya kI mUla zakti yA usake svarUpa kA samApana na hone pAye tathA usake aMga-pratyaMga isa DhaMga se khulate jAe~ ki vargIkaraNa karate samaya unameM aisA tAratamya banA rahe jo anusaMdhAna ko eka samavet lakSya para pahu~cA de| vargIkaraNa ke binA vaijJAnika zodha sambhava nahIM hai, kintu usa vargIkaraNa ke anusAra ucita tarka-saMgata vivecana bhI honA caahie| vivecana kalpanA para AdhArita na hokara, pramANa-puSTa honA cAhie / pramANa bhI aise die jAe~,jo svayaM zuddha hoM tathA jinakI mAnyatA asaMdigdha ho| kaI bAra dekhA jAtA hai ki kaI zodhakartA kuMjiyA~ aura noTsa-lekhakoM taka ke uddharaNoM ko pramANa svarUpa prastuta kara dete haiM / itihAsAdi meM hI nahIM,sAhityika viSayoM meM bhI aise pramANa dekara zodha kI prakriyA pUrNa mAna lI jAtI hai| dekhanA yaha hai ki jo pramANa svayaM hI azuddha aura apramANita hai,use pramANa banAkara hama kisa zuddha pariNAma taka pahu~ca sakate haiM ? pramANa prastuta karate samaya yaha bhI dekhanA Avazyaka hotA hai ki ve hamAre vivecana aura takoM ke anukUla bhI haiM yA nahIM ? kabhI-kabhI eka paramparA meM pramANa calate rahate haiN| eka zodhakartA jo pramANa prastuta karatA, hai, dUsarA usake zodha kArya ke AdhAra para hI use cuna letA hai aura mUla srota kA nirIkSaNa yA adhyayana nahIM krtaa| yoM eka se dUsare, tIsare, cauthe taka uddhRta hotA huA eka pramANa apanI vizvasanIyatA kho baiThatA hai aura zodhakartA usakA saMdarbha bhI sahI-sahI nahIM jAna pAtA tathA use apane maulika adhyayana kA pariNAma batAne kI bhUla kara baiThatA hai / adhikAMza zodha kArya isIlie kevala "upAdhi" prApta karAne taka samita raha jAte haiM aura unake lie parizrama karanA-na-karanA barAbara ho jAtA hai| Aja vizvavidyAlayoM kI yahI sthiti ho rahI hai| adhikAMza aise zodhagrantha milate haiM jo pustakAlayoM kI raddI bar3hAne ke alAvA koI TezyapUrNa kArya nahIM krte| For Private And Personal Use Only

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mAnavikI anusaMdhAna kI vaijJAnika paddhati/29 vaijJAnika zodha paddhati se kiyA gayA zodha kArya sadA kisI-na-kisI niSkarSa para pahu~cAtA hai| ataH zodha kA krama tabhI sArthaka hotA hai jaba kisI phala taka adhyayana phuNce| kaI zodhakartA mAtra vivecana karake viSaya kA adhyayana pUrNa mAne lete haiM, jabaki unheM apane vivecana ke pariNAmoM ko bhI kramabaddha DhaMga se prastuta karanA caahie| vaijJAnika zodha paddhati se kiye gaye zodha kA kArya antima par3Ava hai| jaba hamArA vivecana svataH kucha niSkarSoM ko niSpAdita karane lage taba hameM samajhanA cAhie ki hamane zodha kArya meM pUrNatA kI ora caraNa rakhA hai| ataH niSkarSa rUpa meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki zodha-kArya AraMbha karane se pUrva hama usakA uddezya nirdhArita kareM, tadnusAra viSaya kA cayana ho aura bahuta soca-samajha kara usakI parikalpanA taiyAra kI jaaye| usa parikalpanA ke anusAra viSaya kA vibhAjana va vargIkaraNa kiyA jaaye| taduparAnta viSaya kI gaMbhIra vyAkhyA evaM sapramANa tarka-puSTa vivecana karake maulika niSkarSa nikAle jAe~, sAtha hI ina samasta adhyayana staroM para isa bAta kA barAbara dhyAna rahe ki hamArA zodha kArya kisI bhI sImA taka vyakti, samAja yA rASTra ke hitoM kA virodhI na hokara kevala janahita kA niSpAdana karane vAlA siddha ho| For Private And Personal Use Only

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itihAsa kI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi __itihAsa" zabda bahuta vistRta artha rakhatA hai| kisI bhI viSaya-jJAna, vijJAna sAhitya kalA kA apanA alaga itihAsa ho sakatA hai| hotA bhI hai| kintu yahAM hama sImita artha meM hI isa zabda kA prayoga kara rahe haiM, yahAM itihAsa se hamArA tAtparya kisI deza ke itihAsa se hai| jahA~ yaha artha sImita hai, vahA~ isakI vyApakatA bhI bahuta hai| kisI deza kA itihAsa kevala rAjA-mahArAjAoM yA zAsana kA itihAsa hI nahIM hotA evaM usameM vibhinna rAjyoM ke utthAna-patana yA pArasparika yuddhoM kA hI varNana nahIM hotA, balki usa deza kI vibhinna jAtiyoM ke utthAna-patana kI vistRta vyAkhyA bhI usameM hotI hai| kisI bhI rASTra kI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA vaha darpaNa hotA hai| ataH itihAsa ke isa sImita kintu vyApaka artha ko samajhane ke pazcAt hI usake kisI pakSa ko zodha kA viSaya banAyA jA sakatA vastutaH mAnava-sabhyatA kA sampUrNa jJAna pAne kA ekamAtra sAdhana itihAsa hI hotA hai| ataH itihAsa likhanA aura samajhanA donoM hI jaTila kArya hai| manuSya svayaM bhI eka atyanta jaTila jIvana vAlA prANI hai| usake kAryakalApa aisI-aisI vibhinna ghaTanAoM ko janma dete haiM jinakI koI kalpanA nahIM kara sktaa| vaha eka kSaNa kucha hotA hai aura dUsare kSaNa kucha ho jAtA hai / vaha kabhI rUr3hiyoM kA samarthana karatA hai aura kabhI unheM tor3atA hai| vaha krodha meM Akara yuddhoM kA janaka banatA hai aura prema tathA dayA se ota-prota hone para zAnti kI bAta karatA hai| zAsana calAnA rAjanIti ho sakatI hai, kintu rAjanIti se pramANita karake parivartana lAnA tathA samasta samAja ko naI paristhitiyoM meM pahu~cA denA usakA aisA kArya hotA hai, jo naye itihAsa ko janma detA hai| samAja badalate haiM, sattA-parivartana hote haiM, sAMskRtika aura dhArmika uthala-puthala macatI hai, kintu saba bAtoM ke pIche aitihAsika kAraNa chipe rahate haiM / itihAsa hI una saba ghaTanAoM aura parivartanoM kA Akalana karatA hai| aise gaMbhIra viSaya kA zodha-kArya bhI sarala nahIM hotaa| vijJAna ke viSayoM meM prayoga Adi ke For Private And Personal Use Only

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itihAsa kI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi/ 31 dvArA kucha niSkarSo taka pahu~cA jA sakatA hai, kintu itihAsa meM prayoga kAma nahIM Ate, pramANoM ke sahAre hI satyAnveSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhArata meM itihAsa kI sthiti bhArata meM itihAsa-lekhana kI vaisI paramparA nahIM rahI, jaisI pAzcAtya dezoM meM milatI hai| yahA~ kAvya, nATaka, purANa AkhyAna Adi ke mAdhyama se surakSita rakhA gayA hai, ataH usameM kalpanA kA mizraNa bhI ho gayA hai| kintu itihAsa ke jisa vyApaka evaM vistRta phalaka kI avadhAraNA bhArata meM ina mAdhyamoM ke dvArA prastuta kI gaI hai, vaisI bahuta kama dezoM meM upalabdha hai / sAhitya kI vibhinna zailiyoM meM jo itihAsa prastuta kiyA gayA hai, usameM kAla- vizeSa kA sarvAMgINa jIvana apane samasta raMgoM meM udbhAsita ho uThA hai| zAsana, samAja, saMskRti aura sabhyatA ke atyanta jIvanta citra isa itihAsa meM milate haiN| dharma-pradhAna deza hone ke kAraNa vibhinna dhArmika AcAroM meM bhI itihAsa ke tattva chipe milate haiN| sAhitya ke atirikta vibhinna lalitakalAoM ke mAdhyama se bhI bhArata kA prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna itihAsa prastuta huA hai / guphAoM, bhittiyoM, zilAkhaNDoM, smArakoM, pahAr3iyoM Adi para itihAsa kI aneka ghaTanAe~ vibhinna rUpoM meM aMkita kI gaI hai| deza kI saMskRti ke aneka adhyayana ina kalAoM ke mAdhyama se udghATita hue haiN| ina adhyAyoM ko abhI taka pUrNataH prakAza meM lAne kA kAma nahIM ho pAyA hai| aneka zilAlekha deza ke jIte-jAgate itihAsa kI dharohara bane aba bhI zodhArthiyoM kI pratIkSA meM A~sU bahA rahe haiM aura dhIre-dhIre apane astitva ko naSTa hote dekha rahe haiN| purAne zAsakoM dvArA banAI gaI imArateM, smAraka, maMdira Adi yA to khaNDahara hote jA rahe haiM yA bhU-samAdhi liye par3e haiN| yahI kyoM, bar3e-bar3e prAcIna nagaroM kI raMga-biraMgI sabhyatA bhI bhU-samAdhi ke lie zodhArthiyoM kI pratIkSA kara rahI hai sabhaya-samaya para bhUmi kI khudAI meM kahIM koI mandira milatA hai, kahIM mUrtiyA~ aura kahIM bar3e-bar3e bhavana, jo deza ke prAcIna itihAsa ke aneka naye adhyAya kholate haiN| purAne sikke bhI nirantara milate cale jA rahe haiM, jo zAsakoM aura unake jIvana kI ghaTanAoM para navIna prakAza DAlate haiN| / likhita sAmagrI likhita rUpa meM upalabdha sAmagrI bhI kama nahIM miltii| prAcIna itihAsa para prakAza DAlane vAlI aneka pANDulipiyA~ aba bhI vyaktiyoM, pIThoM, bhaNDAroM, purAne rAva- rAjAoM aura navAboM ke yahA~ upalabdha haiN| zodhakarttAoM ne isa sAmagrI ko saMkalita karAne ke lie aneka saMsthAoM ko aneka prakAra kA yoga diyA hai| ina pANDulipiyoM ko surakSita rakhanA eka bahuta bar3I samasyA hai| surakSA ke uparAnta inako par3hane aura sahI arthoM taka pahu~cane kI samasyA sAmane AtI hai / ataH pratyeka zodhArthI ko zodha kArya AraMbha karane se pUrva itihAsa sambandhI samasta likhita sAmagrI ko par3ha sakane kI yogyatA arjita karanI par3atI hai| kisI eka pANDulipi ke AdhAra para hI itihAsa ke nirNaya saMbhava nahIM ho sakate, isalie isa bAta For Private And Personal Use Only

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32 / anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi kA prayAsa karanA hotA hai ki jo bhI likhita sAmagrI mile, usakA ekAdhika pratiyoM meM milAna kiyA jAye / ina pratiyoM meM lipi kA bahuta antara hotA hai tathA kabhI-kabhI kucha pratiyA~ khaNDita bhI milatI haiM, kabhI-kabhI purAnI pratiyoM meM aisI pratiyA~ bhI milAkara rakha dI jAtI haiM jinako kisI vyakti ne bahuta samaya pazcAt lipibaddha kiyA hai| aisI pANDulipiyA~ bhI milatI hai, jina para lipikAla purAnA DAlakara prAcInatA kA bhrama utpanna kiyA jAtA hai | ataH likhita sAmagrI se aitihAsika tathyoM kI upalabdhi ke lie bahuta parizrama, jJAna, abhyAsa aura viveka kI AvazyakatA hotI hai / jahA~ prAcIna kAla ke itihAsa se sambandhita sAmagrI vibhinna srotoM ke AdhAra para bahuta bAda meM lipibaddha kI gaI hai, vahIM yaha samasyA bhI hai ki madhyakAlIna itihAsa kI paryApta sAmagrI arabI-phArasI bhASAoM aura lipiyoM meM hai / ata: itihAsakAra ko ina bhASAoM kA jJAna bhI apekSita hotA hai| jo zodhArthI madhyakAlIna itihAsa para zodha karanA cAhate haiM, unheM to arabI-phArasI bhASAoM kA acchA jJAtA honA hI cAhie, anyathA unakA zodha kArya pUrNataH maulika evaM prAmANika nahIM ho sakatA / madhyakAlIna itihAsa ke tatkAlIna lekhaka bhI prAyaH videzI AkrAntAoM ke cATukAra rahe haiM / ataH unhoMne vahI likhA hai ki jo ve AkrAntA zAsaka cAhate the / aisI sthiti meM unakI likhita sAmagrI para pUrNataH vizvAsa karake itihAsa kA zodha kArya sampanna nahIM ho sktaa| zodhArthI ko una itihAsakAroM se prApta sAmagrI kI bhI bhalI prakAra chAnabIna karanI hotI hai tathA anya upalabdha srotoM se bhI unakA milAna karanA hotA hai| purAlekhAgAroM kI sAmagrI I itihAsa - sambandhI zodha ke lie purAlekhAgAroM kI sAmagrI bahuta upayogI siddha hotI hai / prAcIna itihAsa se sambandhita sAmagrI to aise sthAnoM para kama hI mila sakatI hai, kintu madhyakAlIna evaM svatantratA se pUrva tathA uttarakAlIna sAmagrI to pracura mAtrA meM tathA prAmANika rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hotI hai / isa sAmagrI meM likhita AjJAe~, paTTe-paravAne Adi bhI sammilita hote haiM / ina sabakI chAnabIna kara zodhArthI ko apane viSaya se sambandhita tathya ekatra karane hote haiM / 1 purA-saMgrahAlaya prAcIna evaM madhyakAla kI aneka vastuoM ko surakSita rakhane ke lie purA - saMgrahAlaya bhI sthApita kiye gaye haiM / ina saMgrahAlayoM kI sAmagrI itihAsa ke zodhArthI ke lie bahuta upayogI hotI hai| ina saMgrahAlayoM meM prAcIna lipiyoM meM utkhanita zilAlekha bhI hote haiM jinako par3ha sakane kI yogyatA bhI zodhArthI ko zodha kArya Arambha karane se pUrva arjita karanI hotI hai / For Private And Personal Use Only

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itihAsa kI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi/33 zodha-pravidhi ke sopAna itihAsa jaise gambhIra viSaya ke zodhArthI ko maulika tathyoM taka pahu~cane ke lie kaI sopAnoM se gujaranA hotA hai / TAyanabI, velsa, TegarTa Adi vidvAnoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki itihAsa korI ghaTanAoM aura viziSTa vyaktiyoM ke kArya-kalApoM kA saMkalana mAtra nahIM hai, balki isa vidyA se sAmAjika jIvana ke vikAsa ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milatI hai| atIta kI ghaTanAoM evaM saMsthAoM ke krama-baddha, prAmANika evaM vyavasthita varNana ke mAdhyama se sampanna hotA hai| atIta se hI vartamAna kI adhikAMza jIvana-paddhati nirdhArita hotI hai / ataH isa sopAna para gaMbhIra ciMtana evaM viveka prayoga kI AvazyakatA barAbara banI rahatI hai| kisI bhI samAja kI vartamAna sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke srota atIta kI ghaTanAoM meM nihita rahate haiN| ataH itihAsa-sambandhI zodha kA kArya atIta ko sahI tathA niSpakSa DhaMga se prAmANika AdhAra para samajhane se hI sambhava ho sakatA hai| prasiddha vidvAna "reDaklipha bAuna" ke matAnusAra vartamAna kAla meM ghaTita hone vAlI ghaTanAoM ko atIta kAla meM ghaTita huI ghaTanAoM ke kramika vikAsa kI eka kar3I mAnakara hI adhyayana yA zodha kA kArya agrasara hotA hai| prAcIna Alekha, grantha, sikke, mUrtiyA~, zilAlekha, vibhinna purAnI gAthAe~, loka-kathAe~ Adi kA adhyetA ko niSpakSa evaM vastuniSTha adhyayana karanA par3atA hai| isa kArya ke lie usameM apane viSaya-kSetra kI pUrI jAnakArI rakhane kI kSamatA evaM sAmAjika antadRSTi honI caahie| usameM vizvasanIya evaM sambaddha tathyoM kA cayana karane kA pUrNa viveka honA caahie| use yaha bhI jJAta honA cAhie ki viSaya kI sImA kyA hai tathA pUrvAgrahoM se vaha svayaM kitanA dUra hai ? zodhakartA ko itihAsa ke kSetra meM anusaMdhAna ke lie tabhI pravRtta honA cAhie, jaba vaha adhyayana kI samasyA ko sahI DhaMga se nirdhArita karane meM samartha ho| agara samasyA kA ThIka nirdhAraNa nahIM hogA, to vaha sahI dizA meM maulika adhyayana nahIM kara skegaa| samasyA kI prakRti evaM kSetra se bhalI prakAra paricita ho jAne ke pazcAt hI use apane zodhakArya meM agrasara honA caahie| samasyA se sambandhita yatra-tatra bikharI sAmagrI kA saMkalana karanA eka Avazyaka kArya hotA hai| jaba taka prAmANika DhaMga se sAmagrI ekatra nahIM kI jAtI, taba taka anusaMdhAna kA kArya AraMbha nahIM mAnanA caahie| yaha kArya sarala nahIM hotaa| kisa sAmagrI para kitanA aura kina AdhAroM para vizvAsa kiyA jAe, yaha prazna sadA sAmane khar3A rahatA hai| jaba taka zodhArthI meM etadartha paryApta yogyatA nahIM hogI, sAmagrI kI vizvasanIyatA ke AdhAroM ko pahacAnane vAlA anubhava nahIM hogA aura vaha sadaiva dUradarzitA se kAma nahIM legA, taba taka usakA sAmagrI-saMkalana kA kArya saphala nahIM ho sktaa| ___sAmagrI-saMkalana ke uparAnta zodhArthI ko usameM se tathyAnveSaNa karanA hotA hai| yahA~ use tathyoM kI mAtrA evaM guNoM meM samanvaya kI dRSTi apanAnI hotI hai| AvazyakatA se For Private And Personal Use Only

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34/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi adhika kintu nirarthaka tathya juTAne se zodha-kArya para viparIta prabhAva par3ane kI pUrNa saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| yahA~ yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki itihAsa ke adhyayana ke lie prApta tathya bhAva-citra mAtra hote haiM / hama unheM sAkSAt nahIM dekha sakate / kevala bhAvoM kI AMkheM hI unheM dekha pAtI haiN| ataH unakA viziSTa honA sahaja hai| isalie aneka tathyoM meM paraspara tulanAtmaka dRSTi se grahaNa-tyAga kI zailI apanAnI hotI hai| yaha dRSTi prAyaH vyaktiniSTha ho jAtI hai| isalie sAvadhAnIpUrvaka zodhakartA ko aise nirNaya lene hote haiM jinase tathyoM para usakI vyaktiniSThatA hAvI na ho jaae| atIta kI sAmagrI se upalabdha tathya bhAva va ghaTanAoM ko janma to de sakate haiM, unake kAraNa bana sakate haiM,kintu ve mArgadarzana nahIM mAne jA sakate, kyoMki itihAsa kI dhArA avicchinna hone para bhI niraMkuza hotI hai| ataH tathyoM kI chaMTanI karate samaya zodhArthI ko unakI zakti aura prabhAva ko bhI bahuta sAvadhAnI se samajha lenA caahie| kabhI-kabhI atIta aura vartamAna kI kaI ghaTanAoM meM UparI samAnatAeM dikhAI detI hai| una samAnatAoM ke AdhAra para kinhIM tathyoM ko pramANa banAkara zodha ke agale sopAna para agrasara honA kabhI-kabhI atyanta vizvasanIya pariNAmoM para pahuMcA sakatA hai| loga kahate, haiM ki itihAsa svayaM ko doharAtA hai, kintu isa kathana meM AMzika satya hI hai,sadaiva aisA nahIM hotA balki adhikAMzataH viparIta itihAsa sAmane AtA hai / ata: tathyoM kA vargIkaraNa uparyukta kathana ke prakAza meM kara denA bhayaMkara bhUla mAnI jAnI caahie| tathya-saMkalana ke uparAnta itihAsa ke zodhakartA ko tathya-vizleSaNa aura vyAkhyA ke sopAnoM para ArohaNa karanA hotA hai jo tathya usane sAmagrI se cayana kiye haiM, unakA bhalI-bhAMti vizleSaNa karake unakI vyAkhyA karanI hotI hai| isa kArya ke lie use tarka-pUrvaka upayukta pramANa prastuta karane hote haiN| pramANIkaraNa kI sthiti meM vibhinna sAdhana kAma Ate haiN| atItakAlIna paTTe-paravAne, sikke, zilAlekha, utkhanana-sAmagrI, pANDulipiyA~, mUrtiyAM, prAcIna citra Adi ke pramANa dekara zodhakartA apane vizleSaNa ko prAmANika banAtA hai| vizleSaNa aura vivecana kI ucita yogyatA ke abhAva meM pramANa bhI nirarthaka siddha hote haiN| ataH zodhArthI ko bahuta sAvadhAnIpUrvaka vizleSaNa aura vivecana meM pravRtta honA caahie| kisI bhI tathya para calatI dRSTi yA lAparavAhI se bharI TippaNiyA~ gaMbhIra duSpariNAmoM taka pahuMcA sakatI haiM tathA samasta zodha kArya ko hI hAsyAspada banA sakatI haiN| vizleSaNa aura vivecana jitanA tarka-puSTa tathA pramANa-sammata hogA, utanA zreSTha zodha-kArya sampanna ho skegaa| vastutaH itihAsa kI sAmagrI to idhara-udhara bikharI yA saMgrahAlayoM evaM abhilekhAgAroM meM bharI par3I hai, kintu usase apekSita tathya saMgraha karake unakA eka samasyA ke rUpa meM sahI dizA meM tarka-sammata pramANa-puSTa sahI vizleSaNa evaM vivecana kara denA hI to mahattvapUrNa zodha-kArya mAnA jA sakatA hai| adhikAMza tathya itihAsakAroM dvArA prakAza meM For Private And Personal Use Only

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itihAsa kI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi/35 lA diye jAne ke pazcAt bhI navIna vizleSaNa evaM vyAkhyA kI apekSA rakhate haiN| hara tathya meM koI-na-koI vizeSa evaM rahasyAtmaka bAta ho sakatI hai, jisa para aba taka prakAza na par3A ho| itihAsa ke zodhArthI ko gaMbhIra dRSTi se tathya-vizleSaNa karake upayukta vivecana dvArA usI ko prakAza meM lAnA sArthaka zodha kA kArya hotA hai| vizleSaNa karate samaya hI yaha dekhanA hotA hai ki vibhinna tathyoM kA pUrvApara sambandha kyA hai,yA nahIM bhI hai / koI bhI tathya svayaM meM itanA spaSTa nahIM ho sakatA ki usameM chipe rahasya binA vizleSaNa kiye svayaM prakaTa ho jAe~, sAtha hI vibhinna tathyoM meM kAraNa-kArya sambandha kI talAza bhI kabhI-kabhI sArthaka siddha hotI hai| yaha kArya bhI ucita vizleSaNa aura vivecana se hI saMbhava ho pAtA hai| vibhinna ghaTanAoM kA pratiphalana tathyoM ke rUpa meM hotA hai aura vibhinna tathya navIna ghaTanAoM ke janaka bhI banate haiN| zodhArthI kI viveka-pUrNa dRSTi ucita vizleSaNa karake use sahI pariNAmoM taka pahuMcAtI hai| vastutaH vizleSaNa aura vivecana se tathyoM kA upayukta mUlyAMkana karane kA mArga prazasta hotA hai tathA naye tathya prakAza meM Ate haiN| itihAsa kI zodha-pravidhi sAmAjika vijJAnoM kI zodha-pravidhi se paryApta bhinna hai| isameM praznAvalI Adi ko AdhAra banAkara sAMkhyikIya-paddhati nahIM apanAI jA sakatI,na siddhAnta-nirUpaNa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| ata: itihAsa ke zodhArthI ko bahuta taTastha hokara tathyoM kA vizleSaNa va parIkSaNa karanA hotA hai| vizleSaNa-vivecana aura parIkSaNa ke uparAnta zodhakartA zodha ke pariNAmoM para pahuMcane lagatA hai| ye pariNAma vyakti-niSTha na hokara vastuniSTha hone caahieN| isalie itihAsa kI zodha meM bhASA kA bhI bahuta mahatva hai| zodhArthI ko bahuta saMyata bhASA meM pariNAmoM kI prastuti meM saMlagna honA par3atA hai| itihAsa lekhana kI bhASA kabhI-kabhI vartamAna sthitiyoM,paristhitiyoM evaM vibhinna rAjanItika prabhAvoM se bojhila ho jAtI hai tathA paryApta ImAnadArI se kiye gaye adhyayana ke pariNAma bhI zodhArthI jaba likhane baiThatA hai, taba bhASA meM durbalatA A jAne ke kAraNa dUSita ho jAte haiN| ataH vivecana se upalabdha pariNAmoM kI zuddhatA kI rakSA ke lie bhASA para samyak adhikAra evaM saMtulana banAye rakhanA bahuta Avazyaka hotA hai| kisI bhI viSaya kA zodha-kArya taba taka pUrNa nahIM ho sakatA jaba taka vivecana ke sopAna taka pahuMcI siddhiyA~ ucita niSkarSoM taka na phuNceN| ataH zodhArthI ko apane adhyayana ke pariNAmoM ko saMyata DhaMga se prabhAvazAlI bhASA meM spaSTa niSkarSoM ke rUpa meM prastuta karanA bhI apekSita hotA hai| For Private And Personal Use Only

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36 / anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi zodhakArya kI pUrNatA ke lie adhyayana ke mArga meM upalabdha sabhI saMdarbhoM ko vAda-TippaNiyoM ke rUpa meM prastuta karanA tathA adhIta granthoM, patra-patrikAoM, paTTe-paravAnoM, zilAlekhoM Adi kA pariziSTa rUpa meM prastuta karanA bhI zodha pravidhi kA anivArya aMga hai / niSkarSa anta meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki itihAsa sambandhI zodha kI pravidhi sAmAjika vijJAnoM kI zodha pravidhi se paryApta bhinna hai / isa kSetra kA zodha kArya mAnavikI ke anya viSayoM jaisA hI zodha kArya hai, kevala adhyayana kI sAmagrI bhinna hotI hai| zodha ke pariNAma bhI sAhitya, kalA Adi ke zodha pariNAmoM ke samAna hI mUlyaparaka evaM prAmANika hote haiM / For Private And Personal Use Only

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darzanazAstra kI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi darzanazAstra kA vistAra ___ mAnavikI viSayoM meM darzanazAstra kA vizeSa mahattva hai| mAnavIya cintana kA cirakAlIna bhaNDAra darzanazAstra hI hai| jIvana kI utpatti kaise hotI hai ? yaha saMsAra kyA hai ? kyA koI jIva aura jagat kA niyaMtraNa karatA hai ? isa prakAra ke aneka prazna to mAnava-sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha uThate hI rahe haiN| sAtha hI, jyoM-jyoM mAnava-jAti kA sAMskRtika vikAsa hotA gayA hai ,tyoM-tyoM anya aneka prazna bhI uThate cale gaye haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, samAja kyA hai, vyakti kyA hai Adi, yA mAnava kI utpatti kA rahasya kyA hai, Adi / AdhyAtmika darzanoM ke sAtha-sAtha bhautika darzanoM kA bhI vikAsa hotA rahA hai| phalataH mAnavIya cintana aneka prakAra kI vicAradhArAoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA hai| aneka dharma aura sampradAya bane haiM tathA unase prabhAvita hokara naye paMtha cale haiM jinakA jAla samasta saMsAra meM phailA huA hai| darzanazAstra meM zodha kI AvazyakatA __ bhArata meM bhI aneka mata,sampradAya, paMtha Adi pAye jAte haiN| jitane maMdira-maTha bane, sabake sAtha alaga-alaga matavAda jur3ate cale gaye / hara sampradAya ne apane lie pRthak grantha taiyAra kara liyA aura usake AdhAra para usakA nayA darzana cala par3A / yoM bhAratavarSa meM aneka devI-devatA hI nahIM bane, matavAda bhI aneka ho gaye haiN| ina saba paMthoM kI vicAra-dhArAoM meM kitanA satya hai, kitanA jhUTha; kitanA aMza nirmala hai aura kitanA samala, kitanA yathArtha hai aura kitanA ADambara; ina bAtoM kI chAnabIna sadA Avazyaka hai| isI chAnabIna ke lie darzanazAstra sambandhI anusaMdhAna Avazyaka hotA hai / zuddha dArzanika siddhAMtoM kA pratipAdana to bahuta kaThina kArya hai| yaha kArya vizvavidyAlayoM kI kakSAoM meM baiThakara yA upAdhiyA~ dhAraNa karake nahIM ho sakatA; isake lie to sabhI upAdhiyoM se niHzeSa honA par3atA hai| For Private And Personal Use Only

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38 / anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi vastutaH jisa prakAra kI zodha darzanazAstra meM Avazyaka hai; vaha hai upalabdha cintA - dhArAoM kA punarAkhyAna tathA usake prakAza meM una dhArAoM ke sAmAjika prabhAvAdi kA mUlyAMkana / darzanazAstra meM zodha kI pravidhi darzanazAstra sambandhI vicAra-granthoM se AraMbha hokara sampradAya, maThoM, mandiroM, anya dharmoM ke pUjAgharoM, vyaktiyoM, samudAyoM Adi taka jAte haiN| isa vistAra ko dekhate hue darzanazAstra sambandhI zodha ko mudrita sAmagrI taka sImita kara denA bhArI bhUla hogI / ataH viSaya kA cayana karate samaya zodhArthI ko yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki usakA zodha-kSetra kyA hai ? yadi zodha kArya kI parikalpanA soca-samajhakara taya kI jAe to usakI rUparekhA saralatA se aisI bana sakatI hai jisakA nirvAha ucita dizA meM ho sake / yadi zodha-parikalpanA pANDulipiyoM para AdhArita hai, to sarvaprathama zodhArthI ko prAcIna lipijJAna prApta karanA hogA tathA tatpazcAt use nirdhArita karanA hogA ki vaha kina-kina pANDulipiyoM kA adhyayana kre| yaha kArya karane ke lie zodhArthI ko prAcIna bhASAoM kA jJAna bhI Avazyaka hai| udAharaNArtha, bhAratIya darzanoM para zodha kArya karane vAle vyakti ko, yadi vaha vaidika darzanoM para zodha karanA cAhatA hai, to saMskRta bhASA kA acchA jJAna prApta karake hI viSaya meM praveza karanA caahie| jo zodhArthI bauddha evaM jaina darzanoM para zodha karanA cAhate haiM, unheM pAlI, prAkRta evaM apabhraMza bhASAoM kA jJAna honA caahie| yadi aisA na ho to mUla prasthAna hI galata ho jAtA hai| jisa bhASA meM grantha likhe hue haiM, use jAne binA zodha kyA, sAmAnya adhyayana bhI saMbhava nahIM hai / prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai ki saMskRta bhASA kA 'a', 'ba','sa' bhI na jAnane vAle zodhArthI darzanazAstra kI snAtakottara upAdhi prApta kara lete haiM aura vaidika darzana sambandhI parikalpanAe~ lekara zodha kArya AraMbha kara dete haiM / yahI sthiti kabhI-kabhI bauddha evaM jaina darzanoM se sambandhita viSayoM meM bhI banatI hai| ataH zodhakarttA ko aisI bhayaMkara bhUla se bacanA caahie| mudrita granthoM athavA pANDulipiyoM ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA zodha kArya kabhI-kabhI usake vyAvahArika pakSa kI upekSA kara detA hai| koI bhI darzana vyAvahArika jIvana meM utarane se nahIM bcaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki taraha-taraha ke sampradAya aura matavAda pracalita ho gaye haiN| zodhakarttA ko ina sampradAyoM aura matavAdoM taka una darzanoM ke vistAra aura samaya-samaya para unameM A jAne vAlI vikRtiyoM kA bhI patA lagAnA hotA hai / ataH darzanazAstra ke zodhakArya meM kabhI-kabhI praznAvalI aura A~kar3oM kI paddhati se bhI sahayoga lenA caahie| aisA karane para hI sahI sAmagrI ekatra ho sakatI hai tathA usa puSTa AdhAra para hI zodhakartA kA adhyayana sahI dizA meM agrasara ho sakatA hai| zodha kI parikalpanA kA sahI cunAva ho jAne aura AdhArabhUta sAmagrI ke saMkalana tathA samajhane kI spaSTa dizA jJAta ho jAne ke pazcAt zodhakartA ko sambandhita siddhAMtoM kA For Private And Personal Use Only

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darzanazAstra kI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi/39 gaMbhIra adhyayana karanA cAhie aura kArDa banAkara pramANa-sAmagrI juTAnI cAhie / darzanazAstra meM pramANoM kA bahuta mahattva hai| pramANoM kI vyAkhyA ke AdhAra para hI kisI darzana-vizeSa ke vyAvahArika svarUpa kI samIkSA saMbhava ho sakatI hai| kabhI-kabhI kisI matavAda ke AdhAra para pracalita vibhinna vizvAsa tathA dhArmika vyavahAra samaya ke parivartana ke sAtha itane adhika badala jAte haiM ki unake mUla svarUpa kI pahacAna hI chipa jAtI hai| usa pahacAna ko punaH sthApita karane tathA usake AdhAra para loka-vyavahAra meM svIkRta siddhAMtoM kA vivecana karake kinhIM niSkarSoM para pahu~canA kaThina ho jAtA hai / isa kaThinAI ko tabhI hala kiyA jA sakatA hai,jaba zodhArthI viSaya kA gaMbhIra adhyayana karake pramANabhUta sAmagrI ko vivekapUrvaka samajhane meM saphala ho| darzanazAstra meM zodha karane ke lie zodhArthI ko viSaya kI parikalpanA evaM rUparekhA Adi taiyAra karane ke uparAnta sAmagrI saMkalana aura pramANa-paddhati taka pahu~cane meM jo samaya lagatA hai, vaha vizleSaNa ke stara para bahuta kAma AtA hai / vyAvahArika jIvana se sambandhita viSaya hone para zodhArthI ko praznAvalI aura sarvekSaNa kA sahArA bhI lenA hI par3atA hai, kintu usake pazcAt bhI vizleSaNa ke stara se hI vAstavika zodha-kArya AraMbha hotA hai / pramANoM ke prakAza meM vizleSaNa karake ucita vivecana karanA aura mahattvapUrNa tathyoM kI pahacAna para bala denA dArzanika cintana ko paripuSTa karatA hai| dArzanika jJAna meM tarkazAstra kA vizeSa mahattva hai, ataH vivecana karate samaya tarka ko adhika se adhika sudRr3ha AdhAroM para pratiSThita karanA caahie| yahA~ yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki tarka aise hoM jo mAnava-jIvana kI gutthiyoM ko sulajhAne vAle vicAroM ko samRddha kareM tathA jo pUrNata: vizvasanIya niSkarSoM taka phuNcaaeN| vivecana ke uparAnta darzanazAstra ke zodhArthI ko upasaMhAra meM apane niSkarSa prastuta karake siddhAMta-vizeSa ke mahattva kI sthApanA para vizeSa bala denA caahie| usake niSkarSa aise hone cAhie~ jo kalpita pratIta na hoM tathA jinase sAmAjika hita kI zarta kA ullaMghana na ho| darzanazAstra ke zodhArthI ko zodha-prabaMdha kA lekhana-kArya saMkSepa meM karanA caahie| anAvazyaka vivaraNoM yA varNanAtmaka Alekha darzanazAstrIya niSkarSoM meM vizeSa sahAyaka nahIM hote| zodha-prabandha meM diye gaye saMskRta Adi bhASAoM ke dArzanika granthoM se uddhRta pramANoM ko bahuta sAvadhAnI se aMkita karanA cAhie, tAki ve azuddha hokara apanI vizsanIyatA na kho baiTheM, pAda-TippaNI meM unake pUrNa vivaraNa avazya die jAe~, tAki unakA milAna karane kI AvazyakatA par3ane para kisI prakAra kI kaThinAI parIkSaka yA pAThaka ko na ho| pariziSTa meM una sabhI granthoM, patra-patrikAoM, zilAlekhoM, pANDulipiyoM Adi kA lekhaka, sampAdaka, prakAzaka, saMsmaraNa Adi sahita ullekha kiyA jAnA bahuta Avazyaka hai| jina vidvAnoM ke kAryoM se sahAyatA lI jAe, unakA ullekha evaM kisa sImA taka unakA For Private And Personal Use Only

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40/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi kArya Age bar3hAyA gayA hai, yaha tathya AraMbha meM dI jAne vAlI bhUmikA meM avazya kara denA caahie| apane zodha-kArya kI maulikatA kA pratipAdana bhI bhUmikA meM hI kara denA Avazyaka yoM to sabhI viSayoM ke zodha-prabandhoM kA TaMkaNa-kArya zuddha honA cAhie, kintu darzanazAstra meM saMskRta ke zlokoM Adi kA TaMkaNa pUrNataH zuddha ho, yaha dhyAna rakhanA bahuta Avazyaka hai| niSkarSa vastutaH darzanazAstra kI zodha-pravidhi itihAsa, sAhitya Adi anya mAnavikI viSayoM ke samAna hI hai| zodha prabandha-lekhana tathA anya sabhI dRSTiyoM se usakA prastutikaraNa bhI una saba bAtoM kI apekSA rakhatA hai jinakI apekSA sAhitya ke zodhArthI se kI jAtI For Private And Personal Use Only

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9 Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir lalitakalAoM meM anusaMdhAna vizvavidyAlayoM ke mAnavikI saMkAyoM meM mukhyataH citrakalA kI zikSaNa vyavasthA hai / kucha vizvavidyAlayoM meM saMgIta kalA evaM nRtya kalA kA zikSaNa bhI diyA jAtA hai| ina kalAoM meM zodha kA kSetra bahuta sImita rahatA hai / citrakalA yaha kalA saMgIta aura nRtya kI apekSA bhautika AdhAra kI adhika apekSA rakhatI hai / AdhAra yA phalaka, raMga, tUlikA, dRzya Adi kI sahAyatA se citra kA nirmANa saMbhava hotA hai / kalAkAra apane viSaya meM jitanA niSNAta hotA hai, utanA hI kuzala zikSaNa-prazikSaNa vaha apane chAtroM ko de sakatA hai| yaha kuzalatA, abhyAsa aura jJAna donoM para to nirbhara hotA hI hai, sAtha hI kalAkAra meM eka vizeSa prajJA kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI hai| vaha kalpanAzIla bhI honA caahie| usameM samAja tathA prakRti ko gaMbhIratA se dekhane-parakhane aura samajhane kI ruci tathA kSamatA bhI honI caahie| pratyeka kalA kalAkAra se nirlobha, nirlajja tathA tallInatAvRtti kI bhI apekSA rakhatI hai| kalA ke prati saccA prema hone para hI kalAdhyApaka anya kalAkAroM kI kRtiyoM kI sarAhanA kara sakatA hai| ataH hara kalAdhyApaka se yaha apekSA bhI kI jAtI hai ki vaha anya kalAkAroM kI kRtiyoM kI sarAhanA karane kA abhyAsa kare / citrakalA ke aneka naye AyAma khulate jA rahe haiN| phalaka, raMga, tUlikA tathA anya upakaraNoM ke kSetroM meM bhI paryApta parivartana va vikAsa huA hai| unake prayoga kI paddhatiyoM meM bhI naye-naye dRSTikoNoM kA vikAsa huA hai| prAcIna kAla meM citrakalA ke jo sAdhana the, ve bahuta kucha badalate jA rahe haiN| citroM kI aneka zailiyA~ vikasita huyIM aura aneka samApta bhI ho gayIM tathA jo barcI, unameM bhI paraspara saMkramaNa huA / phalataH prAcIna kalA- zailiyoM meM bhI aneka naye rUpa ubhare aura unhoMne paramparAgata kalA- zailiyoM ko AkarSaka AyAma diye / kalpanAzIla kalAkAroM ne aneka navIna kalAzailiyoM ko bhI janma diyaa| pAzcAtya For Private And Personal Use Only

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42 / anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi citrakAra pikAso ke prabhAva se bhI Adhunika kalA- zailiyoM kA vikAsa huA hai| isa prakAra citrakalA ke kSetra meM abhUtapUrva krAnti huI hai| isa krAMti ko samajha pAnA aura tadanukUla kalAbhyAsa karAnA tathA chAtroM kI kalA-dRSTi ko naye AyAma denA pratyeka uccastarIya kalAdhyApaka kA mukhya kartavya hotA hai| isI kartavya ke pAlana ke lie use kalA-sambandhI zodha kArya meM nirantara pravRtta rahane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| pUrvokta tathyoM se spaSTa hai ki citrakalA meM bhI zodha kArya kI bar3I mahattA hai| hara kalAdhyApaka ko zodha - dRSTi sampanna to honA hI cAhie, sAtha hI use zodha kA acchA abhyAsa bhI honA caahie| zodha-dRSTi aura zodha - abhyAsa ke sAtha-sAtha use zodha-sambandhI itihAsa kA jJAna bhI honA caahie| citrakalA aura itihAsa vastutaH citrakalA kisI bhI deza kI saMskRti ke svarUpa ko surakSita rakhatI hai / hara kAla meM mAnava-samAja kI vibhinna gatividhiyoM, manovRttiyoM aura kalAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA Akalana citrakalA ke mAdhyama se sahaja rUpa meM ho jAtA hai| ataH kisI bhI deza ke kisI bhI kAla ke itihAsa meM citrakalA kI sthiti ko dekhanA- parakhanA aura samajhanA-samajhAnA eka acche kalAkAra kA pramukha kArya hotA hai| isa dRSTi se citrakalA aura itihAsa kA vizeSa sambandha hotA hai / citrakAra ko atItakAlIna citrakalA ke vibhinna svarUpoM aura zailiyoM tathA unakI vizeSatAoM se acchI taraha paricita honA caahie| yaha paricaya zodha kArya karane para hI ho sakatA hai| ataH kalAdhyApaka ko citrakalA ke kSetra meM acchI pahu~ca ke lie pratyeka yuga ke itihAsa kI citrakalA ke vibhinna AyAmoM kA gaMbhIratA se adhyayana karanA caahie| yaha kArya tabhI saMbhava ho sakatA hai jaba vaha deza ke itihAsa kA acchA jJAtA ho / citrakalA aura sAhitya sAhitya mAnava samAja kI vibhinna kAloM meM saMcita mahattvapUrNa anubhUtiyoM, bhAvanAoM aura vicAradhArAoM kA racanAtmaka koza hotA hai| citrakalA bhI mAnava samAja kI isI sampatti ko phalaka para raMgoM rUpAyita karatI hai| sAhitya aura citrakalA donoM meM bhAva, vicAra tathA kalpanA kA samAna sammizraNa rahatA hai| ataH citrakAra ko sAhitya ko samajhane kI gaMbhIra dRSTi bhI apanAnI par3atI hai| isake lie yaha Avazyaka hotA hai ki vaha sAhitya ko par3hane aura samajhane kI ruci kA apane bhItara vikAsa kare / yahI ruci use apane chAtroM meM bhI vikasita karanI hotI hai| sAhitya meM tIvra gati se naye-naye parivartana ho rahe haiM tathA lekhana- zailiyoM kA vikAsa ho rahA hai| use bhI usI gati se samajhate calanA citrakalA ke zodhakarmI ke lie Avazyaka nahIM to sahAyaka avazya hai 1 For Private And Personal Use Only

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lalitakalAoM meM anusaMdhAna / 43 sAhitya meM kAvya eka aisI lalita kalA hai, jisameM citra kA vizeSa mahattva hai / citrakAra raMgoM aura tUlikAoM se jo kArya karatA hai, vahI kArya kavi apanI zabdAvalI se sampanna karatA hai / vaha bhI mAnasa-citroM kA nirmANa kara apanI zabdAvalI meM unheM vibhinna bimboM kA rUpa detA hai| prAcIna kAla meM kavitAoM ko citroM meM prastuta karane kI pravRtti bhI AraMbha huI thii| madhyakAla meM isakA paryApta vikAsa huaa| hindI kI rItikAlIna kavitA kI pANDupiliyA~ taiyAra karAte samaya rAjA-mahArAjAoM ne kalAkAroM ko chaMdoM ke sAtha citra aMkita karane kI preraNA bhI dii| Aja bhI vibhina saMgrahAlayoM meM aisI pANDulipiyA~ upalabdha haiM jinameM nAyaka-nAyikAoM kI vibhinna krIDAoM, rAja- prAsAdoM, udyAnoM Adi ke citra kavitAoM ke sAtha milate haiN| ye citra svarNa-rajata tathA anya dhAtuoM kA mizraNa karake sthAyI raMgoM se banAye gaye haiN| aisI pANDulipiyoM kA kitanA mahattva evaM mUlya hai, yaha hara koI vyakti nahIM samajha sktaa| dIvAroM para bhI rAjaprAsAdoM meM dohA Adi chaMdoM ke sAtha vibhinna AkarSaka citra aMkita kiye gaye haiM jinase sAhitya aura citrakalA kA abhinna sambandha prakaTa hotA hai| kalA-zodhArthI ko isa sambandha kA udghATana evaM mUlyAMkana karanA hotA hai| donoM kalAoM ke mUla meM anubhUtigata ekatA vartamAna rahatI hai, kevala mAdhyama evaM zilpa kA aMtara rahatA hai| yaha aMtara hI sAhitya meM citrakalA kI zodha pravidhi ko usI prakAra kucha bhinna banAtA hai, jisa prakAra itihAsa se bhinna banAtA hai 1 citrakalA aura darzanazAstra citrakalA ke sAtha darzanazAstra kA bhI bahuta sambandha hai / jahA~ koI anubhUti hotI hai, use jaba kabhI racanAtmaka svarUpa milatA hai, taba darzanazAstra kI bhAvabhUmi avazya nirmita ho jAtI hai| citrakAra jaba apanI racanA meM tanmaya ho jAtA hai taba usake hRdaya kI sphUrti vibhinna vicAroM ko janma detI hai| ataH citrakalA ke kSetra meM zodha karate samaya dArzanika vicAra - paddhatiyoM kA sahArA lenA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai / udAharaNArtha, rAdhAkRSNa kI citrAvalI kA avalokana karate samaya kRSNa-sambandhI vibhinna cintA-dhArAoM kA sahArA lenA hI par3atA hai| citrakalA aura saMgIta saMgIta aura sAhitya kA to abhinna sambandha hai hI, citrakalA se bhI usakA bahuta purAnA nAtA hai| saMgIta kI vibhinna dhvaniyoM OM rAga-rAganiyoM para AdhArita aneka citra banAye jAte haiN| isa sambandha meM citrakalA kI kaI zailiyA~ bhI vikasita huI haiN| ata: saMgIta kI rAga-rAganiyoM ko samajhakara hI zodhArthI kalAkRti kA sahI mUlyAMkana kara sakatA hai| zodha kA eka uddezya satyAnveSaNa ke alAvA saundarya kI anubhUti karAnA bhI hai| yaha kArya saMgIta kA marmajJa zodhaka hI citrakalA meM niSpAdita kara sakatA hai| For Private And Personal Use Only

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44/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi citrakalA meM zodha kI pravidhi prazna yaha uThatA hai ki itihAsa, darzana, saMgIta, sAhitya Adi se itanA adhika sambaddha citrakalA kI zodha-pravidhi ina viSayoM kI zodha-pravidhi se kina bAtoM meM bhinna ho sakatI hai ? vastutaH samAnatA ke aneka tattva hote hue bhI citrakalA kI zodha-pravidhi meM kaI bAtoM meM maulika antara milatA hai| citrakAra sAhitya, itihAsa, saMgIta tathA darzanazAstra kI taraha zabda aura svara para nirbhara nahIM hotaa| usakI nirbharatA mUlata: phalaka, tUlikA aura raMga-rekhAoM para hotI hai / zodhakarmI ko inhIM ke sahAre kalA ke marma taka pahu~canA hotA hai / eka ora to vaha kalA ke itihAsa kI khojabIna aitihAsika paddhati se karatA hI hai, dUsarI ora vaha rUpa-raMga kI pahacAna ke mAdhyama se kalA ke saundarya-tattva kA patA lagAtA hai / kalAtmaka bimboM kA samyak Akalana karane ke lie zodhakartA ko kalAkAra ke mAnasa kI gaharAiyoM meM bhI utaranA hotA hai| ataH citrakalA ke kSetra meM zodha-kArya paryApta durUha ho jAtA hai| sAmAnyataH citrakalA ke zodhakartA ke lie vibhinna kalAtmaka zailiyoM ke anusaMdhAna ke mArga khule hote haiN| kisI bhI citra-zailI kA aitihAsika vikAsa khojanA aura tatkAlIna evaM samakAlIna saMdoM meM unakA mUlyAMkana karanA citrakalA-sambandhI zodha-kArya kI eka mahattvapUrNa paddhati bana gaI hai| saundarya-mUlaka paddhati se bhI citrakalA ke kSetra meM zodha kI jA sakatI hai| kalAkAra kI saundarya-sambandhI dRSTiyoM kA anAvaraNa karane ke lie zodhakartA ko citra kI rUparekhA,raMga-zailI, bhAva-citraNa Adi para tulanAtmaka paddhati se dhyAna kendrita karanA par3atA hai| vibhinna citrakAroM kI kalA-zailiyoM ke madhya samAnatA-vibhinnatA evaM maulikatA ke tattvoM kA patA lagAne ke lie sAhityika DhaMga se vivecanA bhI Avazyaka hotI hai / adhyayana ke pariNAmoM para pahu~cakara aMta meM maulika niSkarSa denA bhI zodha-pravidhi kA eka aMga mAnA jAnA cAhie / saMgItakalA aura zodha citrakalA se bhI adhika vyApaka kSetra saMgIta kalA kA mAnA jAtA hai / saMgIta kA eka pUrva nirdhArita zAstra to hotA hI hai, sAtha hI maulika saMgItakAra naye zAstra ko bhI janma dete haiN| zodhakartA ke lie vibhinna rAga-rAganiyoM ke itihAsa ko samajhakara unake vikAsa evaM siddhAntoM kA anveSaNa Avazyaka hotA hai / kAvya aura saMgIta kA atyadhika abhinna sambandha hai / svara, laya, chaMda Adi kI donoM kalAoM meM AvazyakatA hotI hai| ataH saMgIta kI gAyana-zAkhA meM zodha kA kArya adhikAMzataH kAvya-sambandhI anusaMdhAna kI taraha hI calatA hai / vAdya saMgIta kA vidhAna avazya bhinna hotA hai aura isake lie paramparAgata tathA nava-prayukta vAdya-siddhAntoM kA zAstrIya paddhati se anveSaNa karanA hotA hai| For Private And Personal Use Only

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lalitakalAoM meM anusaMdhAna/45 saMgItakAroM kI jIvana aura unakI sAdhanA bhI saMgIta-kSetrIya anusaMdhAna kA viSaya banatI hai aura usameM sAhityika evaM aitihAsika zodha-paddhatiyoM kA Azraya liyA jAtA hai| niSkarSa lalita-kalAoM meM zodha-kArya ke lie utanA avakAza nahIM rahatA, jitanA anya mAnavikI viSayoM meM rahatA hai / zodha-pravidhi meM aneka bAtoM meM samAnatA rahatI hai| zodhakartA ko lalita-kalAoM meM zodha karane ke lie itihAsa, sAhitya aura darzana tInoM kA sAmAnya jJAna apekSita hotA hai| usameM saundarya-dRSTi kI bhI apekSA kI jAtI hai| For Private And Personal Use Only

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10 bhASikI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi bhASA mAnava-samAja kI sabase bar3I sampatti hai| manuSya ko anya jIvoM kI tulanA meM yaha sabase bar3A varadAna milA hai| sabhI vyakti apanI mAM se bhASA sIkhanA AraMbha karate haiN| zaizava meM hI jinake Upara se mAM kA aMcala haTa jAtA hai, ve bhI kisI-na-kisI pAlana-poSaNa-kartA parivAra se bhASA prApta karate haiN| saMsAra ke kisI bhI deza meM cale jAie, vahA~ ke nivAsI bhASA-sUtra meM hI Abaddha samAja kA aMga mileNge| jahA~ Izvara ne ivanI mahattvapUrNa bhASA-sampadA manuSya ko dI hai, vahIM usane eka bahuta bhArI bhUla bhI kI hai| vaha bhUla yaha hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI manuSyoM kA usane eka hI bhASA nahIM dii| bhaugolika paristhitiyoM tathA anya aneka aitahAsika kAraNoM se saMsAra ke vibhinna dezoM meM vibhinna bhASAe~ bolI jAtI haiN| itanA hI nahIM, eka bhASA ke bhI anekAneka bolI-rUpa milate haiM aura ve rUpa bhI badalate rahate haiN| phalataH dIrghakAloparAnta mUla bhASA kA rUpa bhI badala jAtA hai| eka hI kAla meM bhI sAmAjika vyavahAra kI bhASA sAhityika vyavahAra kI bhASA se bhinna ho jAtI hai| dhanI-nirdhana, zramika-buddhijIvI Adi kI bhASAoM meM bhI stara evaM vyaMjanA kA antara pAyA jAtA hai| ina saba bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara dekheM to bhASikI-sambandhI zodha kA kSetra bahuta vistRta pratIta hone lagatA hai, kintu yaha vAstavikatA bhI hai| mAnavikI ke vibhinna viSayoM meM yahI viSaya sarvAdhika gaMbhIra evaM vyApaka zodha kI apekSA rakhatA hai| isa viSaya kA anusaMdhAna kisI eka prakriyA se hI pUrNa nahIM ho sktaa| bhASA kA likhita rUpa granthoM meM milatA hai| zabda prayoga aura vAkya racanA taka bhASikI zodha ko sImita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| artha ke vistAra aura raMjanA kI saMbhAvanAoM ko bhASA kI gaharAI taka pahu~cane ke lie samajhanA hotA hai / ataH granthoM meM bhI sAhityika granthoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai, kyoMki unakI bhASA kA rUpa nizcita hotA hai tathA usake prayoga kA kAla-parijJAna bhI rahatA hai| ataH sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAoM ke samAna zodha-pravidhi se sAhityika yA likhita bhASA kA adhyayana kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu jina For Private And Personal Use Only

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bhASikI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi/47 bhASA-rUpoM meM sAhitya-racanA nahIM milatI, kevala vyavahAra taka jo sImita hote haiM, unakA anusaMdhAna karane ke lie zodhArthI ko kSetra-kArya kI paddhati apanAnI par3atI hai| isa paddhati ke dvArA bhASA-rUpoM ke srotoM taka pahuMca kara sAmagrI ekatra kI jAtI hai aura taduparAnta sAhityika pravidhi se usa sAmagrI kA vizleSaNa, vivecana evaM mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai| ataH bhASikI zodha ke lie mizrita zodha-paddhati hI upAdeya siddha hotI hai| kSetra-kArya bhASA ke kisa rUpa kI tAtvika zodha karanA abhipreta hai, yaha nirdhArita ho jAne ke uparAnta zodhakartA ko yaha nizcita karanA hotA hai ki usakI tathya-sAmagrI kahA~ upalabdha hogI-granthoM meM yA loka-jIvana meM ? yadi loka-jIvana se bhASA kI abhipreta sAmagrI ekatra karanI hotI hai, to use nimnAMkita bAtoM kA vizeSa dhyAna rakhanA cAhie : 1. sAmagrI viSaya se sambandhita ho / anargala aura anAvazyaka tathya ekatra na kie jaaeN| ataH isa kArya ke lie soca-samajha kara praznAvalI banAI jaaye| 2. praznAvalI aisI ho, jisake nizcita uttara mila skeN| 3. uttara likhane vAle vyaktiyoM ko arucikara praznAvalI na dI jaaye| uttaroM meM bhASA-sambandhI chAnabIna mukhya ho tathA usase zabdArtha evaM uccAraNa kI sahI pakar3a kI jA ske| 5. praznAvalI kama samaya le tathA dhana kA adhika vyaya karAne vAlI na ho| praznAvalI samAja ke vibhinna vargoM se sambandhita ho tathA abhipreta kSetra para dhyAna kendrita kiyA jaaye| 7. dhvaniyoM ke zuddha uccAraNa ko grahaNa karane ke lie apekSita yaMtrAdi kA yathAvazyaka prayoga kiyA jaaye| tathya-vargIkaraNa bhASikI anusaMdhAna ke lie prAthamika tathyoM kA saMgraha prAmANika rUpa se kiyA jAnA cAhie / jo tathya prApta hoM tathA unakA viSaya ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue upayukta vargIkaraNa kiyA jaae| jo tathya prAthamikatA kI sImA meM nahIM Ate, unheM bhI anAvazyaka mAnakara upekSita nahIM kara denA caahie| prAthamika tathyoM kI puSTi meM yA sahAyaka tathyoM ke rUpa meM kabhI-kabhI una tathyoM kA bhI bahuta upayoga ho jAtA hai jinakA zodhArthI anupayogI mAnakara chor3a detA hai| prAthamika tathya svayaM yA apane sahAyaka ke mAdhyama se hI ekatra kie jAne cAhie~, tAki unakI prAthamikatA banI rahe / bhASikI anusaMdhAna meM aise tathya upayogI siddha hote haiM, jo anya vyaktiyoM yA saMsthAoM dvArA prakAzita kiye jA cuke haiN| hama aise tathyoM ko dvitIya varga meM rakha sakate haiN| aneka bAra bhASikI sambandhI zodha-lekha, vArtAe~, bhASaNa, saMgoSThiyoM kI upalabdhiyoM Adi se bhI isa prakAra ke tathya ekatra kiye jA sakate haiN| For Private And Personal Use Only

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48 / anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi uccAraNa evaM artha kI zuddha pahacAna zodhakarttA ko bhASikI adhyayana ke lie prAraMbha meM yaha nirNaya kara lenA cAhie ki usakA viSaya pustakoM kI sAmagrI para nirbhara hai yA kSetra - kArya para / yadi use kisI bhASA ke bolacAla ke svarUpa kA adhyayana karanA hai, to usa kSetra meM use paryApta samaya taka nivAsa karanA cAhie, jisa kSetra kI bolI kA vaha adhyayana kara rahA / zahara meM baiThakara aura kSetra ke kucha logoM ko bulAkara unake "kathana" likha lene tathA unake AdhAra para usa bolI kA vizleSaNa kara dene se anusaMdhAna kA uddezya hI samApta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra ke adhyayana kitanI hI sAvadhAnI se kie jAe~, prAyaH azuddha tathyoM ko prakAza meM lAte haiN| kSetra meM kucha samaya nivAsa karane ke pazcAt usa bolI ke uccAraNa evaM artha-sambandhoM kI sahI pahacAna saMbhava hotI hai| loka-sAhitya kI bhASA loka jIvana meM jo kathAe~, vArtAe~, loka-gIta Adi pracalita hote haiM, unameM jo bhASA yA bolI- rUpa milate haiM, unameM zabdArtha kI eka dIrgha paramparA bhI chipI rahatI hai / ataH kSetra meM nivAsa kara lene para zodhArthI bahuta saralatA se una prayogoM ko samajha sakatA hai jo paramparAgata haiM tathA samakAlIna prayogoM se bhinna haiN| loka-sAhitya kA saMgraha aura saMpAdana bhI bahuta huA hai tathA usakA prakAzita rUpa pustakAlayoM meM mila jAtA hai| kintu zodhakarttA ko yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki usa saMgraha ke pIche bhASikI dRSTi bahuta kama rahI hogI, sAtha hI loka-sAhitya ke saMgraha - karttA bhI adhika par3he-likhe yA zodha-dRSTi sampanna vyakti hI hoM, yaha bhI Avazyaka nahIM hai / ataH isa dRSTi se kiyA gayA kArya yadi sarvAMza meM prAmANika AdhAra mAna liyA jAe aura usake AdhAra para pustakAlaya meM baiThakara zodhakarma kara liyA jAe to zodhArthI kI samasta upalabdhiyA~ azuddha ho sakatI haiN| aitihAsika dRSTi kI apekSA bhASA yA bolI se sambandhita anusaMdhAna karate samaya zodhArthI ko yaha tathya bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki hara bhASA yA bolI kisI-na-kisI bhASA-parivAra kA aitihAsika vikAsa hotI hai / ata: sAmagrI ekatra ho jAne para vidhivat adhyayana karate samaya usa vikAsa ko bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie tathA yathAvazyaka use tulanA kA viSaya banAnA cAhie / udAharaNArtha, yadi zodhArthI brajabhASA para zodha kArya kara rahA hai, to use yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki yaha bolI Arya parivAra kI bhASA hai| aisI sthiti meM apabhraMza, prAkRta evaM saMskRta meM usake pUrva rUpoM kI pahacAna bhI Avazyaka hogii| kevala zabda-sambandhI tulanA hI paryApta nahIM mAnI jAnI cAhie, balki usake vyAkaraNika parivartanoM para bhI dhyAna kendrita karanA cAhie / For Private And Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 3. 4. www.kobatirth.org koza nirmANa pravidhi bhASikI adhyayana meM koza nirmANa kA kArya bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai / zabda-sampadA ke aneka srota hote haiN| kSetrIya boliyoM ke zabdoM kA saMcaya loka-sAhitya tathA kSetra - kArya kI upalabdhiyoM ke mAdhyama se saralatApUrvaka kiyA jA sakatA hai| yaha nizcita hai ki koza - nirmANa ke lie zabda-saMkalana Avazyaka hotA hai / pratyeka zabda ko usake zuddha uccArita rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA jAe tathA usake vibhinna arthoM ko ekatra kiyA jAe, phira unakA kArDa banAkara vargIkaraNa kiyA jAe aura isa prakAra vargIkRta zabdAvalI ko vibhinna arthoM ke sAtha koza-dRSTi se prastuta kiyA jAe, to usa bhASA yA bolI ke koza kA aisA maulika svarUpa taiyAra ho sakatA hai, jo usake aitihAsika vikAsa tathA vyAvahArika svarUpa ko samajhane meM bahuta sahAyaka hogaa| bhASikI ke kSetra meM yaha kArya aneka zodhakartAoM kI apekSA rakhatA hai, kyoMki abhI bhI aneka boliyoM ke kozoM kA nirmANa nahIM huA hai / zabda-saMgrahakartA kA dAyitva koza nirmANa ke lie zodhakarttA ko aneka bAra zodha- sahAyaka niyukta karane par3ate haiM / prAyaH berojagAra snAtaka isa kArya meM niyukta kara diye jAte haiN| unakA uddezya samaya-yApana aura jIvikA prApta karanA mAtra hotA hai| phalataH ve na to utanA zrama karate haiN| jitanA apekSita hai aura na hI utanI buddhi lagAte haiM yA lagAne kI kSamatA rakhate haiM, jisakI AvazyakatA hotI hai| aisI sthiti meM zabda-saMgraha hI aprAmANika ho jAtA hai| ataH yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki zabda-saMgrahakarttA nimnAMkita nirdezoM kA pAlana kare : 1. 2. 5. 6. 7. Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir bhASikI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi / 49 jisa kSetra ke logoM ke zabda-saMgraha karane hoM, unameM ghulamila kara AtmIyatA se zabdoM kI sahI pahacAna kare / sahAnubhUti aura sahayoga ke binA zuddha zabda taka pahu~canA yA sahI artha ko pakar3anA kaThina hotA hai / zabdoM ke sthAnIya uccAraNa kI pUrNa rakSA kI jaae| zabda-saMgraha ke lie viSayAnusAra alaga-alaga prapatroM kA prayoga karanA cAhie, tathA punarukti se bacanA caahie| jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai, koza-nirmANa kArya bahuta kaThina kArya hai, isalie prAyaH zodhakartA isa kArya se bacane kI ceSTA karate haiN| lekina agara sahI pravidhi apanAI vaha nirdhArita varga yA kSetra se hI aise zabdoM kA saMgraha kare, jo pracalita hoM / vaha usa varga yA kSetra ke sabhI kriyAkalApoM, rIti-rivAjoM, khAna-pAna, rahana-sahana Adi se nikaTa kA paricaya prApta kare tathA unhIM prayogoM kA saMcaya kare / zabda jisa rUpa meM prayoga meM AtA ho usI rUpa meM usako likhe / jina zabdoM kA kahAvata - muhAvaroM meM prayoga huA ho, unakI artha-vyaMjanA ko sahI rUpa meM samajhane kI kSamatA vikasita kare / For Private And Personal Use Only

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50/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi jAe to yaha kArya sarala bhI ho jAtA hai| vastutaH saMgraha-kArya hI kaThina hai, jisako sarala banAne ke lie anubhavI zodha-vidvAna DaoN. vinayamohana zarmA dvArA prastAvita nimnAMkita viSaya-sUcI apanAI jAnI caahie| vRttiyoM kI viSaya-sUcI 1. peze ke aujAra aura sAmagriyAM, unake bheda aura hisse / udAharaNArtha, hala, baila, kheta, bIja aadi| 2. peze ke DhaMga aura unake kAma Ane vAle jaanvr| 3. peze kI savAriyAM, unake bhed,hisse| 4. peze ke DhaMga tathA usakI vividha kriyAoM aura avasthAoM se sambandha rakhane vAle zabda (jaise-jutAI, nuAI, khudAI, siMcAI, khAda denA, sohanI, rakhavAlI krnaa)| 5. peze kI paidAvAra ke bhed| 6. peze yA peze kI sAmagriyoM kI bAdhAeM aura aiv| 7. peze yA peze kI sAmagriyoM ko bar3hAne yA madada pahuMcAne vAlI ciijeN| 8. khAne-pIne kI sAmamiyAM, unake hisse, bheda aura unase banane vAlI ciijeN| 9. msaale| 10. khAnA banAne kI sAmagriyA~ / 11. ghara ke sAmAna, Asana, zaiyyA Adi / 12. kapar3e-latte aura kapar3oM ke nAma (chIMTa aadi)| 13. gahane aura zrRMgAra ke saamaan| 14. pUjA-pATha, ibAdata kI sAmagriyA~ aura sthaan| 15. jamIna aura miTTI ke bheda / 16. mausama, havA, pAnI, bAdaloM ke bheda / 17. taula aura maap| 18. dUrI,dizA aura samayasUcaka zabda (Sar3I, mausama aadi)| 19. gharelU aura pAlatU jAnavaroM, unake raMga-DhaMga, rahane-sahane ke bheda, rahane ke sthAna, bImArI, cArAgAha, bhojanAdi kI saamgrii| 20. pazu-pakSI tathA anya jIva (machalI aadi)| 21. ghara-bAhara tathA jala-thala ke kIr3e-makor3e (cIMTe-cIMTI, haDDe, sA~pa,gojara aadi)| 22. lenadena, mAhavArI hisAba / 23. jamIna ke lagAna aura usake bheda / For Private And Personal Use Only

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bhASikI anusaMdhAna-pravidhi/51 24. ghara, jhoMpar3e aura maMdira-masjida Adi ke prakAra, unake hisse aura banAne kI sAmagriyAM (jaise-chata, chappara-chavAI aadi)| zAdI-byAha ke shbd| 26. zAdI-vivAha ke rasma-rivAja : (ka) hiMduoM ke, (kha) musalamAnoM ke, (ga) kristAnoM ke| 27. (ka) jAta-karma : (1) hiMduoM ke (2) musalamAnoM ke (3) kristAnoM ke (4) AdivAsiyoM ke (kha) jneuu| 28. mRtyu-saMskAra : (1) hiMduoM ke (2) musalamAnoM ke (3) kristAnoM ke (4) AdivAsiyoM ke| sohanI-ropanI kI saMskAra vidhiyaaN| 30. paMcAyata, samajhautA, zapatha Adi tathA mAmale-mukaddameM saMbaMdhI kacaharI ke zabda / 31. aNdhvishvaas| tijArata aura baajaar| 33. mahAjana aura karjadAra ke hisaab-kitaab| jamIMdAra aura kisAna ke hisAba-kitAba / 35. karja, sUda, rehana aadi| 36. vata, tyauhAra (tIja, chaTha,holI,bakarIda, krisamasa Adi) aura unakI sAmagriyA~ / rikzA, TamaTama, phiTina, moTara aura havAI jahAja ke hisse| 38. mArapITa aura yuddha ke hthiyaar| khelakUda, AkheTa, manovinoda, unake bheda tathA tatsaMbaMdhI sAmagriyA~ / (A~khamuMdauvala, kabaDDI, goTI-caupar3a, zataraMja, kuztI, kasarata, akhAr3e, manovinoda-gullI-DaMDA, pataMga, kabUtarabAjI aadi)| 39 For Private And Personal Use Only

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52/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi 40. gaalii-glauj| 41. AzIrvAda, sadbhAvanA tathA ziSTAcAra / 42. nAca-gAna,rAmalIlA ke zabda aura gIta / 43. majahaba, jAti-pA~ti ke bheda / 44. phUla, phala, per3a-paudhe, ghAsa-phUsa aura unake bhed| 45. bImAriyoM ke bhed| 46. gharelU, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika aura Arthika, saMbaMdhasUcaka (mA~-bApa, bhAI-bahina, cAcI, pdd'osii)| 47. guNa, bhAva, sukha-duHkha, rAgadveSa Adi mana ke vikAroM tathA avasthAoM ke bheda aura anya sAMskRtika aura bhAvAtmaka zabda / utpAdaka : (ka) prAkRtika- bhUcAla, aaNdhii| (kha) mAnavIya- corI, DakaitI, usake bheda-vyApAra (seMdha Adi) For Private And Personal Use Only

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sAhityika anusaMdhAna evaM samAlocanA yahA~ "anusaMdhAna" tathA "samAlocanA" zabdoM kA prayoga sAhityika athoM meM kiyA jA rahA hai / sAhityika anusaMdhAna kA kArya do dRSTiyoM se kiyA jAtA hai| kucha aise vidvAna hote haiM,jo sAhitya ke ajJAta satyoM taka pahu~cane ke lie anusaMdhAna meM tallIna hote haiM, dUsare ve jo kisI upAdhi kI parIkSA ke lie zodha-prabandha likhate haiN| prathama prakAra ke zodha-kArya se dvitIya prakAra kA zodhakArya stara, paddhati aura svarUpa meM paryApta bhinna hotA hai| ataH prastuta adhyAya meM anusaMdhAna' yA 'zodha' zabda kA artha dvitIya prakAra ke kArya taka sImita kara diyA gayA hai / "samAlocanA" zabda bhI do arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai-prathama prakAra kI vaha samAlocanA hai, jo svatantra graMtha ke rUpa meM eka pUrNa AkAra ke sAtha prastuta kI jAtI hai aura dvitIya prakAra kI vaha samAlocanA hai,jo patra-patrikAoM meM pustaka-paricaya Adi ke rUpa meM prakAzita hotI hai| "samAlocanA" zabda ko anusaMdhAna ke sAtha rakhakara prastuta adhyAya meM prathama artha meM dekhanA hI abhipreta hai| rUpa, vivecana-paddhati tathA AkAra Adi meM dvitIya prakAra ke zodha-kArya se prathama prakAra kI samAlocanA ko hI bAhya dRSTi se kucha aisI samAnatA rahatI hai jisake kAraNa prAyaH zodhArthI ke bhramita hone kA bhaya utpanna ho jAtA hai| prastuta adhyAya meM inhIM artha-sImAoM meM anusaMdhAna aura samAlocanA kA pArasparika sAmya-vaiSamya spaSTa karanA mukhya sAdhya hai| sAhityika anusaMdhAna kyA hai ? sAhitya kI racanA ke mUla meM bhAva, kalpanA aura vicAra rahate haiN| ina tInoM kI sUkSama sthiti se sampanna sAhitya kA anusaMdhAna kisa prakAra saMbhava hai, yaha eka mahattvapUrNa prazna sAmane AtA hai / vastuta: koI bhI sAhityika satya jaba pariSkRta, pramANita, saMdeha-rahita aura tathyapUrNa hokara sAmane AtA hai, taba vaha anusaMdhAna kA pariNAma banatA hai| khojakara lAne ke pazcAt bhI kisI padArtha meM taba taka nirmalatA, prAmANikatA yA nidarSitA nahIM A sakatI, jaba jaka usake aMgoM kA pRthak-pRthak anuzIlana na kara liyA jaaye| Aja se 200 For Private And Personal Use Only

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54/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi varSa pUrva likhI gaI kisI kRti kI pANDulipi kA patA lagA lenA khoja ho sakatI hai,usake racayitA ke paricaya kA usa kRti ke mAdhyama se anveSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai yA bAhya sAkSyoM ke anuzIlana se bhI una tathyoM kI gaveSaNA kI jA sakatI hai, jinase isa satya taka pahuMcA jA sake ki amuka vyakti kA,jo amuka grantha kA racayitA hai,paricaya isa prakAra hai| kintu ye saba prApta tathya tulanAtmaka vizleSaNa aura satya kI vyApaka dRSTi kI phira bhI apekSA rakhate haiM, jaba taka usake viSaya meM nirmala aura sandehahIna nirNaya upalabdha nahIM ho paataa| zodha isa antima sandeha-hIna aura nirmala satyopalabdhi taka pahuMcane vAlI prakriyA kA nAma hai| agaracanda nAhaTA, muni kAntisAgara Adi kucha vidvAn purAnI pANDulipiyoM kA patA lagAne ke lie utsuka rahate the| jaba unheM 100-200 varSa purAnI koI jIrNa-zIrNa hastalikhita pustaka mila jAtI thI taba ve naI khoja ke nAma se usakA mAtra utanA paricaya prakAzita karA dete the,jitanA usa pANDulipi se unheM prApta hotA thaa| isa prakAra ke paricaya meM upalabdha kRti kI Arambha aura anta kI kucha paMktiyA~ jyoM kI tyoM uddhRta kara dI jAtI thiiN| nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, hindI-sAhitya sammelana, rAjasthAna vidyApITha, udayapura tathA vibhinna rAjya sarakAroM ke khoja-vivaraNa bhI isI prakAra ke kArya prastuta karate haiM / vastutaH yaha zodha-kArya nahIM hai,khoja-kArya ho sakatA hai| isa kArya meM "khoja" zabda kA artha kevala kisI kRti ke vilamba se upalabdha hone para hI AdhArita hai, anyathA itanA kArya to jIvita lekhaka kI kisI aprakAzita kRti ke sambandha meM bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| prathama prakAra ke kArya se dvitIya prakAra kA kArya kevala isI artha meM bhinna hai ki prathama kArya ke mAdhyama se prakAza meM Ane vAlA lekhaka kucha varSoM ke partoM meM samAdhi le cukA hai aura dvitIya prakAra ke kArya se prakAza meM Ane vAlA lekhaka abhI jIvita hai| vastutaH yaha khoja patrikAoM meM prakAzita hone vAlI sAmAnya paricayAtmaka samIkSA kI hI sImA meM AtI hai| jaba khojI huI pANDulipi kI prAmANikatA kA gaveSaNa karake usake tathyoM kA anveSaNa kara liyA jAe aura tulanAtmaka dRSTi se una tathyoM kA anusaMdhAna kara liyA jAye, tabhI vaha kRti pramANita hotI hai aura kisI zuddha niSkarSa para pahu~ca kara zodha kA paricaya banatI hai| isalie vizvavidyAlayoM meM zodha ke AdhArabhUta siddhAntoM meM nimnAMkita bAtoM ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai : (1) zodha-prabandha meM jJAta tathyoM kI khoja athavA jJAta tathyoM aura niSkarSoM kA navIna dRSTi se AkhyAna honA caahie| zodha-prabandha meM vivecanAtmaka vizleSaNa, parIkSaNa aura vizvasanIya niSkarSa honA caahie| zodha-prabandha kI sthApanA-paddhati sAhityika dRSTi se vizvasanIya aura saMtoSaprada honI caahie| (4) zodha-prabandha ke nirNaya aise hone cAhie~, jo jJAna-kSetra kI sImA ke vistAra meM sahAyaka hoN| For Private And Personal Use Only

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sAhityika anusaMdhAna evaM samAlocana/55 uparokta siddhAntoM ke anusAra zodha kA artha bahuta vyApaka ho jAtA hai| isameM khoja, gaveSaNA, anusaMdhAna, anveSaNa, anuzIlana, vizleSaNa, mUlyAMkana tathA samIkSA yA samAlocanA zabdoM ke artha aMza banakara samA jAte haiM / DA. udayabhAnu siMha ne zodha ke sthAna para anusaMdhAna zabda kA prayoga adhika vyApaka artha-pUrNa mAnA hai kintu maiM unake mata se sahamata nahIM hU~ ,kyoMki anusaMdhAna kA artha pIche lagAne,lakSya bA~dhane,lakSya ko khoja lAne taka hI sImita hai / yadyapi zodha ke samasta artha ko usameM sthApita kara diyA hai, kintu vastutaH anusaMdhAna satya ke nirmala aura saMdeha-hIna pakSa kI usa sthApanA taka nahIM pahuMca pAtA, jisa taka "zodha" zabda pahuMcatA hai| yoM anusaMdhAna zodha kA virodhI nahIM hai, kintu vaha usa pUrNa mArga kA paricAyaka nahIM hai jisase satyopalabdhi ke pazcAt nirmala aura saMdeha-hIna jJAna kA vistAra hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki upAdhi-paraka adhikAMza anusaMdhAna meM "kisI mahattvapUrNa sunizcita viSaya ke tattvAbhinivaMzI vaijJAnika adhyayana,tatsambandhI tathyoM ke vyavasthita DhaMga se anveSaNa, nirIkSaNa, parIkSaNa tathA vargIkaraNa-vizleSaNa aura usake AdhAra para prasthApana-yogya niSkarSoM kA pramANa-nirdezapUrvaka tarka-saMgata upasaMsthAna hone para bhI ve aise satyoM ko hI ubhAra kara raha jAte haiM, jinase kabhI-kabhI jJAna kI hAni hotI hai, usakA svarUpa jIvana-mahattva kI dRSTi se sadoSa ho jAtA hai tathA usake kSetra kI sImA saMkucita hone lagatI hai| zodha meM zodhana kI dRSTi antima sUtra banakara samasta prakriyA meM samAI rahatI hai| ataH zodha zabda hI usa uddezya se grAhya hai, jisake lie vizvavidyAlayoM ne pUrvAkita siddhAnta banAye haiN| samAlocanA kI vyAkhyA "samAlocanA" kisI kRti ko samyaka AlocanA karane kI prakriyA kA nAma hai| ajJAta kI khoja, phira usake ajJAta tathyoM kA AkhyAna,usa AkhyAna ke dvArA ajJAta satyoM kI prApti aura usa satyAnveSaNa kA aisA vizleSaNa, jisase jJAna-sImA kA nirdoSa vistAra ho,"samAlocanA" ke artha kA viSaya nahIM hai,kevala isakA vaha aMza samAlocanA kA viSaya hai,jisase kRti kA AkhyAna hotA hai| tulanAtmaka samAlocanA meM upalabdha tathya kI anya samAna tathyoM se tulanA bhI kI jA sakatI hai| kisI kRti kA bhalI-bhA~ti anuzIlana aura anya kRtiyoM se usakI tulanA meM zodha ke jJAna-vistAra taka nahIM pahu~cAtI,ataH samAlocanA zodha kI vistRta aura vyApaka prakriyA kA eka aMga avazya hai, kintu vaha zodha kI sthAnApanna prakriyA nahIM hai| uddezyoM kA antara samAlocanA hameM kisI eka kRti yA kRtikAra ke samasta kRtitva se paricita karA sakatI hai, kintu kRtitva kI sudIrgha paramparA meM usa kRti yA kRtikAra kA satya-vistAra kI 1. dekhie, anusaMdhAna kA svarUpa, DA. udayabhAnusiMha, pRSTha 13. 2. anusaMdhAna kA svarUpa, DA. udayabhAnusiMha, pRSTha 13. For Private And Personal Use Only

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56/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi dRSTi se kitanA mahattva hai, yaha batAnA usakA uddezya nahIM hai| zodha hI hameM isa uddezya taka pahu~cAtI hai| samAlocanA meM hama kisI kRti kA jJAna prApta kara sakate haiM,zodha meM hama usa kRti kI jJAna-kSetrIya sthApanA kA satya prApta kara sakate haiN| sAhitya kI paramparA deza aura kAla ke vistAra ke anusAra virATa aura vyApaka hai| usa paramparA meM kisI samAlocanA ke pariNAma se hama usI prakAra prasanna yA sahamata ho sakate haiM,jisa prakAra kisI grantha ke kisI aMza ko apane mata ke samarthana ke lie use saMdarbha se tor3akara apane artha meM rakhakara dUsaroM ko prabhAvita karanA cAhate haiN| rAvaNa ke pANDitya kI tulanA meM usake atyAcArI rUpa ko bhUla jAte haiN| zodha kA kArya kisI uddezya taka tabhI pahu~cAtA hai, jabaki rAvaNa ko usake sabhI sandoM meM rakhakara parakhA jA ske| samAlocanA jisa tathya kI ora jAtI hai,vaha apane meM pUrNa hone para bhI jJAna ke virAT saMdarbha meM apUrNa ho jAtA hai / zodha usI apUrNa tathya ko pUrNa banAtI hai| ataH samAlocanA kA uddezya kAla aura deza kI sImAoM se saMkIrNa hai, jabaki zodha kA uddezya unako lA~dhakara virATa kSetra se apane satyoM kA saMcaya karanA hai| samAlocanA kA uddezya kisI kRti yA kRtikAra ke mahattva ko uThAnA yA girAnA bhI ho sakatA hai, jabaki zodha kA uddezya usa mahattva ko na uThAnA hai, na girAnA hai, apitu jJAna-vistAra ke kSetra meM rakhakara usakA mUlyAMkana karanA hai| niSpakSa zodha kA lakSya hotA hai mAnava-jIvana ko AnandapUrNa aura sundara banAne vAle kRti-dharma ko prakAza meM lAnA, jisa taka samAlocanA nahIM pahu~ca paatii| paddhatiyoM kA antara ___zodha kA sUtrapAta taba hotA hai jaba zodhArthI ke mana meM kisI viSaya ke sambandha meM kucha prazna yA zaMkAe~ utpanna hotI hai yA aisI samasyAe~ sAmane AtI hai jinameM vaha sulajhAnA cAhatA hai / samAlocanA isa sthiti se Arambha nahIM hotii| zodha meM prazna yA zaMkA, samasyA Adi kA eka aisA vastu-parvata zodhArthI ke sAmane khar3A hotA hai, jise vaha pAra kara lenA cAhatA hai aura usake phalasvarUpa vaha eka nirNaya prastuta kara detA hai| samAlocanA meM vaha vastu-parvata samAlocaka kI pratibhA ke nIce dabA hotA hai, use usa para vijaya nahIM pAnI hotI aura phalataH kisI maMjila para nahIM pahu~canA hotA, apitu yaha siddha karanA hai ki jo vastu yA racanA usakI pratibhA ke kasAva meM hai,usake samasta vistAra tathA nihita racanA-zakti ko vaha samajhatA hai| zodhArthI usa vistAra ko jAnane ke lie apanI adhyayana-yAtrA Arambha nahIM karatA, yadyapi usa vistAra ko jAnanA usake mArga kI sahaja kriyA kA aMga bana jAtA hai| vaha mUlata: usa vistAra ke sambandha meM apane praznoM, zaMkAoM aura samasyAoM ke uttara khojatA hai- aise uttara jo usa vistAra aura usameM nizcita racanA-zakti se hI prApta hote haiN| samAlocaka kRti ke viSaya-vistAra aura nihita racanA zakti ke sambandha meM apanI vyAkhyAe~ detA hai, jabaki zodhArthI una vyAkhyAoM ke sambandha meM apane mastiSka meM uThate praznoM, zaMkAoM aura samasyAoM kI ora vizeSa dhyAna detA hai tathA unhIM ke uttaroM aura samAdhAnoM ke lie vastuniSTha hokara adhyayana meM pravRtta hotA hai / samAlocakIya kRti-vyAkhyA usakA sAdhya nahIM,sAdhana ho sakatI hai| samAlocaka kA apane nirNayoM ke prati Agraha hotA For Private And Personal Use Only

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sAhityika anusaMdhAna evaM samAlocanA/57 hai, kintu zodhArthI Agraha nahIM rakha sktaa| jaba taka vaha svayaM apanI paddhati aura nirNayoM ko eka taTastha vyakti banakara cunautI nahIM de sakatA aura uttara meM una paddhatiyoM tathA nirNayoM ko cunautI kI kasauTI para kharA nahIM pA sakatA, taba taka usakA kArya zodha ke kSetra meM nahIM aataa| use sabase pahale svayaM isa bAta ke lie Azvasta honA par3atA hai ki usane jo paddhati apanAI hai, vaha pUrNataH niSpakSa, taTastha tathA vastu-niSTha hai evaM jo nirNaya prastuta kiye haiM, ve pUrNataH prAmANika tathA vizvasanIya haiM / use apanI vicAra-prakriyA ke pratyeka caraNa kI parIkSA meM kharA utaranA par3atA hai tathA sarvatra tArkikatA kI rakSA karanI par3atI hai| use tarka ke pratyeka caraNa para milane vAle pramANoM ko svIkArate hue apane niSkarSoM ko parimArjita karanA par3atA hai| samAlocaka isa sabake lie na to pratibaddha hotA hai,na bAdhya hI / use kRti aura kRtikAra ko apanI dRSTi se dekhanA hotA hai,jabaki zodhArthI ko apanI dRSTi kI sImAe~ asvIkAra karake zodhya viSaya se prApta aisI dRSTiyA~ apanAnI par3atI haiM,jo use to prAmANika pratIta hoM hI, sAtha hI jo pratyeka vyakti kI apanI dRSTi banane kI sAmarthya bhI rakhatI hoN| yahI kAraNa hai ki samAlocaka jahA~ adhyeya vastu ko kisI bhI stara para kisI bhI dRSTi se dekhane ke lie svatantra hotA hai, vahA~ zodhArthI pada-pada para prayukta dRSTi tathA draSTavya vastu ke prAmANika sambandha ke prati pUrNa sAvadhAna aura satarka rahatA hai| apane adhyayana kI prakriyA se gujarate samaya jaba use koI aisA uttara milatA hai,jo use vyaktigata rUpa meM paryApta prasanna to karatA hai, kintu vaha usakI adhyayana yAtrA kA lakSya nahIM hai, vaha usa uttara ko apanI upalabdhi na mAnakara kArya meM agrasara hone ke lie vivaza hotA hai, jabaki samAlocaka usa prasannakAraka uttara ke hI Asa-pAsa ghUmakara apane adhyayana kI itizrI mAna letA hai tathA AtmollAsaka koI tathya na milane para sampUrNa kRti ke sambandha meM aise nirNaya de sakatA hai, jo kisI bhI rUpa meM kRti-paraka, prAmANika tathA tarkAnuyAyI na hoM / udAharaNArtha,prasAda-kRta "kAmAyanI" zaiva dArzanika mahAkAvya hai| kavi ne usameM mAnava-jIvana ke vikAsa para AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vicAra kiyA hai / svargIya zrI gajAnana mAdhava muktibodha eka pragativAdI samAlocaka the| AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi se unakA koI lenA-denA na thaa| ataH jaba unhoMne kAmAyanI kA adhyayana kiyA to unheM koI bhI AtmollAsaka tattva na milA / mAnava-jIvana aura itihAsa kI mArksavAdI vyAkhyA ke darzana na hue, to prasAda ke kAvya-zilpa para khIjha uThe aura unhoMne kAmAyanI ke sambandha meM aise nirNaya de DAle, jinakA usa kRti kI mUla abhivyakti se koI sambandha hI nahIM hai| phalataH unakI samAlocanA pustaka "kAmAyanI : eka punarvicAra" kRti-paraka, prAmANika evaM tarkAnuyAyI na hokara unake vyaktigata jIvana-darzana kI vyAkhyA bana gaI hai| samAlocaka hone ke kAraNa hI ve sAhasa ke sAtha svatantratApUrvaka aisA kara sake haiM, agara unheM zodhaparaka pariNAmoM taka pahu~canA hotA to unheM ve sImAe~ mAnanI par3atIM,jo adhyetA ke jIvana-darzana kI nahIM, kRti meM nihita jIvana-darzana ko mahattva detI hai| ataH spaSTa hai ki samAlocanA kI apekSA zodha ke nirNaya adhika prAmANika tathA vastu-paraka paddhati kA anusaraNa karate haiN| unameM vaha zakti A jAtI hai jisake AdhAra para zodha kA samasta adhyayana tarka ke viSama AkramaNoM ko jhelatA huA avizvAsoM kI For Private And Personal Use Only

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58 / anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi agni parIkSA meM svarNa-sA nikharatA hai, jabaki samAlocaka kA kArya aisI kisI siddhi taka nahIM pahu~ca pAtA / sAhityika zodha aura samAlocanA kA vaha antara zodhaka aura samAlocaka ke racanAtmaka mArgoM ko bhI badala detA hai| samAlocaka kI racanA-prakriyA adhyeya vastu (kRti) ke paThana ke pazcAt mastiSka meM utara Ane vAlI pratikriyAoM meM Arambha ho jAtI hai aura unhIM ke vivecana se vaha pUrNa bhI ho jAtI hai jabaki zodhArthI kI kRti ke paThana ke pazcAt apanA lekhana kArya prArambha karane ke lie zodha prakriyA ke dIrgha vRtta para ghUmanA par3atA hai| use pahale adhIta vastu (kRti) ke sambandha meM eka prazna, eka samasyA yA zaMkA uThAnI par3atI hai aura nizcaya karanA par3atA hai ki vaha prazna, samasyA yA zaMkA nirAdhAra nahIM hai| tatpazcAt usa praznaM yA samasyA ko vaha eka kalpita vicAra detA hai| udAharaNArtha, kAmAyanI ko par3hakara samAlocaka usake viSaya meM turanta apanI vyAkhyAe~ yA mata vyakta kara sakatA hai, kintu zodhaka aisA nahIM kara sktaa| use kAmAyanI ke sambandha meM koI samasyA yA prazna uThAnA par3atA hai| usakA prazna ho sakatA hai kyA kAmAyanI eka manovaijJAnika kAvya hai ? aba vaha isa prazna ko kalpita vistAra bhI de sakatA hai| arthAt vaha kaha sakatA hai- agara kAmAyanI eka manovaijJAnika kAvya hai, to usameM kauna-sA manovijJAna kahA~ aura kisa rUpa meM prayukta huA hai, samasta kAvya meM usakA nirvAha huA hai yA nahIM, vaha kAmAyanI kA prastuta pakSa hai athavA aprastuta pakSa hai, agara aprastuta pakSa hai to kyoM ? manovijJAna hI usameM AdhAra kyoM banAyA gayA hai, anya koI AdhAra kyoM na mAnA jAye, Adi / zodhaka kI kalpanA eka- dUsare prazna - vRtta para bhI ghUma sakatI hai| vaha yaha bhI soca sakatA hai ki mAna lIjie, kAmAyanI eka manovaijJAnika kAvya hI hai, para usameM bhaviSya meM zraddhA se utpanna hone vAlI apanI santAna kA moha chor3akara manu palAyana kyoM karatA hai, apane pati ko ghAyala karA dene vAlI sapatnI-tulya ir3A kI kAmAyanI svecchA-pUrvaka binA koI zaMkA kiye apanA priya putra kyoM sauMpa detI hai, kyA aisI hI anya aneka bAtoM ko bhI manovaijJAnika kAvya mAna lene para kAmAyanI se koI santoSa janaka uttara mila sakatA hai ? ina sabhI praznoM ke vistAra taka jAne kI samAlocaka ko AvazyakatA nahIM hotii| vaha to apanA eka mAnadaNDa banA letA hai aura usI se hara prakAra kI kRti kA mUlyAMkana karatA rahatA hai| udAharaNArtha, zivadAnasiMha cauhAna pragativAdI mAnadaNDa se hara kRti kI samIkSA karate haiM aura DaoN. devarAja upAdhyAya kA mukhya mAnadaNDa manovijJAna-paraka hai| kintu zodhArthI jaba eka bAra apanI samasyA ko kalpanA kA vistAra de detA hai, to use usake sAtha tarkoM kA jAla bhI bichAnA par3atA hai aura pratyeka kalpanA ko vastu (kRti Adi) ke vizleSaNa ke sAtha tarka kI kasauTI para kasate hue Age bar3hanA anivArya ho jAtA hai| usake lie use kRti meM se tathya ekatra karane par3ate haiM / phira use una pramANoM kI bhI prAmANikatA parakhanI par3atI hai tathA tathyoM ke sandarbha meM ubharate hue satyoM ko ekatra karanA par3atA hai| isa prakAra ekatra tathyoM ko vaha vastu niSpakSa hokara punaH vizleSaNa kI kharAda para car3hAtA hai aura taba jo niSkarSa nikalate haiM, unheM apanI upalabdhi ghoSita karatA hai| saubhAgya se samAlocaka isa samasta vRtta para ghUmane se For Private And Personal Use Only

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sAhityika anusaMdhAna evaM samAlocanA/59 mukta rahatA hai| vaha to racanA ke Upara khar3A-khar3A jo kucha dekha pAtA hai, usI ko apanA nirNaya mAna letA hai, anya loga mAne yA na mAneM, kintu zodhaka aisA nirNaya denA cAhatA hai, jo sabako mAnya ho| ise hama yoM kaha sakate haiM ki samAlocanA meM samAlocaka ke jJAna, ruciyoM aura pUrvAgata mAnyatAoM kA bhI kRti para prabhAva par3atA hai / samAlocaka ko isI kAraNa DaoN. nagendra ne abhisraSTA kahA hai / tulasIdAsa ne jo kucha likhA,usakI samAlocanA karate samaya AcArya rAmacandra zukla ne apanI ora se bahuta kucha milA diyA tathA pragativAdI samIkSakoM ne jaba tulasI ke kRtitva kI samIkSA kI, to unhoMne usameM se bahuta kucha ghaTA diyaa| samAlocanA kI paddhatiyoM kI yaha vastu-paraka-hInatA jJAna ke vistAra ke sthAna para kabhI-kabhI hAsa meM bhI sahAyaka hotI hai| Ajakala hindI mAhitya meM samAlocanA kI pakSapAtapUrNa jo paddhati cala rahI hai, usase Aja kA adhikAMza mahatvapUrNa sAhitya kSaya-grasta hotA jA rahA hai aura adhikAMza mahattva-hIna kRtitva rAjanIti kI nArebAjI ke AkAza meM apanA svara-dhvaja laharA rahA hai| nizcaya hI samAlocanA kI paddhatiyoM meM jaba vastu-parakatA ko sthAna nahIM milatA, taba jJAna-sImA ke vistAra ke sthAna para saMkoca hone lagatA hai| zodha kI paddhati meM vastu-parakatA mukhya hai / jo zodha-kArya vastu-paraka nahIM, vaha zodha-saMjJA kA adhikarI hI nahIM hai| hara zodhakartA ko mUlataH samasta pUrvAgraha-hIna honA par3atA hai| vAstava meM zodha-kArya eka nyAyAdhIza kI nirNaya-paddhati kA anusaraNa karatA hai / koI bhI nyAyAdhIza svAnubhUti-paraka hokara nirdoSa nirNaya nahIM kara sktaa| udAharaNa ke lie, kisI nyAyAdhIza ke sAmane 'a' kI 'ba' dvArA hatyA kara dI jAtI hai| zAsana 'ba' ko aparAdhI banAkara daNDa-nirNaya ke lie nyAyAdhIza ke samakSa prastuta karatA hai| nyAyAdhIza mauna hokara abhiyogI aura abhiyukta kI pakSa samarthana hetu kahI gaI bAtoM ko sAvadhAnI se aMkita karatA hai / isa prakAra saMkalita, vizleSita tathA vivecita samasta sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para hI vaha yaha nirNaya niSkarSa rUpa meM prastuta karatA hai ki 'ba' aparAdhI hai,ata: use mRtyu-daNDa yA AjIvana kArAvAsa diyA jAtA hai| vaha cAhe to apane sAmane hatyA hone ke AtmasAkSya ke AdhAra hI 'ba' ko uparokta daNDa de sakatA hai cUMki 'ba' ne hatyA kI hai, yaha tathya hai, ata: donoM hI dazAoM meM nyAyAdhIza kA nirNaya satya hai kintu nirNaya-paddhati kA antara hai / dvitIya paddhati kA nirNaya nirdoSa hone para bhI paddhati sadoza hai| yaha paddhati niSkarSa yA nirNaya ke lie sAmagrI-parIkSaNa kI AvazyakatA para bala nahIM detii| nyAyAdhIza apanI ora se dvitIya paddhati ke nirNaya ke samarthana meM aneka sAkSya de sakatA hai, kintu ve sAkSya usake apane haiN| ataH unase prabhAvita na ho, yaha saMbhava nhiiN| eka ghaTanA meM nyAyAdhIza apane anubhava ke AdhAra para satya kA udghATana kara bhI de, kintu usI prakAra kI anya ghaTanAoM meM vaha usa dvitIya paddhati ke nirNaya dene meM kahAM pakSapAta kara rahA hai, kahA~ nahIM, kahA~ usane aparAdhI ko vAstava meM dekhA hai,kahA~ nahIM- isakA nirNaya kauna karegA ? ina saMdehoM kA zodhana hue binA usakA nirNaya zuddha kaise mAnA jAyegA ? yahI samasyA samAlocaka ke sAtha bhI hai| jisa prakAra AtmasAkSya ke AdhAra para mRtyu-daNDa dene vAlA nyAyAdhIza kisI niraparAdhI ko apanI icchA hone para daNDa de sakatA hai aura aparAdhI ko chor3a bhI sakatA hai, kintu para-sAkSya ke AdhAra For Private And Personal Use Only

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60/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi para nirNaya dene vAlA nyAyAdhIza apanI icchAoM kA Aropa karane meM asamartha hotA hai, usI prakAra samAlocaka Atma-sAkSya ke AdhAra para jo nirNaya karatA hai, ve sadaiva nirdoSa hI hoM, yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| kintu zodhArthI zodha kI vastu-paraka paddhati se kAma lene ke kAraNa nirdoSa nirNaya dene ke lie bAdhya hotA hai / agara vaha aisA nahIM karatA, to usakA zodha kArya svIkArya nahIM ho sktaa| ataH spaSTa hai ki samAlocaka kI kArya-paddhati meM Atma-parakatA adhika hone se niSpakSatA kA abhAva rahatA hai, jabaki zodha kI paddhati meM vastu-parakatA hone se pakSapAta ke liye avakAza nahIM hotaa| jahA~ usameM pakSapAta hotA hai, vahIM vaha apanI artha-sImA se bahiSkRta ho jAtI hai| Atma-parakatA ke kAraNa hI samAlocanA meM kabhI-kabhI jo nirNaya diye jAte haiM, ve adhyayana ke phalasvarUpa na diye jAkara Arambha meM hI prastuta kara diye jAte haiM aura unake samarthana meM kRti ke saMdarbha tor3akara udAharaNa diye jAte haiM / zodha-sAmagrI meM prastutikaraNa aura vizleSaNa-vivecana ke pazcAt hI sadA niSkarSa diye jAte haiN| samAnatA ke tattva : ekatA kA bhrama ___zodha aura samAlocanA donoM kA viSaya sAhityika kRti yA kRtikAra hotA hai| donoM ke lie nirIkSaNa-vivecana kI apekSA rahatI hai| donoM ke lie pratibhA, jJAna aura ruci ke samAna tattva Avazyaka hote haiN| donoM ke lie viSaya se sambandhita sandarbho kI vistRta aura vyApaka jAnakArI Avazyaka hotI hai / ataH kabhI-kabhI donoM meM samAna kArya kA Aropa ho jAtA hai aura siddhAnta rUpa meM donoM ke kArya bhinna hone para bhI vyavahAra meM donoM eka mAna liye jAte haiN| yaha zodha-kSetra kA bhrama hai aura samAlocanA kSetra kA viveka hai| samAlocaka agara zodha ke vizleSaNoM se apane kArya ko alaMkRta karatA hai, to usakA kArya nirdoSa ho jAtA hai, kintu jaba zodhArthI samAlocanA kI paddhati aura stara taka apane zrama ko sImita kara detA hai, taba vaha jo bhI nirNaya detA hai, ve bhrAnta ho jAte haiM tathA unase jJAna-paridhi vistAra meM sahAyatA usa sImA taka nahIM milatI,jisa sImA taka zodha meM milanI caahie| ataH zodha ko samAlocanA ke samAna na mAnane kA bhrama tyAgakara usakI sImAoM ko nirdoSa rakhanA paramAvazyaka hai| upasaMhAra hindI meM sAhitya kI zodha kA jitanA kArya hai, usameM se adhikAMza atyadhika mahattvapUrNa haiM / kintu zodha aura samAlocanA ko samAna mAnakara jina logoM ne kArya kiyA hai,vaha nirdoSa nahIM hai / katipaya prakAzita (aura aprakAzita bhI) zodha-prabandha aise haiM, jinameM sAmagrI-saMkalana aura vivecana-vizleSaNa to hai, parantu upalabdhiyA~ nahIM hai| katipaya zodha-prabandhoM meM kevala samAlocanA karake Atma-nirNayoM kI sthApanA kara dI gaI hai, zodha viSaya se nicor3a kara ve nirNaya nahIM hue| kintu ye saba samAlocanA-prayAsa hI kahe jaayeNge| zodha kA kSetra inase sImita nahIM hotaa| For Private And Personal Use Only

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12 12 sAhityika anusaMdhAna evaM pAThAlocana sAhitya vANI se zabda aura artha ke rUpa meM utpanna hotA hai / kAnoM se sunakara usako prApta kiyA jAtA hai| yaha sAhitya kI maukhika prakriyA hai| jaba likhane kI kalA kA AraMbha nahIM huA thA, taba sAhityika racanAe~ isI rUpa meM bolI arthAt sunAI jAtI thIM aura sunane vAle unheM smaraNa karake dUsaroM ko sunAte the| lekina isa prakAra kahane aura sunane ke mAdhyama se racanAoM ke svarUpa meM parivartana bhI A jAtA thaa| isIlie usa samaya ke RSiyoM ne isa bAta para bala diyA ki hara zabda ko zuddha par3hA yA bolA jAye aura use zuddha rUpa meM hI grahaNa karake yAda rakhA jAye / veda ke maMtroM ko par3hane aura yAda rakhakara dUsaroM ko sunAne ke lie isa bAta para isIlie bahuta bala diyA gayA ki jo adhikArI ho vahI veda-maMtra kA uccAraNa kare aura jo sunakara ThIka yAda rakha sake, vahI veda-maMtra par3he yA sune| * jaba likhane kI kalA kA AviSkAra ho gayA, taba likhe hue ko par3hane kI samasyA utpanna huI, kyoMki likhe hue ko ThIka rUpa se par3hanA Avazyaka thaa| jisane likhA, usake uccAraNa kA patA nahIM, phira sahI uccAraNa kaise ho ? kisI zabda ko sahI arthAt zuddha rUpa meM bolane kI jo paramparA milI, usI ko AdhAra mAnakara usakA uccAraNa nizcita kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra nizcita kiye gaye rUpa meM usa zabda ko sabhI loga samAna DhaMga se zuddha likheM, yaha sAvadhAnI Avazyaka ho gii| zikSA ke pracAra-prasAra ke sAtha-sAtha yaha samasyA bar3hatI hI calI gii| racanAe~ hAtha se likhakara rAjAoM-seThoM ke granthAgAroM meM surakSita kI jAne lgiiN| alaga-alaga parivAroM meM bhI jinheM ruci huI,kisI bhI sAhityikAra kI racanA ko surakSita rakha liyA gyaa| ve sabhI racanAe~, jo isa prakAra naSTa hone se baca gayIM, hameM par3hane ko mila rahI haiN| hindI ke sabhI purAne kaviyoM-jaise, caMdabaradAyI,kabIra, jAyasI, sUra, tulasI, mIrA, bihArI Adi kI racanAe~ isI prakAra hAtha se likhakara logoM ne surakSita rakhI thiiN| For Private And Personal Use Only

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62/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi isa prakAra hAtha se likhI huI racanAe~ pANDulipiyA~ kahalAtI haiN| ina racanAoM ke lipikartA alaga-alaga hote haiN| eka granthAgAra meM kisI sAhityika racanA kI jo pANDulipi milatI hai,dUsare granthAgAra meM usI lipikartA kI pANDulipi mile,yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai| udAharaNa ke lie, mIrAbAI ke padoM kI pANDulipiyA~ alaga-alaga granthAgAroM yA saMgrahAlayoM meM alaga-alaga lipikartA dvArA likhI milatI haiN| isakA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki unake likhita rUpa meM antara hai| likhita rUpa ko zodha ke kSetra meM "pATha" kahate haiN| isalie likhe hue rUpoM kA yaha antara hI pAThAntara yA pATha-bheda kahalAtA hai| yaha pATha-bheda jaba taka rahegA, taba taka usa racanA kA sahI yA zuddha rUpa sAmane nahIM A sktaa| isalie sAhityika zodha karane vAle ko pahale pANDulipi kA yaha pATha-bheda miTAnA par3atA hai| jaba bheda miTAkara zodhArthI eka zuddha rUpa nirdhArita karatA hai,taba isa kArya ko pATha kA Alocana arthAt pAThAlocana kahate haiN| ataH sAhityika zodha kA kArya ho taba taka AraMbha nahIM ho sakatA, jaba taka zodhArthI pAThAlocana karake zuddha pATha nirdhArita na kara le| yahI kAraNa hai ki pANDulipiyoM ke rUpa meM milane vAle sAhitya ke anusaMdhAna ke lie pAThAlocana kI prakriyA atyanta Avazyaka aura mahattvapUrNa hai| pAThAlocana ke binA hama artha kA anartha kara sakate haiN| yahAM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki "pATha" kA artha kevala par3hanA hI nahIM hai, balki jo likhA huA hai, vaha likhita rUpa bhI "pATha" hai / ise aMgrejI meM TaiksTa (Text) kahate haiN| pAThAlocana Taikscu ala kriTisijma kahate haiN| isa "pATha" zabda meM "AlocanA" zabda jor3akara "pAThAlocana" nAma se eka zailI yA vidhA banI hai| sAhitya ke vidyArthI ko isa zailI ko eka vizeSa kalA mAnakara samajhanA caahie| isa kalA meM jo parIkSArthI pravINa (kuzala) ho jAtA hai, vahI sAhitya ko sahI DhaMga se samajha aura samajhA sakatA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki pAThAlocana kevala hAtha se likhI purAnI racanAoM kA hI nahIM kiyA jAtA, chapI huI sAhityika pustakoM kI zodha ke lie bhI pAThAlocana kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki lekhaka (sAhityakAra) apane hAtha se apanI racanA likhakara presa meM bheja detA hai| vahA~ yaha chapatI hai, to prUpha dekhane vAle kI asAvadhAnI se usake zabdoM ke rUpa meM parivartana hone kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hai / jaise, eka prUpha-rIDara ne "zarmA" ko "sarmA" dUsare ne "saramA" kara diyA aura vaisA hI chapa gyaa| phala yaha huA ki kavitA kA artha hI badala gayA kyoMki zarmA brAhmaNa ko kahate haiM aura "sarmA" yA "saramA" kutte ko kahate haiN| Adhunika lekhakoM kI racanAoM ke sAtha yaha anyAya kabhI-kabhI bahuta bhayaMkara ho jAtA hai| eka racanA kA vAkya thA-"jise jAnA ho, so jaae|" presa meM "so" ko "jAe" se milA diyaa| ho gayA-"jise jAnA ho sojaae|" phalataH jAne vAlA so gyaa| agara hama zuddha pATha ko nirdhArita kiye binA zodhakArya kareMge, to isI prakAra sahI jJAna bhI sojaaegaa| spaSTa hai ki sAhityika zodhaka aura pAThAlocana kA colI-dAmana kA sAtha hai / isake binA hama satya taka nahIM pahu~ca skte| For Private And Personal Use Only

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sAhityika anusaMdhAna evaM pAThAlocana/63 vAstava meM pAThAlocana Aja eka zAstra yA vijJAna bana cukA hai| jisa prakAra kisI zAstra meM pUrva nirdhArita siddhAnta yA niyama hote haiM, usI prakAra pAThAlocana meM bhI niyama rahate haiN| jahAM ve niyama pUre yA khare nahIM utarate, vahA~ prayoga karake naye niyama banAne par3ate haiN| isalie pAThAlocana vijJAna bhI hai| isa zAstra kA sahI jJAna sAhityika zodha ke lie bahuta Avazyaka hai| isalie zodha-nirdezaka (gAiDa) banane se pahale pAThAlocana kA jAna lenA eka zarta honI caahie| pAThAlocana ke lie bhASA aura lipi kA acchA jJAna bhI honA caahie| jisa bhASA kI pANDulipi hai, usake zabdoM ke tatsama aura tadbhava rUpa jAnanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| udAharaNa ke lie, hindI bhASA kI pANDulipi ko par3hane ke lie hindI ke prAcIna rUpoM ko jAnanA Avazyaka hai| hindI ke madhyakAlIna sAhityika rUpa the-bajabhASA, avadhI, buMdelI, DiMgala, piMgala Adi / jo zodhArthI ina rUpoM kA sahI jJAna nahIM rakhatA, vaha zuddha pATha nirdhArita nahIM kara sktaa| sAtha hI yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki use saMskRta tathA urdU kA bhI acchA jJAna ho| Ajakala isa prakAra ke vidvAnoM kI bahuta kamI ho gaI hai| isalie unake ziSya bhI sahI pATha ko nirdhArita karake kisI bhI sAhityika racanA ko zuddha rUpa meM nahIM par3ha paate| zodhArthI ko cAhie ki vaha ina abhAvoM ko pUrA kre| use madhyakAlIna hindI rUpoM tathA saMskRta evaM urdU kA sAmAnya jJAna avazya prApta karanA caahie| bhASA ke sAtha hI sAtha lipi ke purAne rUpoM ko jAnanA bhI bahuta Avazyaka hai| devanAgarI yA nAgarI lipi bhArata kI bahuta purAnI tathA vaijJAnika lipi hai| yaha kevala hindI kI hI nahIM, vaidika, saMskRta,prAkRta, pAlI, apabhraMza, marAThI Adi bhASAoM kI bhI lipi hai| isa lipi kA vikAsa kina-kina rUpoM meM huA hai, yaha bhI sAhityika zodha karane vAle ke lie bahuta Avazyaka hai / lipi-rUpoM kA jJAna prApta kiye binA vaha purAne hastalikhita granthoM ko par3ha hI nahIM sktaa| lipi meM akSaroM kI taraha hI aMkoM kA bhI vizeSa mahattva hai| aMkoM meM purAne hastalikhita pranthoM kA samaya diyA jAtA hai,racanAkAroM kI janma evaM mRtyu kI tithiyAM batAI jAtI haiM tathA lipi kA samaya bhI diyA jAtA hai| isalie yaha bhI bahuta Avazyaka hai ki hama devanAgarI ke aMkoM ke vartamAna tathA prAcIna rUpoM ko phcaaneN| Ajakala aMgrejI kI romana lipi ke hI aMka cala rahe haiM aura vidyAlayoM meM bhI devanAgarI aMka sikhAne kI prathA bada hotI jA rahI hai| isa prakAra kI zikSA se hamAre aMka hI bhulA die jAeMge, jisakA phala yaha hogA ki hama apane purAne granthoM ke aMka nahIM samajha paaeNge| ataH isa dizA meM bhI sAvadhAnI kI AvazyakatA hai| saMkSepa meM, hama kaha sakate haiM ki sAhityika zodha ke lie pAThAlocana eka atyanta Avazyaka zAstra hai jise hara zodhArthI ko jAnanA caahie| For Private And Personal Use Only

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| 137 13 pANDulipi-sampAdana - pANDulipi kA artha mAnava jAti kA adhikAMza itihAsa lipi ke AviSkAra ke kAraNa surakSita hai| jaba taka yaha AviSkAra nahIM huA thA, taba taka zravya evaM dRzya sAdhanoM kA sahArA liyA jAtA thaa| ye sAdhana smRti aura viveka kI vizeSa paramparA para nirbhara the| lipi kA sAdhana prApta ho jAne para, manuSya ne atIta aura vartamAna ke jIvana kI vividha saMgrahaNIya ghaTanAoM, bhAvanAoM aura vicAraNAoM ko likhita rUpa denA prArambha kiyaa| isa prakAra manuSya ke samasta sAhityika, sAMskRtika, kalAtmaka, aitihAsika, rAjanaitika, sAmAjika tathA jJAna-darzana-sambandhI prayatna lipibaddha hue| unake isa lipibaddha svarUpa ko hI Aja hama "pANDulipi" kI saMjJA dete haiN| yadyapi "pANDulipi" kA mUla artha hai- lekha Adi kA pahalA rUpa, tathApi adhunAtana hara prakAra kI hastalikhita sAmagrI ko "pANDulipi" kahA jAtA hai| artha-vistAra kA itihAsa lipi ke AviSkAra ke pazcAt manuSya ne saMgrahaNIya vivaraNoM ko vibhinna paTaloM para aMkita karanA Arambha kiyaa| bhArata meM sabase prAcIna lipicihna moheMjodaDo tathA haDappA kI saMskRti meM milate haiN| ina donoM sthAnoM kI khudAI meM kucha aisI mudrAe~, tA~be kI TikiyA~ tathA miTTI ke bartanoM ke khaNDa prApta hue haiM, jina para eka vizeSa lipi meM kucha vivaraNa aMkita haiN| sara jaoNna mArzala ke anusAra, "sindhughATI ke lekhaka miTTI kI TikiyoM ke samAna anya sAmagrI ke abhAva meM, miTTI ke sthAna para bhojapatra, tAr3apatra, vRkSoM kI chAla, lakar3I athavA kapasipaTa jaisI alpajIvI sAmagrI kA upayoga karate hoMge,jo kAlAntara meM svAbhAvika rUpa meM naSTa ho gayI hogii|" eka anya vidvAna maikI ne apanI "iNDasa sivilijezana" nAmaka pustaka meM yahI bAta kucha isa prakAra doharAI hai : 1. sara jAna mArzala, moheMjodar3o, pRSTha 1-40. For Private And Personal Use Only

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pANDulipi- sampAdana/65 "moheMjodar3o tathA har3appA nAmaka do nagaroM ke utkhanana meM nyUnAdhika gaharAI meM jo vibhinna vastue~ prApta huI haiM, una saba para eka-sI hI lipi dikhAI detI hai| isa lipi meM likhita eka bhI lambA pralekha upalabdha na hone se yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki isa yuga ke loga camar3e, lakar3I yA pattoM para likhate hoMge, jo Ardra evaM kSArayukta bhUmi-prabhAva se kAphI samaya pUrva naSTa ho gaye hoNge| "1 prasAra thA / Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir isa prakAra prArambha meM lipi ke mAdhyama se jo kucha surakSita rakhane kI ceSTA kI gayI, usake lie bhojapatra, tAr3apatra, vRkSoM kI chAla, lakar3I Adi ke paTala kAma meM lAye gye| ina vastuoM para jo lekha aMkita kiye gaye, ve hI isa samaya kI pANDulipiyA~ the / DaoN. katre kA mata hai ki "I. pU. cauthI zatAbdI ke antima caraNa ke nIrakosa ke kathana ke anusAra, hindU loga taiyAra kiye gaye majabUta kapar3e para likhate the tathA kyU. kyUrTisa kI TIpa meM isa sambandha meM vRkSoM kI komala chAla kA ullekha milatA hai jo prAcIna samaya meM bhojapatra ke upayoga ke sambandha meM spaSTa rUpa se saMketa karatA hai| ye donoM vivaraNa I.pU. 327-325 meM bhArata meM likhane ke lie do bhinna prakAra kI svadezI sAmagrI ke pracalana kA ullekha karate haiM / isI taraha prAcIna bhAratIya zilAlekhoM kI lipi ke parIkSaNa-nirIkSaNa ke niSkarSa bhI una sAhityika sAkSyoM ke anurUpa haiM, jinake anusAra, jaisA ki hameM jJAta huA hai, I. pU. pA~cavIM zatAbdI yA usake pahale se hI bhArata meM bar3e paimAne para lekhana - kalA kA "2 lekhana-kalA kA prArambha kaba huA, isa para vicAra karate hue DaoN. katre ne jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, unase hama yaha tAtparya nikAla sakate haiM ki bhArata meM prAcIna kAla meM ve sabhI lekha "pANDulipi " kI pUrNa sImA meM sammilita the, jo kapar3e, vRkSoM kI chAla, bhojapatra, tAr3apatra, pASANa, dhAtu Adi kisI bhI prakAra ke paTala para aMkita kie jAte the I aitihAsika aura prAkRtika saMgharSo ko jhelakara mAnava prayAsa ke phalasvarUpa prAcIna kAla kI jo likhita sAmagrI Aja taka surakSita raha sakI hai, usameM bhojapatra, kapasipaTa, kASThapaTTa, tAr3apatra, pASANakhaNDa evaM kAgaja kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| bhojapatra para kharoSThI lipi meM likhita " dhammapada" grantha milA hai| kapasipaTa para sAtavAhana yuga meM grantha likhe jAte the, aisA DaoN. katre kA mata hai| ve likhate haiM ki "zrI bUlahara ko jaisalamera meM rezamI kapar3e kA eka Tukar3A milA, jisa para syAhI se jainasUtra sUcIbaddha kiye gaye haiM tathA zrI pITarasana ko vi.saM. 1418 (1351-52 I.) meM anahilavAr3a paTTana meM kapar3e para likhita eka hastalikhita grantha milA / "3 vinayapiTaka tathA jAtakoM meM kASThapaTTa ke prayoga kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai / asama meM eka kASThapaTTa-lekha milA hai, jo oNksaphorDa ke boDaliyana saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| hvenasAMga ne tAr3apatroM para lekha aMkita karane kA ullekha kiyA hai / 1. maikI, iNDasa sivilijezana, pR. 13. 2. DaoN. katre, bhAratIya pAThAlocana kI bhUmikA (anuvAda), pR. 4-5. 3. DaoN. katre, bhAratIya pAThAlocana kI bhUmikA, pRSTha 6. For Private And Personal Use Only

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66/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi Aja bhI bhArata tathA bAhara ke kucha saMgrahAlayoM meM tAr3apatra para likhita grantha surakSita haiN| dhAtuoM ke patroM para aneka prAcIna dAnapatra Aja bhI upalabdha hote haiM / prazaMsApatra bhI dhAtupatroM para likhe hue mile haiN| ina dhAtupatroM meM adhikAMzataH tAmra dhAtu kA upayoga kiyA gayA hai| pASANoM para azoka ke samaya se hI aneka lekhoM kA milanA prArambha ho jAtA hai / sAhityika grantha bhI pASANoM para aMkita milate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie. ajamera ke nikaTa pattharoM para vigraharAja caturtha tathA usake darabArI mantrI somadeva ke nATakoM ke aMza mile haiM, bijholI meM pattharoM para jainiyoM kA "sthala purANa" grantha likhA huA milA hai tathA rAjasamaMda (udayapura) ke jalavandha para lagI zilAoM para rAjaprazasti mahAkAvya pAyA gayA hai / kAgaja para likhita grantha tathA anya sAmagrI 12vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga milanA prArambha hotI hai| usa samaya se aba taka kAgaja para grantha likhane kI prathA bhI nirantara cala rahI hai| __ataH pANDulipi kI arthasImA bhojapatra, tAr3apatra, kASThapaTala, kapasipaTala, dhAtukhaNDa, pASANa se calatI huI kAgaja taka AyI hai| yadyapi Ajakala adhikAMza pANDulipiyA~ kAgaja para likhI huI milatI haiM, tathApi anya sAdhanoM para aMkita pANDulipiyoM kA prApta honA bhI asambhava nahIM hai / pANDulipi-sampAdaka ko pUrvokta kisI bhI paTala para aMkita pANDulipi mile, sampAdana kA kArya karanA hotA hai| pratilipi bhI pANDulipi __ arthasImA kA pUrvokta vistAra sAdhana ke prasaMga meM huA hai, kintu eka dUsarA prasaMga bhI hai, jisameM pANDulipi kI arthasImA kA atyadhika vistAra huA hai| prArambha meM lekha Adi kA pahalA rUpa hI pANDulipi thA, kintu dhIre-dhIre eka pANDulipi kI kaI pratilipiyA~ hone lagI, kyoMki usa samaya chapAI kI vyavasthA nahIM thii| rAjA aura jAgIradAra apane manoraMjana aura jJAnavarddhana ke lie prasiddha kaviyoM aura lekhakoM ke mUla granthoM kI hastalipi pratiyA~ taiyAra karAne lge| isa prakAra eka-eka grantha kI anekAneka pratilipiyA~ pratilipiyoM ke AdhAra para taiyAra hotI rhiiN| Aja aisI jitanI hastalikhita pratiyA~ saMgrahAlayoM yA vyaktiyoM ke pAsa upalabdha haiM, una sabako "pANDulipi" kahate haiN| ataH pANDulipi kI arthasImA mUla se nakala taka jA pahu~cI hai aura hara hastalikhita pustaka pANDulipi kahI jAne lagI hai| pANDulipi-sampAdana kisI kavi yA lekhaka (sAhityakAra,itihAsakAra, dArzanika Adi) kI mUla racanA jaba prathama bAra lipibaddha kI jAtI hai, taba usake do rUpa ho sakate haiM : 1. racanAkAra kA abhISTa rUpa, 2. lipikartA dvArA prastuta usa abhISTa rUpa kA prathama ruup| For Private And Personal Use Only

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pANDulipi- sampAdana/67 yadi racanAkAra svayaM apanI racanA lipibaddha karatA hai to vaha yathAzakti use zuddha rakhane kI ceSTA karatA hai| usakI lipi meM yadi koI truTi raha jAtI hai, to usake do kAraNa ho sakate haiM : Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 1. racanAkAra kA ajJAna, 2. racanAkAra kI asAvadhAnI / yadi racanAkAra kisI prakAra kI asamarthatA ke kAraNa apanI racanA ko svayaM lipibaddha nahIM kara pAtA to kisI lipikAra kA sahArA letA hai| jaba vaha lipikAra usakI kRti ko prathama bAra lipibaddha karatA hai, taba usakI nimnAMkita sImAe~ racanA kI zuddha pANDulipi nirmita hone meM bAdhaka ho jAtI hai : Na-doSa- kyoMki vaha jaisA bolatA hai, vaisA hI lipikartA 1. racanAkAra kA uccAraNa likha sakatA hai / 2. lipikAra kA zravaNa-doSa- kabhI-kabhI lipikAra apanI zravaNa-zakti ke doSa ke kAraNa racanAkAra ke kathana ko yathAvat prahaNa nahIM kara pAtA aura anyathA aMkita kara letA hai / 3. lipikAra kA bhASA jJAna - kabhI-kabhI aisA hotA hai ki lipikarttA racanAkAra kI tulanA meM adhika yA kama bhASA jJAna rakhatA hai| jaba lipikartA kA jJAna adhika hotA hai, taba vaha racanAkAra ke kathana ko apanI buddhi se yatra-tatra saMzodhita karatA huA prastuta katA hai aura jaba bhASAjJAna kama hotA hai, taba ThIka suna lene para bhI vaha azuddha rUpa meM aMkita kara detA hai / 4. kSetrIya prabhAva - lipikarttA aura racanAkAra jaba bhinna kSetroM ke nivAsI hote haiM, taba unakI kSetrIya boliyoM kA antara bhI lipikartA ke kArya para prabhAvI ho jAtA hai aura sahajatA se racanA ke abhISTa rUpa meM antara A jAtA hai / ina sImAoM ke kAraNa pANDulipi meM aneka azuddhiyA~ samaya ke sAtha bar3hatI aura badalatI calI jAtI hai| pratyeka hastalikhita prati mudraNa ke abhAva meM jaba dUra-dUra taka nakala ke mAdhyama se pahu~catI hai, taba usake mUlarUpa kA aneka bAra rUpAntaraNa ho jAtA hai| prAcIna kAla se aba taka yaha parivartana-prakriyA calatI AyI hai| jo pANDulipi prathama bAra taiyAra kI gayI thI, vaha yadi naSTa ho gayI, taba zuddhatA kA pramANa juTAnA bhI asambhava ho jAtA hai| yadi vaha naSTa na bhI ho, to bhI yaha taya karanA eka samasyA ho jAtI hai ki mUla pANDulipi kauna-sI hai aura usakA nirNaya kisa prakAra kiyA jAye ? isa duSkara kArya ko hI pANDulipi- sampAdana kahate haiN| isa kArya ke antargata eka hI pustaka kI vibhinna pANDulipiyoM ko ekatra karake usa prati ke mUla rUpa kA nirNaya karanA hotA hai| eka pustaka kI jitanI hastalikhita pratiyA~ hotI hai, unase azuddha aMzoM ko hI nahIM nikAlanA par3atA, apitu racanAkAra ke abhISTa aMza kA nirdhAraNa bhI pramANapUrvaka karanA par3atA hai| isa kArya For Private And Personal Use Only

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68/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi ke lie vibhinna hastalikhita pratiyoM se samasta upalabdha sAkSyoM kA nirvAcana evaM niyantraNa karanA hotA hai, jisase mUla racanA kI prAmANikatA siddha kI jA sake / isa prakAra racanAkAra ke mUla zabda kyA the, unakA punarnidhAraNa karanA hI pANDulipi-sampAdana kA mukhya kArya hai / kalA yA vijJAna pANDulipi-sampAdana ko kucha loga vijJAna mAnate haiN| unakA mata isa tarka para AdhArita hai ki pANDulipi ke mUla rUpa kA nirdhAraNa karane ke lie vaijJAnika praNAlI kA prayoga karanA par3atA hai| vAstava meM pANDulipi-sampAdana kA kArya eka kalA hai| isa kArya meM buddhi aura tarka ke prayoga kI nizcita sImAe~ haiM,kyoMki anumAna bhI bahuta dUra taka unake sAtha calatA hai| phira mUla rUpa ke nirdhAraNa meM jo paddhati apanAyI jAtI hai, vaha vizleSaNa kI utanI apekSA nahIM rakhatI, jitanI kalAtmaka abhiruci para AdhArita hotI hai| pANDulipi-sampAdana ko bahuta sAvadhAnI se ve sAkSya ekatra karake kramabaddha karane hote haiM, jo use racanA ke mUla rUpa taka pahu~cA sakeM / yaha kArya vijJAna kI apekSA kalA ke adhika nikaTa hai| vibhinna pANDulipiyoM meM kabhI-kabhI bahuta bhrAmaka evaM paraspara-virodhI aMza aMkita milate haiN| unameM se kisI eka aMza kA cayana karanA bar3A kaThina kArya hotA hai / yaha kArya vijJAna ke phArmUloM jaisI kisI paddhati se pUrNa nahIM ho sakatA / sampAdaka buddhi ke ucita upayoga ke sAtha aneka kalAtmaka paddhatiyoM kA sahArA lekara mUla ke nikaTatama pATha kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai| vaijJAnika paddhati se yadi pANDulipi kA sampAdana kiyA jAye to kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI ho sakatA hai ki sampAdaka eka aisA rUpa hI nirdhArita kara DAle jo mUla rUpa ke ThIka viparIta ho| ata: mere mata se pANDulipi-sampAdana kA kArya eka kalA hai, vijJAna nhiiN| isa kArya meM aitihAsika adhyayana kI paddhati kA bahuta adhika prayoga Avazyaka hotA hai| pANDulipi-sampAdana kA kArya jitanA kaThina hai, utanA kaThina koI bhI anya jJAnakArya nahIM hai / pichale pRSThoM meM hama isa kArya ko eka kalA mAnane ko bAdhya hue haiM, kintu vAstavikatA yaha hai ki yaha kArya jisa vidhi se kiyA jAtA hai, usako dekhate hue vaha eka kalA kI bhI kalA hai / kalAkAra apanI racanA meM svatantra hotA hai, isalie vaha usameM Ananda kA AsvAda prApta karatA hai, kintu pANDulipi-sampAdaka svatantra kalAkAra nahIM hai / vaha mUla racanA kI ajJAna sImAoM meM sambhAvanAoM ke AdhAra para kArya karatA hai. isalie usake kArya meM vaha rocakatA nahIM A pAtI,jo use AsvAdya banAye / vijJAna kI prakriyA bhI jaTila hotI hai, kintu usameM bhI vaijJAnika barAbara rocakatA kA anubhava karatA rahatA hai,kyoMki eka prayoga kA pariNAma dUsare prayoga ke pariNAma kA mArga prazasta karatA hai tathA rocaka kAraNa-kArya paramparA nahIM hotI, sAtha hI use apane pariNAmoM ke lie vijJAna kI taraha bhaviSya kI ora bhI dRSTi nahIM rakhanI hotii| vaha anivAryataH atIta kI ora lauTatA hai| vaha aneka pANDulipiyoM ke bhItara se gujaratA huA eka aisI pANDulipi taka pahu~canA cAhatA hai, jo For Private And Personal Use Only

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pANDulipi-sampAdana/69 usakA abhISTa lakSya hotI hai| yahA~ eka tathya pUrva nirdhArita hai, use aneka tathyoM meM se hokara prApta karanA hotA hai / vijJAna meM eka yA aneka tathyoM se naye tathya,pramANa tathA pariNAma prApta karane hote haiN| ata: vaijJAnika praNAlI pANDulipi-sampAdana meM samagrataH prayukta nahIM kI jA sakatI / yadi usakA pANDulipi-sampAdana meM koI upayoga hai to vaha kevala yatra-tatra vaijJAnika buddhi ke prayoga taka hI sImita hai| sampAdana-yogyatA pANDulipi-sampAdana kA kArya vAstava meM bahuta kaThina kArya hai| pratyeka vyakti, cAhe vaha kitanA hI vidvAna kyoM na ho, isa kArya ko saralatA se nahIM kara sktaa| ataH unhIM vyaktiyoM ko yaha kArya AraMbha karanA cAhie, jinameM nimnAMkita yogyatAe~ hoM : 1. abhiruci- pANDulipi-sampAdana ke lie mUlataH viSaya ke prati gaharI abhiruci Avazyaka hai| jaba taka sampAdaka sampAdana-kArya meM usI prakAra kI ruci nahIM rakhatA, jisa prakAra kI ruci eka khilAr3I kI khela ke prati hotI hai, taba taka vaha isa kArya meM pUrNa tanmayatA se lagakara kisI siddhi taka nahIM pahu~ca sktaa| 2. lipijJAna- pANDulipi ko sahI DhaMga se par3ha sakane ke lie sampAdaka ko sambandhita lipi ke aitihAsika parivartanoM kA pUrNa jJAna apekSita hai| udAharaNa ke lie, nAgarI lipi meM samaya-samaya para jo rUpa-parivartana hote rahe haiM, unheM jAne binA vaha vyatIta kAla ke lipicihnoM ko zuddha rUpa meM nahIM par3ha sktaa| aisI sthiti meM vaha pATha-grahaNa kI prAraMbhika sthiti meM hI apane kArya meM viphala ho jaayegaa| kAlajagata parivartana ke sAtha hI lipi ke sthAnagata antara ko jAnanA bhI Avazyaka hai| kabhI-kabhI eka hI samaya meM eka hI lipi ke kucha cihna eka kSetra se dUsare kSetra meM bhinna rUpa meM likhe jAte haiN| eka lipi jaba kaI bhASAoM meM prayukta hotI hai, taba bhI kSetrIya antara A jAtA hai| jaba usa kSetra kA lipikAra dUsare kI bhASA kI pANDulipi kI usI lipi meM nakala karatA hai taba usakI apanI bhASA ke parivartita lipicihna prayoga meM A jAte haiN| pANDulipi sampAdaka agara isa tathya se avagata nahIM hai to vaha apane kArya meM saphala nahIM ho sktaa| 3. bhASAjJAna- bhASA kA pUrNa vyAkaraNika jJAna bhI pANDulipi-sampAdaka ke lie atyAvazyaka hai| dhvaniyoM se vAkya-racanA taka ke samasta vyAkaraNika jJAna kI AdhAra-zilA para hI pANDulipi kA zuddha sampAdana nirbhara hai| bhASAjJAna ke antargata usa bhASA kI vibhinna boliyoM aura unake aitihAsika parivartanoM kI jAnakArI bhI apekSita hai. anyathA vaha pANDulipi kI mUla zabdAvalI tathA vAkya-racanA kA nirNaya nahIM kara sktaa| 4. itihAsa-jJAna- pANDulipi-sampAdaka ko itihAsa kA bhI acchA jJAtA honA cAhie, anyathA vaha kRti ke racanA-kAla, sAMskRtika saMdarbho tathA ghaTanAoM Adi ke sambandha meM bhrAmaka nirNaya prastuta kara sakatA hai| For Private And Personal Use Only

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70/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi 5. hastalekha-parIkSaNa-kSamatA- pANDulipi ke sampAdaka ko hastalekhoM kI prAcInatA kI parakha karane kI kSamatA bhI rakhanI caahie| kisa kAla meM kisa prakAra ke kAgaja, syAhI Adi kA upayoga hotA thA tathA pANDulipi meM prayukta sAmagrI vastutaH kitanI prAcIna hai, ina bAtoM kA sahI nirNaya karane ke lie sampAdaka meM apekSita jJAna Avazyaka hai| 6. citrakalA kA jJAna- pANDulipi-sampAdaka ko citrakalA ke aitihAsika vikAsa kA bhI jJAna honA cAhiye, kyoMki kaI pANDulipiyoM meM mUla sAmagrI ke sAtha citra bhI diye jAte haiN| citroM ke mAdhyama se sampAdaka usa pANDulipi kA lekhanakAla nirdhArita kara sakatA hai| aisA karane se use eka hI kRti kI kaI pANDulipiyoM meM se adhika prAcIna pANDulipi kA nirdhAraNa karane meM sahAyatA mila sakatI hai| kabhI-kabhI citroM se pATha-sambandhI saMketa bhI mila jAte haiM aura una saMketoM ke AdhAra para una zabdoM ko saralatA se samajhA jA sakatA hai, jo anya prakAra se samajha meM nahIM A rahe the| 7. viveka kI praur3hatA- pANDulipi-sampAdaka meM viveka kI praur3hatA bhI atyanta Avazyaka hai| jo sampAdaka pATha ko samajhane aura sahI rUpa nirdhArita karane ke lie anukUla saMtulita viveka nahIM rakhatA, vaha isa kaThina kArya meM saphala nahIM ho sktaa| 8. zArIrika kSamatA- pANDulipi-sampAdaka ko zarIra se bhI pUrNataH svastha honA caahiye| usakI A~kheM pUrNataH ThIka hoM, tAki vaha hara prakAra kI lipi ko svayaM par3ha sake, usake hAtha aura aMguliyA~ ThIka prakAra se kArya karatI hoM, jisase vaha svayaM zuddha pratilipiyA~ le ske| use zarIra se itanA sakSama bhI honA cAhie ki kaI ghaMTe nirantara baiThakara pratilipiyA~ jA~ca sake aura unako par3hane,milAna karane Adi meM thakAna kA anubhava na kre| ina zArIrika kSamatAoM ke abhAva meM pANDulipi-sampAdaka ko anya vyaktiyoM kI sahAyatA para nirbhara honA par3atA hai, jisase usake nirNaya saMdigdha ho jAte haiN| 9. Arthika nizcitatA- pANDulipi-sampAdaka kI Arthika sthiti aisI honI cAhie jisase vaha pUrNataH nizcinta hokara apane kArya meM laga ske| jina logoM ko dhana kamAne kI dhuna hai,ve isa kaThina kArya ko hAtha meM lene kI apekSA upanyAsa likheM yA usakI AlocanA kareM to adhika uttama hai| 10. mAnasika zAMti- pANDulipi-sampAdaka ke lie yaha bhI atyanta Avazyaka hai ki usakA ghara-bAhara kA vAtAvaraNa aisA ho, jisameM vaha apanI mAnasika zAnti banAye rakha ske| jisa vyakti kA mana vibhinna prakAra kI azAntiyoM kA kendra hotA hai, vaha pANDulipi-sampAdaka kI tapasyA pUrNa nahIM kara sktaa| 11. yaza-kAmanA kA abhAva- pANDulipi-sampAdaka ke kArya meM rata vyaktiyoM ko na to jaldI yazalAbha hotA hai aura na utanA yaza hI mila pAtA hai, jitanA koI vyakti cAhatA hai| yaha to pUrNataH niSkAma sAdhanA hai| ata: ve vyakti jo yaza kI lAlasA rakhate haiM, pANDulipi-sampAdana meM jaldI yaza prApti na hote dekhakara aneka anya aise mArga apanAte For Private And Personal Use Only

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pANDulipi-sampAdana/71 hai, jinase kArya jaldI pUrNa ho jAe aura turanta siddhi kI ora bar3ha jaae| aise loga apane sampAdana-kArya meM jaldabAjI ke kAraNa aneka truTiyA~ chor3a dete haiM / kabhI-kabhI bahuta hI bhraSTa sampAdana kara DAlate haiN| ataH sampAdaka kA yaza-lAlasA se bahuta dUra rahanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| ____12. sampAdana-vidhi kA jJAna- pUrvokta yogyatAoM ke hote hue bhI yadi koI vyakti sampAdana kI vidhi se paricita nahIM hai, to bhI vaha acchA sampAdana-kArya nahIM kara sktaa| ataH pANDulipi-sampAdana kA kArya karane ke icchuka vyakti ko anubhavI vidvAnoM, pranthoM, sampAdita pAThoM tathA saMgoSThiyoM aura vicAra-vimarza ke mAdhyama se pANDulipi-sampAdana kI vidhi kA pUrNa jJAna karake hI isa kSetra meM praveza karanA caahie| sampAdana-vidhi ke sopAna kisI pANDulipi ke pATha-sampAdana ke lie sampAdaka ko vizeSa vidhi se kArya karanA hotA hai / isa vidhi ke nimnAMkita sopAna haiM : 1. pratilipiyoM kA saMgraha- sampAdaka ko jisa pANDulipi kA sampAdana karanA ho, usakI yatra-tatra surakSita samasta pratiyoM kA patA lagAkara unakI pratilipiyA~ upalabdha kara lenI caahie| ye sabhI pratilipiyA~ bahuta sAvadhAnI se kI jAnI caahie| pratilipi karate samaya "makSikA sthAne makSikA" kA niyama pAlana kiyA jAnA caahie| kucha sampAdaka pratilipi karate samaya hI apane viveka se vaNoM aura zabdoM meM parivartana karate cale jAte haiN| pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki eka hI grantha kI kaI pratilipiyoM meM vaha pATha bhI surakSita nahIM raha pAtA, jo saMgrahAlayoM meM surakSita una hastalikhita pratiyoM meM hai, jinase ve pratilipiyA~ kI gayI haiN| kaI bAra aisA hotA hai ki sampAdaka Alasya ke kAraNa bahuta kama zikSA prApta vyaktiyoM se pArizramika dekara pratilipi karavAte haiN| aisI pratilipiyoM meM pATha-bheda bar3hatA calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra sampAdana kA kArya AraMbha hI sadoSa ho jAtA hai| 2. pratiyoM kA vaMzavRkSa- pratilipiyA~ prApta ho jAne ke pazcAt sampAdaka ko cAhie ki vaha unheM kAla-krama se vyavasthita kre| prAyaH hastalikhita pratiyoM kI puSpikAoM meM lipikAla diyA hotA hai| kAgaja,syAhI, AzrayadAtA, lipikartA Adi ke AdhAra para bhI kAla-nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaba sabhI pratiyoM ke lipikAla kA patA cala jAe, taba sampAdaka ko cAhie ki vaha unakA vaMzavRkSa taiyAra kre| isa kArya ke lie sampAdaka ko yaha taya karanA cAhie ki kauna-kauna-sI pratiyA~ kisa-kisa prati kI pratilipi hai / prAyaH AraMbha meM likhI gayI kisI eka prati kI aneka bAra pratilipi kI jAtI hai aura ve sabhI pratilipiyA~ kaI sthAnoM kI yAtrA karatI haiN| ina pratilipiyoM se bhI naI pratilipiyA~ taiyAra kI jAtI haiM / isa prakAra eka prati kI kaI pratilipiyA~ aura una pratilipiyoM kI bhI kaI pratilipiyA~ eka hI samaya meM yA bhinna-bhinna samaya meM taiyAra hotI rahatI haiM / sampAdaka ko ina pratilipiyoM kA puSpikA, pATha Adi ke AdhAra para vargIkaraNa karanA caahie| use yaha For Private And Personal Use Only

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72/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi patA lagAnA cAhie ki kisa-kisa prati kI kauna-kauna-sI pratilipi hai / jaba yaha nirNaya ho jAye, taba jo vaMzavRkSa banegA, vaha mUla pANDulipi ke nikaTa pahu~cane meM sahAyaka hogaa| udAharaNArtha, 'a' grantha kI 11 pratilipiyA~ prApta huii| inameM sabase prAcIna 3 pratilipiyA~ hai- ka,kha aura g| unake bAda ja, jha,Ta evaM ca tathA Tha likhI gayI haiM tathA zeSa gha, Ga,Da, aura cha pratiyA~ unake bhI pazcAt likhI gayI haiN| prApta saMketoM se yaha spaSTa ho gayA hai ki ca aura Tha pratiyA~ kha prati se nakala kI gayI hai tathA ja,jha tathA Ta pratiyA~, ka se nakala kI gayI haiM, cha prati ca kI nakala hai tathA gha,Ga aura Da pratiyA~ Tha kI pratilipi haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI spaSTa ho gayA hai ki ka aura kha pratiyA~ ga kI pratilipi haiN| aisI sthiti meM sampAdaka ko nimnAMkita prakAra kA vaMzavRkSa taiyAra karanA cAhie : 3. pATha-milAna- vaMzavRkSa ke AdhAra para sampAdaka ko pATha kA milAna karanA caahie| Tha prati meM yadi koI pATha aspaSTa,khaMDita yA apUrNa hai, to usake lie gha, Ga aura Da pratiyoM kA milAna karake nirNaya karanA caahie| isI prakAra ka prati ke mUla rUpa ko samajhane meM ja, jha tathA Ta kI sahAyatA lI jA sakatI hai aura ca ke lie cha prati sahAyaka ho sakatI hai| eka bAra nakala kI gayI pratiyoM kA itanA milAna kara lene ke pazcAt ca aura Tha kI sahAyatA se kha kA nirNaya kara lenA caahie| isa sAmAnya milAna ke pazcAt ka aura kha pratiyA~ hI mahattvapUrNa raha jAtI haiM tathA zeSa ke pATha-bhedoM kI cintA nahIM karanI caahie| milAna kA mUla kArya ka aura kha pratiyoM meM kiyA jAnA caahie| yaha kArya aisA ho jo ga prati meM mUla rUpa kA zuddha nirNaya karane meM adhikAdhika sahAyaka ho ske| For Private And Personal Use Only

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pANDulipi- sampAdana/73 4. pAThAlocana - milAna ke pazcAt hI pATha-nirNaya kI dizA meM pAThAlocana ke mAdhyama se agrasara hone kI sthiti AtI hai| sampAdaka ko ka, kha aura ga pratiyoM ke pAThoM ko lekara pAThAlocana kI vistRta paddhati apanAnI caahie| yaha paddhati bahuta jaTila to nahIM hai, tathApi isakI pRthak vivecana-paddhati hai jisake lie svataMtra vizleSaNa apekSita hai 1 pAThAlocana karate samaya sampAdaka ko nirdhArita pratiyoM kA milAna bahuta sAvadhAnI se karanA cAhie / pratyeka zabda ke ucita rUpa kA yA ucita zabda kA nirNaya nirdhArita pratiyoM ke AdhAra para to karanA hI par3atA hai, kintu aisI sthiti bhI AtI hai, jaba ve pratiyA~ bhI kabhI-kabhI kisI zabda yA vAkyAMza ke ucita nirNaya meM sahAyaka nahIM ho pAtIM / mUla pANDulipi kI prathama nakala meM yadi koI truTi ho gayI aura vaha Age bhI doharAyI jAtI rahI, to usa truTi kA saMzodhana taba taka kaise ho, jaba taka mUla prati hI na mile ? yadi mUla prati naSTa ho jAne yA anya kAraNa se anupalabdha hai, taba sampAdaka ke kArya kI kaThinatA bahuta bar3ha jAtI hai| aisI sthiti meM prasaMga, deza-kAla Adi ke AdhAra para sampAdaka ko svayaM hI nirNaya karanA hotA hai| kabhI-kabhI aisA bhI hotA hai ki mUla pANDulipi to upalabdha hotI hai, kintu vaha racanAkAra kI hastalipi na hokara kisI zrotA-lekhaka kI hastalipi hotI hai| aisI sthiti meM bhI usa Adi yA mUla pANDulipi meM truTiyA~ ho sakatI haiM jinakA nivAraNa karane ke lie bhI sampAdaka ko viveka se prasaMgAdi ke AdhAra para nirNaya karanA cAhie / isa prakAra upalabdha pratiyoM kI sahAyatA se usa prati meM saMzodhana kiye jA sakate haiM, jise mUla prati yA mUla prati ke sarvAdhika nikaTa mAnA gayA hai I saMzodhana aura pATha - nirdhAraNa karate samaya sampAdaka ko pAThAntara kA ullekha pAda-TippaNiyoM meM karate jAnA caahie| yadi kahIM AdhAra prati ke pATha ke sthAna para pUrNataH anumAnita pATha diyA gayA hai, to usakA bhI sapramANa ullekha pAda-TippaNI meM honA cAhie / saMzodhana ke mAdhyama se jaba sAmagrI kA punaH sthApana ho jAye, taba racanAkAra ke mUla pATha kI anya sabhI saMbhAvanAoM para punaH AlocanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra honA caahie| isa vicAra ke pazcAt hI pATha-nirdhAraNa kI antima sthiti AnI caahie| isa prakriyA se kiye gaye parivartanoM kA bhI pAda-TippaNiyoM meM ullekha honA cAhie / 5. bhUmikA - pratyeka pATha - sampAdana ko pAThAlocana ke dvArA zuddha pATha-nirdhAraNa kara lene ke pazcAt vistRta bhUmikA likhanI cAhie, jisameM use sabhI hastalikhita pratiyoM kA vistRta paricaya denA caahie| arthAt use yaha batAnA cAhie ki usane kisa-kisa prati kA upayoga karake pANDulipi kA sampAdana kiyA hai, ve pratiyA~ kahA~-kahA~ upalabdha huI haiM, unakI prAmANikatA kyA hai tathA unakI prAcInatA Adi kA kitanA mahattva hai| sabhI 1 For Private And Personal Use Only

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74/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi hastalikhita pratiyoM kA Avazyaka vivecana tathA vaMzavRkSa Adi sambandhI nirNaya bhI vistAra se bhUmikA meM diyA jAnA cAhie / pANDulipi-sampAdaka ko usa racanA kI vistRta samIkSA bhI bhUmikA meM denI cAhie tathA sAhitya ke itihAsa meM usake sthAna kA bhI nirdhAraNa karanA caahie| upasaMhAra pANDulipi-sampAdana kA kArya mAnava jAti kI sAMskRtika dharohara ko surakSita rakhane kA hI kArya nahIM hai, use adhikAdhika upayogI banAne kA bhI kArya hai| atIta kAla ke saMcita mAnavIya anubhavoM, vicAroM, kalpanAoM aura jJAna ko aMdhakAra ke garta se nikAlakara bhAvI pIr3hI ko sauMpanA eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa kArya hai| bar3e-bar3e samAja-sudhAraka,netA, sAhityakAra,paMDita, vaijJAnika Adi mAnava-hita ke jo zreSTha kArya karate haiM, unase adhika zreSTha aura zreyaSkara pANDulipi-sampAdana kA kArya hai| isI kArya ke phalasvarUpa Aja ilieTa, homara, vAlmIki, tulasI,sUra Adi ke mahAn kAvya jIvita haiM,jo aneka zatAbdiyoM se mAnava jAti ke patha-pradarzana ke lie prakAza-stambha bane hue haiM tathA Age bhI jinakA upayoga hotA rhegaa| 10 For Private And Personal Use Only

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14 Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM tulanAtmaka dRSTi ke prayoga para bhI bahuta bala diyA jAtA hai| yoM to kisI bhI viSaya ke anusaMdhAna meM tulanAtmaka paddhati kA prayoga sArthaka ho sakatA hai, kintu bhASA, sAhitya, darzana, itihAsa evaM lalitakalAoM ke kSetra meM isa paddhati kI vizeSa upayogitA hotI hai| hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa kA adhyayana tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kiyA jAe, to aneka naye pariNAma sAmane A sakate haiN| kaviyoM aura mahattvapUrNa kRtiyoM kI tulanA karake kiyA jAne vAlA anusaMdhAna aneka maulika tathya prakAza meM lA sakatA hai| AlocanA ke kSetra meM to yaha paddhati aneka AlocakoM dvArA apanAI jAtI hI rahI hai, zodhakartA bhI yadA-kadA isa paddhati kA sahArA lete rahe haiN| jina viSayoM para tulanAtmaka dRSTi se zodha kArya huA hai, unameM se kucha zodha-prabandhoM ke nimnAMkita zIrSaka isakA pramANa hai| : 1. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa aura rAmacarita mAnasa kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - vidyA mizra / 2. rAmAyaNetara. saMskRta kAvya aura rAmacarita mAnasa kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana - zivakumAra zukla / 3. kRtivAsI ba~galA rAmAyaNa aura rAmacarita mAnasa kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana- rAmanAtha tripAThI / 4. rAmacarita mAnasa aura rAmacaMdrikA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana- jagadIza nArAyaNa / 5. bhAratendu aura narmada : eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana- aravinda kumAra desAI / 6. hindI aura marAThI kA nirguNa kAvya - prabhAkara mAcave / 7. hindI aura marAThI kathA-sAhitya kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana -- zaMkarazeSa / 8. Adhunika hindI aura marAThI kAvyazAstra kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana- manohara kAle / For Private And Personal Use Only

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76/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi ___ ina zIrSakoM se spaSTa hai ki zodhakartAoM ne graMthoM, lekhakoM, kAvya-pravRttiyoM, kathA-sAhitya, kAvyazAstra Adi vibhinna viSayoM kA tulanAtmaka anuzIlana kiyA hai / ataH tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna kI pravRtti bhI bhalI prakAra jAnI-pahacAnI hai, kintu anusaMdhAna kI pravidhi kA kitanA anusaraNa ina zodha-prabandhoM meM kiyA gayA hai, yaha vicAraNIya hai| prAyaH dekhA jAtA hai ki tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna karane vAle zodhArthI jaba do kaviyoM yA lekhakoM, do pravRttiyoM, do granthoM, do bhASAoM yA do alaga sAhityoM kA tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna karate haiM, taba ve kucha mAna nirdhArita kara lete haiM aura unhIM se donoM pakSoM kI tulanA kara dete haiN| sAmAnyata: yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki sAmya-vaiSamya kI parIkSA karake zodhArthI apane kartavya kI itizrI mAna lete haiN| kucha zodha-prabandhoM meM eka anya hAsyAspada paddhati dekhane ko milI hai aura vaha hai-donoM pakSoM kA alaga-alaga adhyayana tathA anta meM eka adhyAya meM niSkarSa ke rUpa meM donoM pakSoM kI tulanA / isalie yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki zatAdhika tulanAtmaka zodha-prabandha kevala hindI bhASA aura sAhitya ke sambandha meM likhe jAne para bhI unameM anusaMdhAna ke guNa bahuta kama hai tathA zodhaparaka satya kA udghATana nahIM ho sakA hai| vastutaH tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna meM viSaya-cayana se tathya-satyApana taka bahuta sAvadhAnI kI AvazyakatAhotI hai| sarvaprathama viSaya kA cayana karate samaya yaha dekhanA cAhie ki jina do pakSoM kI tulanA kI jA rahI hai, unake kathya kI bhUmi samAna ho, tAki kathya ko prastuta karane kA sAmya-vaiSamya spaSTa ho ske| viSaya-cayana ke pazcAt jaba anusaMdhAna kArya prAraMbha kiyA jAye, taba yaha pratijJA kI jAnI cAhie ki donoM pakSoM ke prati adhyayana kI dRSTi niSpakSa rhegii| aisA na hone se tulanA meM nirvivAda niSkarSoM taka pahu~canA kaThina ho jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha, eka zodhArthI "rAmacaritamAnasa aura rAmacaMdrikA" zIrSaka se tulanAtmaka adhyayana karatA hai aura dUsarA "rAmacaMdrikA aura rAmacaritamAnasa" zISaka se / donoM ke zIrSakoM meM sAdhAraNataH antara dikhAI nahIM detA, kintu adhyayana karate samaya prathama zIrSaka ke zodha-prabandha meM rAmacaritamAnasa ko pradhAnatA mila jAtI hai aura dvitIya zIrSaka ke zodha-prabandha meM rAmacandrikA pradhAna ho uThatI hai| zodhakartA ko cAhie ki vaha pratijJA-baddha hokara isa doSa se bace tathA donoM ke sAtha samAna nyAya kre| yadi sUtra rUpa meM kaheM to yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna meM vastuniSTha honA bahuta Avazyaka hai aura yaha kArya nirantara sAvadhAnI kI apekSA rakhatA hai| __ prazna yaha uThatA hai ki kyA vastuniSThatA itanI sahaja hai ki hara zodhArthI usakA adhikArI mAna liyA jAe? sabase prathama prazna to yahI uThatA hai ki jina do pakSoM kI tulanA kI jA rahI hai, unakA samAna jJAna kyA zodhArthI ko hai ? udAharaNArtha, koI zodhArthI hindI aura marAThI kI eka-eka racanA tulanA ke lie cunatA hai, usane yaha cayana viSayavastu Adi ko dekha-parakha kara kiyA hai, vaha vastuniSTha bhI rahanA cAhatA hai| kintu use marAThI kA jJAna hI nahIM hai yA For Private And Personal Use Only

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tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna/77 hai to bahuta km| yadi marAThI bhASA bhI jAnatA ho, to marAThI sAhitya ke itihAsa aura pravRttiyoM se usakA vidhivat paricaya nhiiN| aisI sthiti meM usakI vastuniSThatA bhI kisa prakAra usase nyAya karA sakegI ? nizcaya hI usakA anusaMdhAna ekapakSIya hogA aura sabhI niSkarSa bhrAmaka siddha hoNge| ___ anya bhASAoM ke granthoM se hindI ke pranthoM kI tulanA karane ke lie kucha zodhArthI una bhASAoM ke hindI yA aMgrejI anuvAdoM kA sahArA lete haiN| yaha pravRtti to tulanAtmaka zodha ke lie sabase adhika khataranAka hai / anuvAda kitanA hI vidvattApUrNa ho, mUla bhASA kI abhivyakti kA pUrNataH anusaraNa nahIM kara pAtA / aisI sthiti meM kI gaI tulanA nirarthaka nahIM to bhrAmaka to ho hI jAtI hai| tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna ke aneka khataroM meM eka khatarA yaha bhI hai ki zodhArthI kisI vicAra yA viSaya kI thor3I-sI samatA dekhakara hI use mahattvapUrNa mAna letA hai aura usI mahattva ke pratipAdana meM juTa jAtA hai / eka anya khatarA taba paidA hotA hai, jaba zodhArthI kisI eka pakSa ko zreSTha siddha karane kA vicAra lekara apane kArya meM pravRtta hotA hai| jaba eka kavi yA racanAkAra yA pravRtti para dUsare kA prabhAva dikhAne kA kArya hAtha meM liyA jAtA hai,taba kucha zodhArthI jisakA prabhAva dikhAnA cAhate haiM,usako bar3hA-car3hA kara dikhAte haiM aura dUsare pakSa kI hara vizeSatA meM prathama pakSa kA yogadAna hI siddha karane laga jAte haiM / isa prakAra prabhAvavAdI tulanA zodha ke mUlyoM ko hI samApta kara detI hai| ina khataroM se tulanAtmaka zodhakartA ko bacanA caahie| __ tulanAtmaka zodha ke lie aneka naye kSetra khule hue haiN| sAhitya tathA kalAoM meM abhI taka isa paddhati kA vastuniSTha prayoga bahuta kama huA hai| hajAroM pANDulipiyA~ saMgrahAlayoM meM par3I haiM aura saikar3oM pANDulipiyA~ prakAzana ke abhAva meM naye lekhakoM ke gharoM meM bhI sar3a rahI haiM / Ajakala jo sAhitya likhA jA rahA hai,yA kalAoM ke zAstroM para vicAra ho rahA hai yA itihAsa evaM darzana kA cintana cala rahA hai, usakA adhikAMza bhAga prakAzita nahIM ho rahA hai / mudraNa ke sAdhana bar3he haiM, kintu ve kucha vizeSa gharAnoM ke hAthoM meM hI sImita ho gaye haiM / phalataH una taka jinakI pahu~ca hai, ve hI apanI kRtiyA~ prakAzita karA pA rahe haiN| aisI sthiti meM jo prakAzita nahIM ho pA rahA hai, vaha saba nikRSTa hI nahIM, usameM bahuta kucha utkRSTa tama bhI hai| jo chapa rahA hai, vaha sabhI utkRSTa nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ata: hastalikhita rUpa meM surakSita vartamAna lekhakoM kA sAhitya bhI anusaMdhAna kI apekSA rakhatA hai| vartamAna lekhakoM meM aise bhI kaI lekhaka haiM, jo apane mahattvapUrNa granthoM ko aprakAzita chor3akara svarga sidhAra cuke haiN| unakI pothiyoM ke lie to pothIkhAnoM ne bhI abhI taka ruci nahIM dikhaaii| zodhakartA aise durlabha hote granthoM kA anusaMdhAna karane kA nizcaya kara sakatA hai aura samakAlIna sthitiyoM tathA parivartanoM ke prakAza meM tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna kara sakatA hai, jisase mAnava jAti ke hitArtha naye vicAra aura naye saMdarbha mila ske| For Private And Personal Use Only

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78/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna pANDulipiyoM ke kAla-nirdhAraNa tathA racanAkAra ke nizcaya meM bhI sahAyaka hotA hai / kalpanA kIjie ki Apako eka prAcIna pANDulipi milii| isa pANDulipi para lekhaka kA nAma nahIM hai| aba kaise patA cale ki vaha kisakI racanA hai ? aisI dazA meM pahale racanA ke kAla kA patA tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna se lagAnA hogaa| isa kArya ke lie syAhI, sAmagrI, lipi, kAgaja, bhASA Adi ke AdhAra para pahale kAla-nirNaya dUsarI pANDulipiyoM se tulanA karake karanA hogaa| tatpazcAt inhIM bAtoM ke AdhAra para usa kAla kI kucha kRtiyoM se tulanA karake yaha patA lagAnA hogA ki viSaya-pratipAdana zailI, bhASA, lipi Adi kA kisa kRti se sAmya hai aura usakA lekhaka kauna hai ? tulanAtmaka paddhati kA isI prakAra viSaya-sAmagrI ke anya pakSoM para bhI prayoga karanA hogA aura taba zodhArthI kisI satya ke nikaTa pahuMca skegaa| tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna ke alAvA isa prakAra ke satyoM taka pahuMcane kA anya koI mArga nahIM hai| vastutaH tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna ke itihAsa aura saMskRti ke aise rahasya khulate cale jAte haiM, jinase mAnava-jIvana kA eka nayA kSitija hI prakAzita ho uThatA hai| yaha tulanAtmaka anuzIlana kA hI pariNAma hai ki eka deza kI koI kathA dUsare deza meM jAkara kaisA vicitra rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai aura phira bhI vaha usake mUla deza kI pahacAna karane vAle zodhArthI kI pahuMca se bAhara nahIM raha paatii| vAlmIki kI rAmAyaNa ke hanumAna ne thAIlaiNDa Adi dezoM meM jAkara jo rUpa dhAraNa kiye, ve aise the ki bar3e-bar3e buddhimAna bhI unheM nahIM pahacAna sakate the; kintu tulanAtmaka zodhakartA ne unakA mUla rUpa sabake sAmane ujAgara kara hI diyaa| ata: saMkSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki tulanAtmaka anusaMdhAna talavAra kI dhAra para calane ke samAna kaThina avazya hai kintu sudhI-sAdhaka zodhArthI isa kSetra meM bar3I-se-bar3I saphalatA pA sakatA hai| For Private And Personal Use Only

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15 zabdakoza - nirmANa kI zodha - pravidhi hara viSaya kisI-na-kisI bhASA meM likhA jAtA hai| bhASA kA vikAsa vibhinna boliyoM se hotA hai| kisI eka kSetra kI bolI dUsare kSetra kI bolI se jo sAmya yA aMtara rakhatI hai, use vaijJAnika DhaMga se samajhakara hI bhASA ke ziSTa svarUpa ke vikAsa ko samajhA jA sakatA hai| isa kArya ke lie pratyeka bolI- varga kI zabdAvalI kA saMkalana aura usakA vidhivat koza nirmANa Avazyaka hotA hai| ataH yaha kArya bhI anusaMdhAna ke kSetra meM hI hai AtA 1 koza nirmANa kA kArya bahuta zrama-sAdhya, jaTila tathA viveka evaM jJAna - sApekSa hai / koza- nirmANa ke lie zodhakartA ko zabdoM kA anusaMdhAna kSetrIya sarvekSaNa ke mAdhyama se karanA par3atA hai / use vibhinna boliyoM ke bolane vAle vyaktiyoM se samparka karanA par3atA hai aura praznAvalI tathA rUparekhA banAkara abhISTa sAmagrI tadanusAra prApta karanI hotI hai| isa kArya meM zithilatA yA lAparavAhI ho jAne yA sarvekSaNa kArya svayaM na karake dUsaroM se karAne para azuddha pariNAma sAmane Ate haiN| udAharaNArtha, priyarsana ne bhArata kI bhASAoM aura boliyoM kA svayaM sarvekSaNa nahIM kiyA thaa| usane bAibila kI eka kahAnI cunakara jile ke karmacAriyoM ko bhejI thI aura usakA kSetrIya boliyoM meM rUpAntara karA liyA thaa| ina rUpAntaroM ko AdhAra banAkara usane una boliyoM ke parivAroM evaM vyAkaraNa kA nirdhAraNa kara DAlA / phalataH usake dvArA prakAzita sabhI pariNAma vizvasanIya nahIM haiN| griyarsana ne gA~voM ke paTavArI Adi se pratyakSa sarvekSaNa bhI karAye aura unhoMne jo kucha prastuta kiyA, usI ko usane sahI mAna liyA, jabaki grAma stara ke ve karmacArI bhASA ke sambandha meM na to utanA jJAna yA viveka rakhate the, na saMgraha meM utane sAvadhAna hI raha sakate the / koza-nirmANa ke lie yadi isa prakAra anya logoM kI sahAyatA lI jAtI hai aura ghara baiThakara zabdArtha kA nirNaya kara liyA jAtA hai, to vaha kArya vizvasanIya tathA sattAdhArI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / For Private And Personal Use Only

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80 / anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi bhASA meM zabda kI pradhAnatA avazya rahatI hai, kintu koI bhI zabda artha ke binA upayogI nahIM hotA aura isIlie vaha bhASA kA aMga nahIM bana sakatA / zabda kA saMkalana mAtra zabda-koza nahIM hai, usake vibhinna arthoM kA saMkalana bhI Avazyaka hotA hai / yaha kArya gahana kSetrIya sarvekSaNa cAhatA hai / sAhitya meM jo bhASA prayukta hotI hai, usake artha jIvana se hI Ate haiM aura yaha jIvana vahIM milatA hai jahA~ sahajatA aura saralatA hai| ataH gA~va hI prAyaH bhASA ko vaha zabdAvalI pradAna karate haiM, jo artha-bhaMgimA ke kAraNa bhASA kI zakti banatI hai / usakA dUsarA sAdhana sAhityika grantha hote haiM / saMkSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki mUlataH loka-jIvana hI zabda-koza ke nirmANa ke lie pramukha srota hotA hai / isa dRSTi se loka meM pracalita kahAniyoM, loka-gItoM Adi kA saMkalana zabda-koza ke nirmANa ke lie bahuta upayogI hotA hai / yaha saMkalana - kArya anusaMdhAna kI sarvekSaNa paddhati para Azrita hai / yahA~ yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhane vAlI bAta hai ki jo zabda saMkalita kiye jAe~ ve kevala eka hI vyakti se sune hue nahIM hone cAhie~, kyoMki eka vyakti kabhI jaldabAjI meM yA ghabarAkara yA mukha-sukha ke lie aisA uccAraNa bhI kara sakatA hai, jisase zabdoM kA sahI rUpa prakaTa na ho / ataH jaba kucha zabda kaI vyaktiyoM se suna liye jAe~ tathA prayogArtha meM samAnatA kI pakar3a ho jAe, tabhI unheM zabda-koza meM sammilita karanA caahie| aisA karane para hI zodhakartA kA koza- kArya prAmANika ho sakatA hai 1 1 zabdoM ke paryAyoM para bhI bahuta sAvadhAnI se vicAra karanA cAhie / yoM to paryAyavAcI zabdoM ko eka hI artha meM rakha diyA jAtA hai, kintu vAstavikatA yaha nahIM hai / koI bhI zabda kisI bhI paryAyavAcI kA samAnArthaka nahIM ho sktaa| sabhI paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM kucha-na-kucha aMtara avazya hotA hai / yathA, jala ke paryAyavAcI salila, pAnI Adi zabda samagrataH eka hI artha nahIM rkhte| unake arthoM meM bhAva kI dRSTi se kucha-na-kucha antara avazya hotA hai / zabdakoza- nirmANa ke samaya artha likhane kA kArya isa antara kI spaSTatA para AdhArita honA caahie| isI prakAra videzI yA anya bhASAoM ke zabdoM ko bhI paryAyavAcI mAnakara nahIM cala sakate, unameM artha kI samAnatA hI svIkAra kI jA sakatI hai / jo zabda ekatra kiye jAe~, unake vyAkaraNika rUpoM para bhI dhyAna dene kI bahuta AvazyakatA hotI hai| uccAraNa tathA vyutpatti bhI spaSTa karanI par3atI hai / ataH AvazyakatAnusAra prayoga ke udAharaNa bhI ekatra karane par3ate haiM / sAhitya yA loka-sAhitya se liye gaye zabdoM ke udAharaNa to mila sakate haiM, kintu bolane vAloM se liye gaye zabdoM ke udAharaNoM meM phira vahI truTi ho sakatI hai ki koI galata bola rahA ho aura zodhArthI use jyoM kA tyoM cuna le / jaba udAharaNa nahIM milate yA zabdoM se jisakA artha spaSTa nahIM hotA, - usako spaSTa karane ke lie kabhI - kabhI citra bhI banAne par3ate haiM / ye citra bahuta choTe tathA saMketAtmaka hone caahieN| loka-jIvana meM unake prayoga ke sAtha bahuta se pratIka bhI milate haiN| una pratIkoM ko bhI bahuta choTe AkAra meM zabdada-koza meM diyA jA sakatA hai I For Private And Personal Use Only

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zabdakoza-nirmANa kI zodha-pravidhi/81 janapadIya boliyoM ke zabda-koza-nirmANa meM kSetrIya antara kA dhyAna rakhanA atyanta Avazyaka hai| zodhakartA ko cAhie ki vaha nikaTavartI kSetroM meM bolI jAne vAlI boliyoM kI tulanA meM hI zabdArtha prastuta kre| zabda-koza meM yaha aMkita karanA bhI Avazyaka hotA hai ki eka hI zabda eka hI bolI meM jisa artha meM prayukta ho rahA hai, dUsarI bolI meM usakA vaha artha nahIM hai / jo badalA huA artha hai, use bhI usa zabda ke artha ke sAtha aMkita karanA hotA hai| zabda-koza ke nirmANa meM zodhArthI yadi tulanAtmaka zodha-pravidhi kA sahArA le to usakA kArya vizeSa upayogI bana sakatA hai| griyarsana ne "pIjeMTa lAipha oNpha bihAra" nAmaka koza meM isI tulanAtmaka pravidhi kA prayoga kiyaa| usane bihAra kI bhojapurI,magahI aura maithilI boliyoM ke una zabdoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai, jo vahA~ grAma-jIvana meM bole jAte haiN| griyarsana ke pazcAt isa prakAra ke prayAsa bahuta kama kiye gaye haiN| priyarsana ne tInoM boliyoM ke zabdoM ke tulanAtmaka artha dekara apane zabdakoza ko sAmAnya jana ke lie bhI upayogI banAne kI prathama ceSTA kI thii| duHkha kA viSaya hai ki hamAre zodhArthI upAdhi ko jitanA pyAra karate haiM, utanA pyAra janatA se nahIM karate, jana-kalyANa meM apanI sAdhanA kA niyojana nahIM krte| zabda-koza kA nirmANa karate samaya zodhArthI ko pUrvavartI kAryoM kA sarvekSaNa sAvadhAnIpUrvaka karanA cAhie, tAki apane zodha-kAryoM meM pravRtta hote samaya vaha digbhramita na ho| sAhityika racanAoM se zabda-saMgraha karate samaya bhI eka saMkaTa utpanna hotA hai| prAcIna grantha yA to pANDulipi ke rUpa meM milate haiM, yA prakAzita avasthA meM bhii| sabhI pranthoM kA sampAdana pAThAlocana-pUrvaka nahIM huA hai| aisI sthiti meM jo zabda saMgrahIta kiye jAte haiM.unake uccAraNa, rUpa aura artha tInoM ke hI badala jAne kA khatarA barAbara banA rahatA hai / ataH zabda-koza ke nirmAtA ko pANDulipiyoM ke par3hane kA bhI acchA jJAna honA caahie| vaha jaba taka svayaM pANDulipi-sampAdana kI kalA meM dIkSita nahIM hogA, taba taka zabda-koza-sambandhI zodha-kArya prAmANika nahIM ho sktaa| likhita sAhitya se zabda-cayana karate samaya yaha bhI dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki kavi yA lekhaka kisa kSetra kI bolI yA bhASA se prabhAvita hai ? udAharaNArtha, eka kavi pahAr3I kSetra kA nivAsI hai, to usakI bhASA meM pahAr3I boliyoM kI zabdAvalI kA prabhAva aura zabda-prayoga donoM hI mila sakate haiN| aisI sthiti meM zabdakoza ke zodhArthI ko usa kSetra kI boliyoM se bhI paricaya prApta karanA cAhie, bhale hI vaha apane adhyayana-kakSa meM baiThakara likhita sAhitya se zabdoM kA cayana kara rahA ho| isI prakAra kucha lekhakoM kI mAtRbhASA bhinna hotI hai| koI marAThIbhASI hindI lekhaka jaba racanA karatA hai, taba bahuta saMbhAvanA rahatI hai ki vaha marAThI-zabdAvalI kA yatra-tatra apanI racanAoM meM prayoga kre| aise zabda uccAraNa Adi meM kucha badale hue bhI ho sakate haiM tathA marAThI kA koI zabda hindI ke kisI zabda For Private And Personal Use Only

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82/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi se svarUpa va uccAraNa meM samatA rakha sakatA hai, kintu usakA artha dUsarA ho sakatA hai| zabda-koza kI zodha-yAtrA meM isa prakAra kI kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karane ke lie zodhArthI ko apanI bahubhASA-jJAna-kSamatA ko samajha lenA cAhie, tabhI vaha apane kArya meM saphala ho sakatA hai| ina saba bAtoM ke sAtha-sAtha zodhArthI ko bhASA-vijJAna tathA vyAkaraNa kA bhI acchA jJAna honA cAhie, tabhI vaha zuddha zabda-koza kI racanA kara sakatA hai / jisa bhASA kA vaha zabda-koza banA rahA hotA hai, jo aneka varSoM ke prayoga ke kAraNa apanA mUla rUpa hI kho baiThate haiN| bhASA vijJAna aura vyAkaraNa ke sahI jJAna ke binA vaha una zabdoM kI vyutpatti nahIM samajha sakatA, jo zabda-koza kI racanA ke lie bahuta Avazyaka hai| boliyoM ke zabda-koza kA nirmANa aitihAsika vikAsa-krama kI dRSTi se bhI karanA hotA hai| aisI sthiti meM to zabda ke mUla rUpa kI khoja bahuta Avazyaka ho jAtI hai / ataH zodhArthI ko viSaya kI sImA ke sAtha-sAtha kSetra kI sImA bhI bahuta soca-samajhakara nirdhArita karanI par3atI hai| isa sImA meM hI ve atIta kI virAsata vartamAna ko sauMpa pAte haiM / vastutaH yaha kArya gahana sAdhanA aura varSoM kA zrama cAhatA hai| __ ataH saMkSepa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki zodha ke kSetra meM jitanA mahattva anya varNanAtmaka-vyAkhyAtmaka viSayoM kA hai, usase adhika mahattva zabda-koza ke nirmANa kA hai| yaha kArya zodha kI sAmAnya yogyatA se adhika jJAna aura anubhava cAhatA hai tathA parizrama kI kaThinatA ke sAtha-sAtha samaya kA vyaya bhI adhika mA~gatA hai| jo zodhArthI isa kSetra meM pUrI ImAnadArI se sAdhAnApUrvaka kArya karate haiM, ve bhASA aura sAhitya kA bhI bahuta upakAra karate haiN| For Private And Personal Use Only

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| 16| anusaMdhAna aura mAnava-mUlya zodha kA lakSya mAtra zodha nahIM hai,upAdhiyA~ prApta kara sammAna, yaza aura dhanArjana mAtra bhI zodha kA lakSya nahIM hai| koI bhI samAja yA rASTra jo vizvavidyAlaya calAtA hai tathA uccastarIya anusaMdhAna kI vyavasthA varatA hai, vaha zodha-kartA se kucha apekSAe~ bhI rakhatA hai| jisa prakAra samasta kRSi utpAdana kA bhoga kisAna hI nahIM kara letA, kala-kArakhAnoM ke suphala kevala mila-mAlika evaM majadUra ke lie hI nahIM hote, usI prakAra anusaMdhAna ke pariNAmoM kA bhoktA bhI kevala zodhakartA nahIM ho sktaa| use samAja aura rASTra ke hita ko dhyAna meM rakhakara zodha-kArya sampanna karanA caahie| ___ hara samAja aura rASTra kI eka saMskRti hotI hai| saMskRti nizcita mUlyoM para AdhArita hotI hai| una mUlyoM kI rakSA aura vikAsa jJAna-vijJAna ke nirantara saMzodhana se hI saMbhava hotA hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki vibhinna dezoM kI saMskRtiyA~ havAoM kI taraha saMkramaNa karatI haiN| isa saMkramaNa meM jo saMskRti durbala hotI hai, vaha parAjita hokara bAhya prabhAvoM ko aMgIkAra kara letI hai aura usake jIvana-mUlya dhIre-dhIre kSaya-grasta ho jAte haiN| aisI sthiti meM unheM pahacAnanA bhI kaThina ho jAtA hai| phala yaha hotA hai ki usa jAti yA samAja kA vikAsa ruka jAtA hai tathA kabhI-kabhI itanA hrAsa hotA hai ki usa parAjita jAti yA samAja kA sAMskRtika astitva hI samApta ho jAtA hai| ataH zodha ke dvArA hI nirantara jAtIya saMskRti kI surakSA karanI hotI hai, jo mAnava-mUlyoM ke astitva para nirbhara hotI hai| ___ zodha ke dvArA mAnava-samAja kI samasta bauddhika evaM vyAvahArika sampadA kA mUlyAMkana saMbhava hotA hai| sanAtana mAnava-mUlyoM kI pahacAna zodha ke dvArA hI surakSita raha pAtI hai tathA navavikasita mAnava-mUlyoM kA saMzodhana bhI usI se saMbhava hotA hai / vibhinna jAtiyoM ke sAMskRtika AdAna-pradAna meM janma lene vAlI anAvazyaka TakarAhaTa bhI zodha ke dvArA hI dUra kI jA sakatI hai tathA una jAtiyoM ko una tattvoM kI pahacAna karAI jA sakatI hai, jo vAstava meM eka hI haiM, kevala bhASA yA nAma-rUpa bAharI antara hone se ve bhinna pratIta ho rahe haiN| For Private And Personal Use Only

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84 / anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi vastutaH mAnava-mUlya samAna hI hote haiN| yaha mAnanA bhrama hogA ki kisI eka jAti ke jIvana-mUlya dUsarI jAti ke jIvana-mUlyoM ke virodhI bhI ho sakate haiM / jitane bhI mAnavIya guNa haiM, sadA aura sarvatra samAna hote haiM / unheM bhinna mAnanA kisI bhI jAti- vizeSa yA vyakti-vizeSa kA ajJAna hI kahA jaayegaa| isa ajJAna kA nivAraNa zodha ke dvArA hI kiyA jA sakatA hai / vastutaH rAjanIti yA nihita svArthoM se prabhAvita vyakti yA varga aise bhrama phailAte haiM, jinase jIvana ke vAstavika mUlya chipa jAte haiM tathA samAja-virodhI bAtoM meM logoM kI ruci bar3ha jAtI hai| sAmAjika burAiyA~ bar3hane lagatI haiN| aparAdha pravRttiyA~ sammAna pAne lagatI haiN| bhIr3a-taMtra, samAja ke uccAdarzoM ko atIta kI sar3I-galI paramparAe~ batAkara naSTa karane para utArU ho jAtA hai| zikSA-dIkSA para bhI usakA adhikAra ho jAtA hai| phalataH aise samAja kI nIMva par3ane lagatI hai, jo apane ucca jIvana-mUlyoM ko yA to vistRta kara detA hai yA unakA upahAsa karane lagatA hai| dhIre-dhIre aisA samaya AtA hai, jaba patha - bhraSTa samAja ko kisI bhI dizA meM mukti kA mArga nahIM miltaa| aise samAja ko nayA prakAza dene ke lie zodha ke dvArA vismRta mAnava mUlyoM kI nidhi sauMpane ke lie vidvAn zodhakartA hI sAmane Ate haiN| yadi samaya para mAnava mUlyoM kI punarsthApanA ke lie sahI dizA meM anusaMdhAna na kiyA jAe, to sampUrNa rASTra bhayaMkara saMkaToM meM par3a jAtA hai 1 jIvana kI dhArA ko sImAoM meM pravAhita karane ke lie pratyeka deza kA pratyeka samAja aise niyama banAtA hai, jo anya deza yA samAja ke lie avirodhI to hote hI haiM, sAtha hI unase pArasparika antarvirodha kI ciMgAriyA~ bhI nahIM nikalatIM / kintu kucha aise vyakti bhI samaya-samaya para janma lete haiM, jo apanI AsurI zaktiyoM kA pradarzana karake eka varga ko dUsare varga se lar3A dete haiN| vibhinna taMtra vidhvaMsaka gatividhiyoM ko bar3hAvA dete haiM aura unake pariNAma-svarUpa samAja kI zAnti-vyavasthA saMkaTa meM par3a jAtI hai| ataH manuSya ke caritra ke vibhinna pakSoM kA mUlyoM kI dRSTi se anusaMdhAna karake una para chAI dhUla ko haTAnA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai 1 zodhakartA kA kSetra koI bhI ho, viSaya-sambandhI antara ho, kintu mUlya-dRSTi meM koI antara nahIM pdd'taa| sAhitya, kalA, itihAsa yA darzana kI racanAtmaka zailiyA~ bhinna ho sakatI haiM, srotoM meM antara ho sakatA hai, kintu zodhAkartA ke lie unake adhyayana kI mUlya-dRSTi bhinna nahIM ho sakatI yA aisA bhI nahIM ho sakatA ki vaha kevala viSaya kI vAstavikatA kA anAvaraNa karake raha jAe tathA mUlyoM kI upekSA kara de / udAharaNArtha, kisI jAti ke itihAsa para anusaMdhAna karate samaya kisI rAjA, varga yA samAja kI vIratA kA anuzIlana usake dvArA kiye gaye kAryoM ke pariNAmoM kI upekSA nahIM kara sktaa| yadi kisI durbala varga para atyAcAra karane meM vIratA dikhAI gaI hai, to use koI bhI anusaMdhAnakartA vIratA kI mahimA se maMDita nahIM kara sakatA / nAriyoM para bala-prayoga karake aura AdarzoM kI jhUThI duhAI dekara unheM ApattiyoM kI Aga meM jhoMkane vAlA zAsana yA samAja prazaMsA kA pAtra nahIM bana sakatA / azlIlatA kA pradarzana karane For Private And Personal Use Only

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anusaMdhAna aura mAnava-mUlya/85 vAlI kalAe~ kitanI hI zreSTha kyoM na hoM, mUlya-hIna hI siddha hotI haiN| manoraMjana karane meM bAjI mAra le jAne vAlA sAhitya yadi mAnava-caritra ko patana kI ora le jAne vAle udAharaNa prastuta karatA hai, to usakI mUlya-hInatA use sAhitya kI zreNI se nikAla dene ke lie paryApta hotI hai| aise itihAsa, kalA yA sAhitya para kucha samaya ke lie koI varga yA samAja bhale hI garva kara le, kintu pariNAma vinAzakArI hI siddha hotA hai| ataH hara vinAzakArI sthiti se samAja ko bacAne ke lie zodha kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| mAnava-mUlyoM ko samajhane vAlA zodhakartA kalA, sAhitya yA itihAsa ke una samasta mUlyoM ke prati samAja ko sAvadhAna kara detA hai, jinase Age kI pIr3hI pathabhraSTa ho sakatI thii| isa prakAra zodhakartA apane zrama aura jJAna kA suphala kevala apane samaya ke samAja ko hI nahIM detA, balki bhAvI samAja kA bhI mArga-darzana karatA hai| jo kucha ghaTita ho cukA hai, use rokA to nahIM jA sakatA, kintu Age vaisA ghaTita na ho, yaha prayatna to kiyA hI jA sakatA hai / zodha ke dvArA yahI prayatna caritArtha hotA hai| ataH jo deza apane bhAvI itihAsa ko sudhAranA cAhatA hai, vaha nirantara apane sAhitya, kalAoM aura itihAsa kI ghaTanAoM kA anusaMdhAna karAtA rahatA hai| zikSA ko sahI dizA dene meM ye anusaMdhAna kAma Ate haiN| bhAratavarSa eka sahasra varSoM se adhika samaya taka parataMtra rhaa| itihAsa likhane vAloM ne isa lambI avadhi kI ghaTanAoM aura upalabdhiyoM ko bar3e-bar3e pothoM meM prastuta kara diyA, kintu jaba taka una pothoM kA isa dRSTi se anusaMdhAna na ho ki ve kaunase kAraNa the jo dIrghakAlIna parataMtratA meM sahAyaka hue, taba taka unako samAja kI unnati meM sahAyaka nahIM banAyA jA sakatA / videzI AkrAntA yahA~ Aye aura lUTa-mAra karake cale gaye,yA zAsaka bana gaye, isa tathya mAtra ko itihAsa kI sAmagrI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / una AkrAntAoM ke kAle-kAranAmoM kI bhAratIya saMdoM meM mUlya-paraka sahI vyAkhyA Avazyaka hotI hai, aisI vyAkhyA jo bhaviSya ko eka prakAza sauMpa ske| yaha kArya zodha ke dvArA hI saMbhava hai aura sahI zodhakartA ko isa ora dhyAna denA caahie| sAhitya meM kalAtmaka samRddhi kI prazaMsA eka bAta hai aura usakI mUlya-paraka chAna-bIna dUsarI bAta / parataMtratA ke dinoM meM patanazIla samAja ke sAmane zAsakoM dvArA rakhe gaye kalAtmaka ucca pratimAna mUlyoM ke prati nakArAtmaka sthiti ke hI pratIka kahe jaaeNge| isI AdhAra para eka ora hindI kA bhaktikAlIna kAvya yadi mUlyoM kI dRSTi se atyanta samRddha sAhitya mAnA jAyegA, to rItikAlIna kAvya usI kI tulanA meM vipanna sthiti kA sAhitya kahA jAyegA, bhale hI usameM AlocakoM ko kalAtmaka samRddhi ke darzana hote hoN| citra, mUrti, nRtya Adi ke sAtha bhI zodha kI yahI dRSTi jur3I huI hai| ataH yaha ni:saMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki zodha kA mukhya kArya ucca mAnava-" mUlyoM kI rakSA karanA, unheM samaya kI kAI se nikAlakara samAja ke sAmane rakhanA tathA deza ke bhaviSya ko ujjvala banAne meM unakA yogadAna karAnA hai| jina vidvAnoM kA zodha-kArya isa karttavya se cyuta hotA hai, unheM samAja kA hitaiSI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| For Private And Personal Use Only

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| 17 zodha-prabandha-lekhana mAnavikI viSayoM meM zodha-prabandha-lekhana kI kalA bhI vizeSa mahattva rakhatI hai| jo zodhakarmI isa kalA meM niSNAta nahIM hote,unakA adhikAMza parizrama mahattvahIna ho jAtA hai| ataH zodha-kArya meM praveza karate samaya unheM yaha bhI samajha lenA cAhie ki zodha-pravidhi ke isa kSetra meM bhI unakI pahu~ca hai yA nahIM ? zodha-prabandha-lekhana kI prakriyA viSaya kA nirdhAraNa karake rUparekhA banAte samaya hI AraMbha ho jAtI hai| rUparekhA hI samasta zodha-prabandha-lekhana kI dizA bhI nirdhArita karatI hai| jisa prakAra AyojanA ThIka na bane to zodha-kArya meM aneka kaThinAiyA~ AtI haiM, usI prakAra AyojanA kA rUpa ThIka na ho to zodha-prabandha-lekhana bhI dizA-bhraSTa ho sakatA hai| zodha-prabandha-lekhana ke lie kaI anivAryatAe~ haiN| yahA~ una para vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| ye anivAryatAe~ do kSetroM se sambandha rakhatI haiM- prathama kSetra kA sambandha zodha-nirdezaka tathA zodhakartA se hai aura dvitIya kSetra kA sambandha prabandha ke likhita rUpa se hai| zodha-nirdezaka kA sambandha zodha-prabandha-lekhana meM zodha-nirdezaka kI bhI bahuta bar3I bhUmikA rahatI hai| zodha-kArya ke lie to usakA dizA-nirdezana mahattva rakhatA hI hai,zodha-prabandha-lekhana meM bhI usI kA nirdezana kAma AtA hai| ataH zodha-nirdezaka kA sudhI, anubhavI, viSaya-vizeSajJa, udAra, sahanazIla, spaSTavAdI, acchA bhASA-vid tathA lekhana-kalA meM dakSa honA Avazyaka hai| Ajakala zodha-nirdezakoM kI bAr3heM A gaI haiN| jo bhI prAdhyApaka snAtakottara kakSAe~ kucha varSoM taka par3hA letA hai tathA svayaM pI-ecar3I. upAdhi prApta kara cukA hotA hai, vaha zodha-nirdezaka bhI bana jAtA hai| ataH prAyaH sabhI snAtakottara mahAvidyAlayoM meM hara viSaya meM darjanoM zodha-nirdezaka mila jAte haiN| yaha bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki vibhAga kI snAtakottara For Private And Personal Use Only

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zodha-prabandha-lekhana/87 kakSA meM utane chAtra nahIM hote jitane chAtra vibhAga meM pI-ecar3I. upAdhi ke lie zodha hetu paMjIkRta hote haiN| inameM se adhikAMza zodhArthI vibhAga meM mahInoM taka darzana nahIM dete aura acAnaka zodha-prabandha kA hastalikhita pothA lekara zodha-nirdezaka ke ghara upasthita ho jAte haiN| aisI paristhiti meM zodha-nirdezaka yA to apanI sahanazIlatA aura udAratA kho baiThatA hai tathA pauthe ko ulaTa-palaTa kara eka-do vAkyoM meM punaH samasta kArya karane kA nirdeza de DAlatA hai yA "parama udAra na sira para koU" kI nIti apanAkara usa pothe ko mana hI mana praNAma karatA hai tathA TaMkaNa kI svIkRti de detA hai / zodhArthI ke cale jAne para eka saMkaTa se mukti mAna apane nikaTatama mitra parIkSakoM kI sUcI vizvavidyAlaya meM bhejakara samaya para zodhArthI kI gADI pAra karA detA hai tathA apanI yogyatA-sUcI meM eka naye zodhArthI ke pI-eca r3I. ho jAne kI vRddhi kara letA hai / "hari ananta hari kathA anntaa|" sAra bAta yahI hai ki zodha-nirdezaka ko niyamAnusAra zodhakarmI ke kArya ko niyaMtrita karanA cAhie tathA samaya-samaya para usake likhita kArya meM saMzodhana karate rahanA caahie| kintu yaha tabhI saMbhava hai, jaba zodha-nirdezaka meM pUrvokta guNa hoM tathA zodha-kArya ke prati usakI pUrNa AsthA ho / zodha-kartA se apekSAe~ jahA~ zodha-nirdezaka kA kArya naukarI aura padonnati se jur3a gayA hai, vahIM zodhakartA bhI bekArI se jUjhatA huA prAyaH naukarI ke lie hI zodha-kArya meM pravRtta hone lagA hai| ata: anya bAtoM kI ora usakA rujhAna adhika rahatA hai / "para-hita nirata" rahakara vaha apanI "naiyA pAra" karanA cAhatA hai| vastutaH zodha-prabandha-lekhana ke lie zodha-kartA ko nirantara vivecanAtmaka TippaNiyA~ likhane kA prayAsa karanA caahie| aisa TippaNiyoM yA AlekhoM ko use dubArA par3hakara svayaM parakhanA cAhie aura phira zodha-nirdezaka ko dikhAte rahanA tathA upayukta nirdeza lenA caahie| bhASA para bhI use apanA adhikAra bar3hAnA caahie| nirantara bhASA-sambandhI abhivyaMjanA-zakti ke vikAsa meM pravRtta rahakara use apanI eka vizeSa zailI vikasita karanI caahie| viSaya se sambandhita sAmagrI jahA~ bhI mile,use par3hate rahane kI pravRtti paidA karanI caahie| eka bAra likhI sAmagrI ko hI Alasya-vaza paryApta mAnakara zodha-nirdezaka ke pAsa saMzodhana yA TaMkaNa-anumati ke lie nahIM le jAnA cAhie, balki kaI bAra use par3hakara parimArjita rUpa denA cAhie / zodha-nirdezaka ke pAsa yoM hI nahIM pahu~ca jAnA cAhie, balki pahale milane kA samaya taya kara lenA caahie| zodha-nirdezaka yadi vyasta ho aura phira Ane ke lie nirdeza de, to khIjhanA nahIM caahie| apanI kSamatA, kaThina parizrama, nirantara lekhana-abhyAsa tathA zodha-karma ke prati tallInatA hI zodhArthI ke zodha-kArya ko maulika banA sakatI hai| zodhArthI meM lekhana-kSamatA aura bhASA-yogyatA kA abhAva huA to kabhI bhI zodha-prabandha ThIka DhaMga se nahIM likhA jA sktaa| yadi likha bhI liyA gayA to vaha paThanIya evaM prakAzanIya nahIM bana sktaa| For Private And Personal Use Only

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88/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi vastutaH zodhakartA ko svayaM AraMbha meM hI samajha lenA cAhie ki vaha zodha kA adhikArI bhI hai yA nhiiN| jisane pAThya-pustakoM evaM kuMjiyoM Adi ke sahAre snAtakottara upAdhi to prathama zreNI meM prApta kara lI hai, kintu eka patra bhI likhane meM jisakI kalama hicakatI hai,kabhI kisI patra-patrikA ke lie maulika lekha likhane kI icchA nahIM huI, aisA chAtra sahI zodhArthI nahIM bana sktaa| yadi usane zodha-yAtrA AraMbha bhI kara dI to vaha zodha-prabandha likha nahIM sktaa| kabhI-kabhI aise tathAkathita zodhArthI hI idhara-udhara se nakala karake upadhi to le lete haiM, kintu unake zodha-prabandha ko andhakAra se bAhara abhI koI nahIM dekha paataa| duHkha to yaha hai ki aise zodha-karma ke pazcAt kucha varSoM kA adhyayana-anubhava lekara ve svayaM bhI zodha-nirdezaka bana jAte haiM aura jaba zodha-prabandha likhAne kI naubata AtI hai, taba zodhArthI ko pahale se hI harI jhaMDI dikhA dete haiN| prabandha-lekhana kA dUsarA pakSa ___ samartha zodha-nirdezaka tathA sakSama zodhakartA kI prathama zarta pUrNa ho jAne ke pazcAt prabandha-lekhana kI dUsarI zarta prAraMbha hotI hai| jisa rUparekhA ke anusAra zodha-kArya AraMbha kiyA gayA hai, use paryApta na mAnakara zodhakArya kI upalabdhiyoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue zodha-prabandha ko tIna bhAgoM meM bA~Ta lenA caahie| prathama bhAga meM zodhArthI ko viSaya kI bhUmikA likhanI caahie| yaha bhAga hI mUla viSaya ko sahI dizA detA hai| ataH isa bhAga ke adhyAyoM yA adhyAya kA Age kI vivecana sAmagrI se vyavasthita sambandha honA caahie| yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki bhUmikA anargala na ho,na adhika vistAra dhAraNa kre| isa bAta kA bhI barAbara dhyAna rahanA cAhie ki viSaya ke vivecana kA jo kSetra hai, usake pUrva-paricaya kI samasta sAmagrI saMkSipta tathA sambaddha rUpa meM bhUmikA meM A jAye / mUla viSaya ke srota khojane meM itanI adhika asambaddha sAmagrI na prastuta kara dI jAye ki jisase vivecana ke pazcAt niSkarSoM kA yaha patA hI na cale ki ve bhUmikA para AdhArita haiM yA mUla viSaya pr| vastutaH zodhArthI ko isa bAta para dhyAna denA cAhie ki zodha-viSaya kA subodha AdhAra taiyAra ho jAe tathA usa viSaya ke pUrvavartI kAryoM kA saMkSipta siMhAvalokana bhI bhUmikA bhAga meM A jaae| bhUmikA bhAga likha lene ke pazcAt zodhakartA ko viSaya-vivecana bhAga kA krama-pUrvaka adhyAyoM meM vibhAjana karanA cAhie tathA saMgrahIta sAmagrI ke AdhAra para upayukta uddharaNa dete hue viSaya kA vizleSaNa evaM vivecana karanA caahie| sambandhita upalabdha jJAna kA yathA-sthAna punarAkhyAna bhI karate calanA caahie| jo bhI tarka die jAe~ tathA unake lie jo bhI pramANa juTAe jAeM, unakA pAda-TippaNiyoM meM ullekha karanA caahie| pAda-TippaNiyoM meM pustaka, lekhaka, pRSTha, saMskaraNa tathA prakAzaka kA sahI-sahI ullekha honA caahie| ye pAda-TippaNiyA~ pratyeka pRSTha para bhI dI jA sakatI haiM aura pratyeka adhyAya ke anta meM bhii| yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki samasta zodha-prabandha likha jAne ke pazcAt pAra paNiyA~ e: For Private And Personal Use Only

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zodha-prabandha - lekhana / 89 sAtha de dI jaaeN| yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki kahIM bhI pAda-TippaNiyA~ dI jAe~, kintu unakI saMketa-saMkhyA pratyeka pRSTha para sahI tathA krama baddha DhaMga se TaMkita kI jaae| viSaya kA vivecana anargala tathA mAtra varNanAtmaka nahIM honA caahie| jo kucha bhI kahA jAe, vaha niSkarSo taka pahu~cAne vAlA ho| koI bhI sthApanA AraMbha meM hI nahIM kara denI cAhie / pratyeka sthApanA ke pahale upayukta vivecana karake pramANa aura tarka dene cAhie~ / pratyeka adhyAya ke anta meM prApta niSkarSo ko sAra rUpa meM avazya denA caahie| vivecana ke pazcAt tIsare bhAga upasaMhAra Adi kI sthiti AtI hai| jo bhI niSkarSa pratyeka adhyAya meM prApta hue haiM, unako vyavasthita karake upasaMhAra taiyAra karanA cAhie tathA usameM apane zodha kArya kI niSpatti denI caahie| zodha-prabandha-lekhana kI pUrvokta sthitiyoM se pAra ho jAne ke uparAnta zodhakartA ko AraMbha meM eka aisI prastAvanA prastuta karanI cAhie, jisameM zodha kArya kI maulika upalabdhiyoM kA ullekha ho tathA jJAna-sImA ke vistAra meM usakA yogadAna spaSTa ho sake / zodha-prabandha ke anta meM una samasta granthoM aura patra-patrikAoM kI sUcI pariziSTa meM dI jAnI cAhie, jinakI sahAyatA lI gaI hai| yadi koI vizeSa ajJAta sAmagrI milI ho aura jisake binA parIkSaka apanA parIkSaNa kArya na kara sake, to use bhI pariziSTa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jAnA cAhie / zodha-prabandha kI TaMkita pratiyoM meM prAyaH TaMkaNa kI azuddhiyA~ raha jAtI haiN| zodhakartA ko bahuta sAvadhAnI se unakA nivAraNa karanA caahie| azuddha bhASA aura azuddha vivaraNa samasta zodha kArya kI garimA naSTa kara dete haiM tathA kabhI-kabhI zodha-prabandha asvIkRta bhI ho jAte haiM / bhASA-sambandhI zodha-prabandhoM kA lekhana taba taka pUrNa nahIM hotA, jaba taka zodhakartA prastAvanA meM yaha spaSTa na kare ki usane tathya-saMkalana ke lie kauna-kauna se sAdhana apanAye tathA kSetrIya kAryoM ke lie kina-kina kSetroM ko cunaa| use yaha bhI batAnA cAhie ki bhASika namUne kisa praNAlI se ekatra kiye gaye tathA ve kisa sImA taka vizvasanIya haiN| yadi vibhinna vargoM ke vyaktiyoM se sAkSAtkAra karake namUne ekatra kiye gaye hoM, to unakA bhI ullekha prastAvanA meM kiyA jAnA cAhie tathA yathAvazyaka kucha namUne evaM sAkSAtkAra pariziSTa meM diye jAne caahieN| jo praznAvalI zodha kArya meM sahAyaka huI ho, vaha bhI pariziSTa meM dI jA sakatI hai| anta meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki zodha pravidhi kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga zodha-prabandha-lekhana bhI hai| yaha vaha kSetra hai, jisameM zodhArthI kA aMtima phala caritArtha hotA hai| zodhakartA ke samasta zrama kI garimA zodha-prabandha-lekhana ke stara aura svarUpa para nirbhara hotI hai, ataH zodhArthI ko isa ora AraMbha se hI dhyAna denA caahie| For Private And Personal Use Only

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| 18] hindI-anusaMdhAna : vikAsa, upalabdhiyA~ aura sujhAva "hindI-zodha" kA vikAsa aura upalabdhiparaka Akalana karane ke lie AraMbha meM hI yaha spaSTa kara lenA Avazyaka hai ki usakI artha-sImA kA vistAra kahA~ taka mAnA jaaye| zabdArtha kI dRSTi se vaha samasta zodha-kArya, jo hindI bhASA ke mAdhyama se kiyA jAye "hindI-zodha" meM sammilita kiyA jA sakatA hai| sAtha hI vaha zodha-kArya bhI jo hindI bhASA aura usake sAhitya se sambandhita hai- bhale hI vaha kisI bhI bhASA meM prastuta huA ho- "hindI-zodha" kI artha-sImA meM AtA hai| kintu ye donoM hI artha-sImAe~ usa artha ko prakaTa nahIM karatIM,jo mUlataH hamArA abhipreta hai| hama hindI-zodha ke aMtargata na to usa zodha-kArya ko sammilita karanA cAhate haiM,jo hindI bhASA aura hindI-sAhitya ke atirikta anya viSayoM se sambandhita hai aura na hama usa zodha-kArya ko hI yahA~ hindI-zodha-kArya mAnanA cAhate haiM, jo hindI bhASA aura sAhitya se to sambandhita hai, kintu jo hindI bhASA meM prastuta na hokara aMgrejI, phArasI Adi meM prastuta huA hai| ataH apanI bAta ko adhika spaSTa karane ke lie hama yaha kahanA cAhate haiM ki hindI-zodha-kArya ke aMtargata hama usa samasta zodha-kArya para vicAra kareMge, jisakA sambandha pratyakSa athavA parokSa rUpa se hindI bhASA aura hindI sAhitya se hai tathA jisako hindI bhASA meM hI prastuta kiyA gayA hai| uparyukta sImA meM jaba hama Aja taka sampanna hue hindI zodha-kArya para dRSTi DAlate haiM, to hamAre sAmane yaha tathya AtA hai ki usakA vikAsa do rUpoM meM huA hai : 1. sAdhanAtmaka zodha-kArya; aura 2. kAmanAtmaka shodh-kaary| For Private And Personal Use Only

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hindI-anusaMdhAna : vikAsa, upalabdhiyA~ aura sujhAva/91 prathama prakAra kA zodha-kArya svayaM kI pUrti meM eka siddhi hai aura dvitIya prakAra kA zodha kArya usase sambaddha kAmanA kI pUrti meM siddhi banatA hai| prathama prakAra kA zodha-kArya yA to una vidvAnoM ke dvArA kiyA gayA hai, jo apane jIvana meM hindI bhASA aura sAhitya ke atIta aura vartamAna ko samRddha dekhane ke AkAMkSI rahe haiM yA una saMsthAoM ke dvArA karAyA gayA hai jo hindI aura usake sAhitya ke vikAsa ko apanA uddezya banAkara saMcAlita huI haiN| dvitIya prakAra ke zodha-kArya ke pIche prAyaH isa prakAra kI sAdhanA kA abhAva rahA hai tathA zodhakartA kI kAmanA kisI upAdhi aura usake mAdhyama se vyaktigata samRddhi para kendrita rahI hai| hindI meM prathama prakAra kA zodha-kArya sAdhanA para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa hI mAtrA meM adhika nahIM hai, kintu guNa meM mahattvapUrNa hai / isa prakAra kA zodha-kArya bhASA aura sAhitya donoM ke sambandha meM huA hai / AcArya kSitimohana saina,AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI, AcArya rAmacandra zukla, bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa, AcArya candrabalI pANDeya, AcArya parazurAma caturvedI, AcArya kizorIdAsa vAjapeyI,DaoN.nagendra bAbU gulAbarAya ema.e.Adi vidvAnoM ne isI prakAra kA sAdhanAtmaka zodha kArya kiyA hai| inameM se kucha vidvAnoM ne tathya-khoja kI hai aura kucha ne graMtha aura graMthakAroM kA patA lagAyA hai / yo hindI bhASA aura sAhitya ko samRddha banAne ke lie kI gaI inakI sevAeM sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa haiN| jina saMsthAoM ne hindI bhASA aura sAhitya ke sambandha meM zodhakArya karAyA hai, unameM nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI, hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga Adi ke atirikta vibhinna zAsakIya zodha-vibhAga bhI apanA aitihAsika mahattva rakhate haiN| ina kendroM se adhikatara prAcIna anupalabdha sAmagrI ke saMkalana kA abhiyAna calA hai tathA usake paricayAtmaka vivaraNa prakAzita hue haiM, jisase zodha-kSetra kI sambhAvanAe~ bar3hI haiN| ___kAmanAtmaka zodha-kArya ko hama bhASA-paraka tathA sAhitya-paraka do vargoM meM vibhAjita kara sakate haiM- bhASA-paraka zodha-kArya kA AraMbha DaoN. bAbUrAma saksenA ke "avadhI kA vikAsa" graMtha se hotA hai, kintu yaha graMtha mUlata: aMgrejI meM (1931 I. meM) likhA gayA thA, ataH hamArI artha-sImA meM nahIM aataa| isI prakAra kA dUsarA zodha-kArya DaoN. dhIrendra varmA kA "brajabhASA" graMtha hai, jo perisa vizvavidyAlaya meM DIliT. kI upAdhi ke lie svIkRta huA thA, kintu yaha bhI hindI meM nahIM likhA gayA thaa| san 1954 I. meM isakA hindI rUpAntara prakAzita huaa| san 1940 meM laMdana vizvavidyAlaya se pI-eca.DI. kI upAdhi ke lie svIkRta "jAyasI kI avadhI" ke viziSTa saMdarbha meM solahavIM zatI kI hindI kA bhASA-vaijJAnika adhyayana nAmaka zodha-prabandha bhI aMgrejI meM likhA jAne ke kAraNa hindI-zodha kI sImA meM nahIM aataa| yadyapi pUrvokta donoM graMtha tathA zrI lakSmIdhara kA uparyukta zodha-prabandha, tInoM se hindI bhASA ke bhASA vaijJAnika adhyayana kI paramparA AraMbha huI hai, kintu usakI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama hindI nahIM bana sakI / zrI nalinI mohana sAnyAla kA "bihArI bhASAoM kI utpatti tathA vikAsa" graMtha,jo kalakatA vizvavidyAlaya se pI-ecar3I. ke lie svIkRta huA thA, isa prakAra caturtha prayAsa hai, kintu vaha bhI hindI bhASA meM prastuta For Private And Personal Use Only

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Shri Mahavir Jain Aradhana Kendra 92 / anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi na hone ke kAraNa bhASA kI mUla abhivyakti ko nahIM pA sakA / jo anya graMtha bhASA ke vaijJAnika adhyayana kI dRSTi se zodha kArya ke rUpa meM prastuta hue aura jinase hindI kA adhyayana Age bar3hA yA usakI boliyoM aura upabhASAoM kA svarUpa spaSTa huA, unameM nimnAMkita ko mahattvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai : 2. 1. maithilI bhASA kI rUpa-racanA ( 1944 I), paTanA vivi. zrI subhadrA jhA / bhojapurI bhASA kI utpatti tathA vikAsa (1945 I), prayAga vizvavidyAlaya - DaoN. udayanArAyaNa tivArI / 6. www.kobatirth.org 3. hindI artha - vijJAna (1954 I), prayAga vizvavidyAlaya - DaoN. haradeva bAharI / 4. muhAvarA - mImAMsA (1949 I), kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya - DaoN. omaprakAza / bhojapurI dhvaniyoM aura dhvani-prakriyA kA adhyayana (1950 I), laMdana vizvavidyAlaya - DaoN. vizvanAtha prasAda / 5. 7. Acharya Shri Kailassagarsuri Gyanmandir 8. 9. brajabhASA banAma khar3I bolI (1955 I), AgarA vizvavidyAlaya - DaoN. kapiladeva siMha / kRSaka - jIvana sambandhI zabdAvalI (1956 I), AgarA vizvavidyAlaya - DaoN. ambA prasAda sumana / hindI artha - vicAra (1960 I), kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya -- DaoN. zivanAtha / bhaktikAlIna hindI santa sAhitya kI bhASA (1960 I), AgarA vizvavidyAlaya - DaoN. premanArAyaNa zukla / ina zodha-prabandhoM ke atirikta jo zodha-prabandha bhASA vaijJAnika zodha kI dRSTi se likhe gaye, unako prakAzana ke abhAva, viSaya kI sAmAnyatA athavA vivecana ke uthalepana ke kAraNa bhASAvaijJAnika jJAna-vRddhi meM adhika sahAyaka nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / sAhitya-sambandhI zodha ke do rUpa haiM- prathama prakAra ke zodha prabandha ve haiM, jo loka-sAhitya ke anusaMdhAna ko prastuta karate haiM aura dvitIya prakAra ke graMtha ziSTa- sAhitya kA anveSaNa karate haiM / prathama prakAra ke kArya kI paramparA DaoN. jayakAnta mizra ke zodha graMtha " maithilI sAhitya kA saMkSipta itihAsa" se AraMbha huI thii| yaha prabandha san 1948 I. meM prayAga vizvavidyAlaya meM DI. phila. ke lie svIkRta huA thA / kintu yaha graMtha prakAzita nahIM ho skaa| usake pazcAt san 1949 I. meM AgarA vizvavidyAlaya se pI-eca.DI. ke lie DaoN. satyendra kA zodha-prabandha " braja loka-sAhitya kA adhyayana" svIkRta huA, jo prakAzita ho cukA hai| isa graMtha ne loka sAhitya ke adhyayana ke lie kaI logoM ko protsAhita kiyA / san 1951 meM DaoN. kRSNadeva upAdhyAya kA " bhojapurI loka sAhitya kA adhyayana" graMtha lakhanaU vizvavidyAlaya kI pI-eca.DI. upAdhi ke lie svIkRta huA aura san 1961 meM isakA prakAzana bhI huaa| loka-sAhitya ke adhyayana meM isa graMtha ko eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi kahA jA sakatA hai| "bhojapurI lokagAthA kA adhyayana" nAma se prakAzita DaoN. satyavrata sinhA kA DI. phila. ke lie prayAga vizvavidyAlaya se 1953 meM svIkRta zodha-graMtha For Private And Personal Use Only

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hindI-anusaMdhAna : vikAsa, upalabdhiyA~ aura sujhAva/93 bhojapurI loka sAhitya ke adhyayana ko niHsaMdeha Age bar3hAtA hai| isa kSetra meM DaoN. satyendra kA "madhyakAlIna hindI sAhitya kA lokatAntrika adhyayana graMtha.jo AgarA vizvavidyAlaya se 1957 I. meM DIliT. ke lie svIkRta huA thA, loka-sAhitya aura ziSTa sAhitya ke pArasparika sambandha ko jor3ane vAlI aura donoM ke jIvanta tattvoM ko spaSTa karane vAlI eka mahattvapUrNa kar3I hai| ziSTa sAhitya kA anusaMdhAna karate samaya zodhakoM kA dhyAna kevala sAhitya para hI kendrita nahIM rahA, unhoMne sAhityakAroM ke jIvana aura yugIna paristhitiyoM ko bhI samajhA hai tathA pArasparika sambandhoM aura prabhAvoM kI khoja bhI kI hai| unhoMne svataMtra rUpa se bhI kRtitva ke una preraka tattvoM ko khoja nikAlA hai,jo sarjana ko vibhinna rUpoM meM prabhAvita karate haiN| yoM zodha ke pariNAma nitAMta Azvasta karane vAle rahe haiN| vibhinna lekhakoM aura kaviyoM ke jIvana ke saMbaMdha meM ajJAta sAmagrI kI hI khoja nahIM kI gayI, unakI ajJAta racanAoM ko bhI khoja nikAlA gayA hai tathA unakI prAmANikatA kI parakha kI gaI hai| kavi ke jIvana aura yuga kI pravRttiyoM ke saMdarbha meM usake sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana prastuta karane vAle mahattvapUrNa zodha-prabaMdha nimnAMkita haiM : (1) tulasIdAsa : jIvanI aura kRtiyoM kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana ___ yaha grantha prayAga vizvavidyAlaya kI DI.liTa. upAdhi ke lie 1940 I.meM svIkRta huA thA aura 1942 meM prakAzita bhI huaa| isameM DaoN.mAtAprasAda gupta ne prathama bAra tulasI ke jIvana aura kRtiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM aneka naye tathya prastuta kiye tathA aneka graMthoM kA nirAkaraNa huaa| (2) sUradAsya : jIvana aura kRtiyoM kA adhyayana yaha zodha prabaMdha DaoN.bajezvara varmA ne san 1945 meM prayAga vizvavidyAlaya meM prastuta karake DI.phila. kI upAdhi pAI thii| isa graMtha kA bhI prakAzana ho cukA hai| isameM lekhaka ne prathama bAra sUradAsa ke jIvana aura granthoM kI chAnabIna kI tathA prAmANikatA para vicAra kiyA aura kRtitva para bhI vistAra se prakAza ddaalaa| (3) rItikAvya kI bhUmikA aura deva isa varga kA tIsarA mahattvapUrNa graMtha DaoN. nageMdra racita "rItikAvya kI bhUmikA tathA deva aura unakI kavitA" hai, jisa para unheM AgarA vizvavidyAlaya se san 1946 I. meM DI. liTa. kI upAdhi milI thii| yaha graMtha prAraMbha meM eka jilda meM prakAzita huA thA, bAda meM usakA dvitIya saMskaraNa do bhAgoM meM chapA / rItikAla kI bhUmikA ko spaSTa karate hue DaoNkTara nagendra ne pahalI bAra isa graMtha meM mahAkavi deva ke jIvana aura kRtiyoM kI hI khoja nahIM kI, apitu unake kAvya-vaibhava ko bhI prakAzita kiyaa| DaoN. nageMdra kA yaha zodha-kArya aneka dRSTiyoM se Age ke zodha-kartAoM ke lie dizA-nirdezaka siddha huaa| isa varga ke anya mahattvapUrNa zodha-granthoM meM tulasIdAsa aura unakA yuga (DaoN. rAjapati dIkSita), akabarI darabAra ke hindI kavi "(DaoN. sarayUprasAda agravAla), AcArya For Private And Personal Use Only

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94/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi kezavadAsa : eka adhyayana" (DaoN. hIrAlAla dIkSita), madhyakAlIna hindI kavayitriyA~ (DaoN. sAvitrI), AcArya bhikhArIdAsa (DaoN. nArAyaNadAsa khannA), sUra aura unakA sAhitya (DaoN. haravaMzalAla zarmA), DaoN. rAMgeya rAghava : jIvana aura sAhitya (DaoN. dineza ke nirdezana meM DaoN. vizvambhara vyAsa dvArA likhita) Adi kI gaNanA kI jA sakatI hai| ina graMthoM se hindI sAhitya ke aneka naye graMthoM aura unake racayitAoM kA adhyayana prastuta huA hai| ziSTa sAhitya kA adhyayana hindI meM pravRttiyoM kI dRSTi se bhI atyadhika saMtoSajanaka rUpa meM huA hai| darzana kI vibhinna dhArAoM aura mAnavIya ciMtana ke vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se sAhitya ko dekhA-parakhA gayA hai| sAhitya-zAstra ke siddhAntoM para bhI aneka kRtiyoM ko kasA gayA hai tathA jo bhI pariNAma upalabdha hue haiM,ve hindI sAhitya kI samRddhi hI nahIM karate, gaurava-vRddhi bhI karate haiN| bhAratIya aura pAzcAtya jIvana-dRSTiyoM se kRtiyoM kA mUlyAMkana karake zodhakartAoM ne hindI sAhitya ke samasta dAya ko bhaviSya ke hAthoM meM surakSita kara diyA hai| pravRttiyoM ke aMtargata jo zodha-kArya huA hai, usameM hama Adhunika kavitA meM nirAzAvAda aura hindI kAvya meM niyativAda graMthoM ko upalabdhiyoM kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattvapUrNa pAte haiN| prathama graMtha meM DaoN.zaMbhUnAtha pANDeya ne Adhunika kavitA kI eka preraka pravRtti ke rUpa meM nirAzAvAda ko dekhA hai| hindI kAvya meM niyativAda (DaoN.dineza) jo ki san 1960 meM AgarA vizvavidyAlaya se pI-ecar3I.ke lie svIkRta huA aura 1963 meM prakAzita huA,AdikAla se Adhunika kAla taka ke samasta kAvya kA niyativAdI dRSTi se anuzIlana prastuta karatA hai| isa graMtha meM pahalI bAra samasta hindI kAvya ke pIche nihita bhAratIya jIvana-darzana aura usake kalAparaka prabhAvoM ko gaMbhIratApUrvaka udghATita kiyA gayA hai| chAyAvAda, pragativAda, svacchandatAvAda aura gAMdhIvAda jaisI Adhunika sAhitya pravRttiyoM kA bhI anuzIlana kaI dRSTiyoM se kucha zodhakartA prastuta kara cuke haiN| hindI sAhitya kA nirmANa madhyakAla taka yA to vibhinna dArzanika sampradAyoM meM hotA rahA thA yA rAjAzraya meM zAstrIya sampradAyoM meM huA thaa| kaI zodhakartAoM ne una saba sampradAyoM kA bhI alaga-alaga vistAra se anuzIlana kiyA hai aura isa prakAra una saMpradAyoM ke sAhityoM kA gaurava prakAza meM AyA hai| DaoNkTara vijayendra snAtaka kA "rAdhAvallabha sampradAya : siddhAnta aura sAhitya" isa varga kA eka mahattvapUrNa zodha-prabandha hai| aSTachApa aura vallabha sampradAya DaoNkTara dInadayAla gupta kA isI varga kA eka anya zreSTha zodha-graMtha kahA jA sakatA hai| nATaka, upanyAsa, kahAnI, gadya-kAvya, nibaMdha, kAvyazAstra Adi para bhI hindI meM vibhinna dRSTiyoM se zodha-kArya huA hai| nATaka para zAstrIya adhyayana kI dRSTi se DaoNkTara jagannAtha prasAda zarmA kA prasAda ke nATakoM kA zAstrIya adhyayana" mahattvapUrNa graMtha hai| upanyAsa-sAhitya para DaoN. devarAja upAdhyAya ne manovaijJAnika dRSTi se "hindI kathA-sAhitya aura manovijJAna" graMtha likhA hai| isa graMtha ne manovaijJAnika adhyayana kI paramparA Age bar3hAI hai| kahAniyoM para DaoNkTara lakSamInArAyaNa lAla kA "hindI kahAnI kI zilpa-vidhi kA vikAsa" graMtha eka upalabdhi kahA jA sakatA hai| DaoN. padamasiMha zarmA 'kamaleza' ne "hindI gadya-kAvya kA vikAsa' zodha-graMtha likhakara gadya-kAvya ke kSetra meM prazaMsanIya kArya kiyA hai| For Private And Personal Use Only

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hindI-anusaMdhAna : vikAsa, upalabdhiyA~ aura sujhAva/95 dArzanika dRSTi ko spaSTa karane vAle zodha-prabandha bhI hindI meM kaI likhe gaye haiM aura unameM se kucha aise haiM, jinase nizcaya hI prathama bAra hindI kaviyoM kI samasta mAnasI bhUmikA kA anAvaraNa huA hai| aise zodha-prabaMdhoM meM DaoN. baladeva prasAda mizra kA "tulasI darzana" va DaoN. govinda triguNAyata kA "kabIra kI vicAradhArA" avismariNIya haiN| sAhityazAstra aura sAhityetihAsa kA bhI anusaMdhAna vistAra aura gaMbhIratA se huA hai| saMskRta aura hindI ke AcAryoM kI vibhinna zAstrIya sthApanAe~ kevala khojI hI nahIM gayIM ; unakI eka samRddha paramparA ke rUpa meM DhaMga se vyAkhyAe~ bhI sAmane AI haiM aura anake naye tathyoM kA vyAkhyAna-punarAkhyAna huA hai| isake sAtha-sAtha zodhakoM kA dhyAna sAhityazAstra ke itihAsa para bhI gayA hai| isa kSetra meM jo zodha-prabaMdha vizeSa mahattvapUrNa kahate jA sakate haiM, unake nAma haiM-hindI kAvyazAstra kA vikAsa (DaoN. rasAla), manovijJAna ke prakAza meM rasa-siddhAMta kA samAlocanAtmaka adhyayana (DaoN.rAkeza) hindI kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa (DaoN. bhAgIratha mizra), dhvani sampradAya aura usake siddhAMta (DaoN. bholAzaMkara vyaas)| sAhitya kA itihAsa prastuta karane vAle graMthoM meM DaoNkTara rAma kumAra varmA kA hindI sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa,DaoN.zrIkRSNa lAla kA 'hindI sAhitya kA vikAsa' tathA 'hindI sAhitya aura usakI sAMskRtika bhUmikA' (DaoN.lakSmIsAgara vArSNeya) pramukha haiN| ina graMthoM meM prathama bAra vaijJAnika DhaMga se hindI sAhitya kA vikAsAtmaka adhyayana prastuta huA hai / isa paramparA kA navIna zodha-graMtha DaoN. rAmagopAla siMha cauhAna kA "Adhunika hindI sAhitya" hai| pAThAlocana kI ora bhI hindI zodha-kartAoM kA dhyAna gayA hai tathA kaI graMtha zuddha rUpa meM saMpAdita hokara prakAzita hue haiN| isa kSetra kI upalabdhiyoM meM hama zrI pArasanAtha tivArI dvArA saMpAdita kabIra-graMthAvalI' ko prathama sthAna de sakate haiN| AcArya vizvanAtha mizra tathA parazurAma caturvedI ne kaI kaviyoM kI graMthAvalI saMpAdita kI hai| zrI tArakanAtha agravAla ne bIsaladeva rAso kA saMpAdana karake pAThAlocana-saMbaMdhI zodha ko Age bar3hAyA hai| kaI vizvavidyAlayoM meM pI-eca.DI.kI upAdhi ke lie kaI zodhArthI pAThAlocana-saMbaMdhI kArya karane meM juTe haiN| DaoN.mAtAprasAda gupta tathA DaoN. paramezvarI lAla gupta ne bhI pAThAlocana kA kArya kiyA hai / isa graMtha ke lekhaka ne bhI sUrati mizra kI graMthAvalI kA sampAdana kiyA bAla-sAhitya Adi para bhI hindI meM zodha-kArya huA hai| vibhinna prabhAvoM kI bhI khoja kI gayI hai| rItikAvya kA Adhunika kavitA para prabhAva DaoN. rameza kumAra zarmA kA isa varga kA mahattvapUrNa zodha-prabandha hai / tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI bhI sImA kA vistAra hindI zodha ne kiyA hai| vibhinna bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAhitya se vibhinna dRSTiyoM se tulanA kI gayI hai tathA aneka viSaya isa prakAra ke svIkRta ho cuke haiM, jina para kArya ho rahA hai| isa prakAra ke adhyayana se vibhinna bhAratIya bhASAoM ke sAhitya paraspara nikaTa Aye haiM aura akhaMDa bhArata kI kalpanA ko bala milA hai| vibhinna samAjazAstrIya dRSTiyoM se bhI hindI ke graMthoM kA manthana kiyA gayA hai| yoM hindI sAhitya kI jIvana-gata samasta sthitiyAM hindI zodha ke dvArA spaSTa huI haiN| vibhinna For Private And Personal Use Only

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96/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi vijJAnoM se bhI saMbaMdha jor3A gayA hai tathA pazu-pakSI evaM vanaspatiyoM taka kI sAhitya meM huI abhivyakti ko khojA gayA hai| ____ aba taka uparyukta zodha-kArya ke atirikta bhI kaI kSetroM meM mahattvapUrNa zodha kArya huA hai, vaha vistAra aura gAMbhIrya donoM dRSTiyoM se hindI bhASA aura usake sAhitya kA mastaka U~cA karatA hai| anake navIna viSayoM para vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM jo zodha-kArya cala rahA hai, vaha jaba pUrNa ho jAyegA, taba nizcaya hI hindI kA samasta bhASA vaijJAnika aura sAhityika gaurava logoM ke sAmane A skegaa| hameM usake prati AzAvAna rahanA cAhie / saMkhyA dekhakara hameM nirAdhAra yaha kalpanA nahIM kara lenI cAhie ki hindI kA zodha-kArya nirAzAjanaka hai| jo kArya huA hai, vaha aneka staroM para jJAna kI sImAe~ vistRta karatA hai tathA unameM nayI samRddhi lAtA hai| hindI rASTra kI bhASA hai, ata: agara usameM sabase adhika zodha-kArya aba taka ho cukA hai yA Age hone vAlA hai, to yaha ciMtA kA viSaya nahIM honA cAhie, apitu hameM isa para garva kA anubhava karanA caahiye| nizcaya hI hindI ke zodhArthI apane kartavya ko samajhate haiM aura ve jina dizAoM meM naye satyoM kA sAkSAtkAra kara rahe haiM, ve dizAe~ hamAre jIvana ke bhAvI vikAsa meM sahAyaka hoNgii| vizeSa aba taka hamane hindI zodha-kArya kA eka sarvekSaNa vistAra va guNavattA kI sAmAnya dRSTi se prastuta kiyaa| yahA~ hama adhika gaharAI meM jAkara apane pAThakoM ko yaha batAnA cAheMge ki vistAra kI dRSTi se hI nahIM, gaMbhIratA kI dRSTi se bhI kitanA mahattvapUrNa kArya hindI meM huA hai| hamAre zodha vidvAnoM ne jisa kisI viSaya ko zodha kA lakSya banAyA hai, usakA pratyeka konA jhA~kane aura pariNAmoM taka pahu~cane kI unhoMne ceSTA kI hai| isa kathana ke satya ko samajhane ke lie hama yahA~ taka vizeSa kavi tulasIdAsa ke kAvya para hue anusaMdhAna kI vistRta carcA karanA upayukta samajhate haiN| tulasI-sambandhI zodha tulasIdAsa madhyakAlIna bhAratIya manISA, jijIviSA aura AzA-AkA~kSA kA avatAra the| bhAratIya janamAnasa para aba taka unakI amara mUrti aMkita hai / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI muktakaNTha se yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki saMsAra meM aisA koI kavi nahIM huA, jise tulasI ke samAna lokapriyatA prApta huI ho| vastutaH isa mahAkavi ne jana-hRdaya ke mAdhyama se hI AtmA-paramAtmA kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki usane apane sAhitya ko hI nahIM jIvana ko bhI rahasyamaya banAkara chor3a diyA hai| jahA~ aneka kavi apanI racanAoM meM pratyakSataH Atma-paricaya prastuta karane ko prerita hue, vahA~ mahAkavi tulasIdAsa ne apane viSaya meM saba kucha akathita hI rahane diyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki vigata sau-savA sau varSoM meM gaMbhIratA-pUrvaka tulasI ke jIvana aura sAhitya ko anusaMdhAna ho rahA hai, kintu adhikAMza bAteM aba bhI rahasyamaya banI huI haiN| For Private And Personal Use Only

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hindI-anusaMdhAna : vikAsa, upalabdhiyA~ aura sujhAva/97 (1) zodha kI AdhArabhUta sAmagrI ___tulasI ke jIvana aura sAhitya ke sambandha meM zodha karane vAle vidvAnoM ke sAmane sabase bar3I samasyA AdhArabhUta sAmagrI se sambandhita hai| kisI bhI kavi ke sambandha meM anusaMdhAna ke lie do strotoM se sAmagrI milatI hai- antaH sAkSya aura bAhya sAkSya / jahA~ taka antaHsAkSya kA prazna hai, tulasI ne aise bahuta kama saMketa apanI racanAoM meM diye haiM jinase unake jIvana aura sAhitya-sAdhanA kA pUrNa svarUpa samajhA jA sake / bAhya sAkSya ke antargata gausAI-carita, mUla gosAI-carita, tulasI carita, bhaktamAla, priyAdAsa kI TIkA, do sau bAvana vaiSNavana kI vArtA, tulasIdAsa stava evaM "bhaviSya purANa" nAmaka graMtha tathA kAzI, ayodhyA, rAjApura evaM sauroM meM vibhinna rUpoM meM upalabdha sAmagrI tathA janazrutiyoM ko sammilita kiyA jAtA hai| isI sAmagrI ke AdhAra para aba taka tulasI-sambandhI samasta zodha kArya cala rahA hai| (2) zodha-kArya kA prAraMbha tulasI jana-mAnasa se abhinna ho jAne ke kAraNa, sAdhAraNa pAThakoM ke lie zodha kA viSaya nahIM raha gaye the| yahI kAraNa hai ki lagabhaga DhAI sau varSoM taka unake saMbaMdha meM khoja-bIna karane kI icchA taka bhAratIya pAThakoM aura vidvAnoM ke hRdaya meM utpanna nahIM huii| sabase pahale san 1931 I. ke pAzcAtya vidvAna eca. eca. vilsana ne isa ora dhyAna diyaa| yadyapi unhoMne tulasI ke saMbaMdha meM sAmAnya jAnakArI hI prastuta kI, tathApi eka aisA mArga banAne kA zreya unheM milA, jisa para bar3e utsAha se aneka pAzcAtya evaM prAcya vidvAna abhI taka cale A rahe haiN| (3) pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA zodha-kArya tulasI-sambandhI kArya ke janmadAtA eca.eca. vilsana ne koI svataMtra zodha-graMtha nahIM likhA / eziyATika risarca ke 1835 I.meM prakAzita bhAga 18 meM "rilijiyasa saikTsa oNpha hindUja" nAmaka kevala eka nibaMdha unhoMne chapAyA thaa| isa nibandha meM dhArmika saMdarbha meM tulasIdAsa kA smaraNa kiyA gayA hai aura isI prasaMga meM unake jIvana ke viSaya meM anuzrutiyoM ke AdhAra para kucha tathya prastuta kiye gaye haiN| unhoMne janatA meM pracalita tulasI-jIvana-viSayaka sAmAnya tathyoM kA saMkalana mAtra kiyA hai| ataH unake dvArA prastuta sAmagrI, zodha-kArya kI prArambhika dena se adhika kucha nahIM mAnI jA sktii| vilsana ke nibandha ke 8 varSa pazcAt san 1839 I. meM phrAMsa ke vidvAna gArsA da tAsI ne "istvAra da litaretyUra aiMduI-e-aiMdustAnI" nAmaka graMtha prakAzita kraayaa| hindI sAhitya kA yaha prathama itihAsa mAnA jAtA hai| isa graMtha meM tAsI ne tulasI ke jIvana ke sambandha meM paramparA se prApta tathyoM ko hI prastuta kiyA hai / vilsana ne apane nibaMdha meM tulasI ke janma, jAti, patnI-prema, gRha-tyAga, bhramaNa, hanumAna kA darzana, zAhajahA~ kA kopa aura usase mukti Adi jina tathyoM kA Akalana kiyA thA, unhIM ko tAsI ne bhI kucha naye DhaMga se For Private And Personal Use Only

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98/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi doharAyA hai| AdhAra meM mAtra ve janazrutiyoM hI rahI haiM, jinheM vilsana ne bhI satya mAnA thaa| unhIM ke anusAra tAsI ne tulasI ke pitA kA nAma AtmArAma paMta aura patnI kA nAma mamatA devI batalAyA hai| tulasI ke sAhitya ke viSaya meM tAsI ne koI khojapUrNa bAta nahIM likhI, 'kevala rAmacaritamAnasa ke kANDoM kA calatA huA paricaya diyA hai aura kahA hai ki isa kAvya kI racanA "pUrvI hinduI" meM huI hai| tulasI-sAhitya ke tIsare pAzcAtya adhyetA epha.esa. grAuja mAne jAte haiN| inhoMne "rAmAyaNa oNpha tulasIdAsa" graMtha kI racanA kii| rAmacaritamAnasa kA aMgrejI meM anuvAda karake usakI jo bhUmikA pAuja ne likhI, usase prathama bAra tulasI-sambandhI zodha-kArya ko eka mahattvapUrNa dizA milii| unhoMne tulasI ke jIvana-carita para pUrva vidvAnoM kI tulanA meM kucha adhika prAmANikatA se prakAza DAlA tathA tulasI ke sAhitya ko bhI pratyakSataH adhyayana kA viSaya bnaayaa| unhoMne rAmacarita mAnasa kI kathAgata vizeSatAoM, pAtroM ke caritra-saMghaTana tathA kAvya-zilpa kI maulikatAoM kA bhI saMkSepa meM udghATana kiyA aura yaha sthApanA kI ki tulasI-kRta rAmacaritamAnasa vAlmIki rAmAyaNa kA anukaraNa nahIM hai apitu usame aneka dRSTiyoM se maulika mArga apanAyA gayA hai / yathA, tulasI ne rAmakathA ko apane DhaMga se kahIM vistAra aura kahIM saMkoca dekara prastuta kiyA hai evaM vAlmIki kI vyAsa-zailI ke sthAna para unhoMne samAsa zailI apanAI hai| grAuja pahale vicAraka the, jinhoMne tulasI-kAvya kI bhASAgata sampannatA kA bhI gaMbhIratA se udghATana kiyA hai| grAuja ke pazcAt tulasI-sambandhI zodha-kArya ko Age bar3hAne vAle vidvAnoM meM DaoN. griyarsana kA mahattvapUrNa nAma AtA hai| inhoMne san 1889 I. meM "di varnAkyUlara liTrecara oNpha hindustAna" nAmaka graMtha prakAzita kraayaa| isa grantha meM prathama bAra tulasIdAsa ke sambandha meM tathyAdhArita sAmagrI prastuta huI hai| san 1893 meM unhoMne "noTsa oNna tulasIdAsa" nAmaka eka nibandha "iNDiyana eNTIkveTI" meM chapAyA tathA 1903 I. meM "eziyATika sosAyaTI oNpha baMgAla" meM "tulasIdAsa : kavi evaM dharma sudhAraka" nAma se unakA eka anya nibandha prakAzita huaa| ina racanAoM ke mAdhyama se griyarsana ne prathama bAra tulasI-sambandhI adhyayana ko vAstavika zodha-kArya kA rUpa diyaa| unhoMne tulasIdAsa ke jIvana se sambandhita sAmagrI kI vaijJAnika DhaMga se chAnabIna kI tathA kRtiyoM kI nAmAvalI evaM racanAkAla para bhI prakAza ddaalaa| tulasI ke vyaktitva ke nirdhAraNa meM unhoMne sabhI upalabdha sAdhanoM kA upayoga karane kI ceSTA kI tathA tulasIdAsa kI kAvya-pratibhA kA bhI yathA-sambhava Akalana kiyaa| unhoMne tulasI kI dhArmika dena kA vizleSaNa kara yaha tathya pratipAdita kiyA ki tulasI kevala dharma-sudhAraka hI nahIM, eka zreSTha mahAkavi bhI the| isa niSkarSa taka pahu~cane ke lie griyarsana ne tulasI-sAhitya ke vibhinna kalAtmaka pakSoM para bhI prakAza DAlA aura jo kucha kahA, usake lie paryApta AdhAra prastuta kiye| - DaoN. griyarsana ne tulasI-sambandhI zodha-kArya ko eka vaijJAnika dizA meM mor3akara jo patha prazasta kiyA thA, usa para calane vAle pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM sarvaprathama smaraNIya hai-- eDavina grIJa / unhoMne eka lekha likhakara tulasIdAsa ke jIvana para vistAra se prakAza For Private And Personal Use Only

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hindI-anusaMdhAna : vikAsa, upalabdhiyA~ aura sujhAva/99 ddaalaa| yaha lekha "nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA" meM san 1899 meM prakAzita huA thaa| grIja ne tulasI ke jIvana paricaya ko prAmANika rUpa dene kI ceSTA kI hai, kintu prApta tathyoM kI chAnabIna karake ve koI vizeSa maulika bAta nahIM kara sake haiN| jIvana-paricaya ke antargata unhoMne yahI batAyA hai ki tulasIdAsa san 1545-1555 ke madhya rAjApura meM utpanna hue the, unakA janma kA nAma rAmabolA, pitA kA AtmArAma, mAtA kA hulasI tathA guru kA nAma narahari thaa| tulasI kI kAvyagata upalabdhiyoM ke sambandha meM grIbja kA anusaMdhAna nizcaya hI mahattvapUrNa mAnA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne griyarsana se bhI eka caraNa Age bar3hakara tulasI kI kAvya-pratibhA evaM zilpa-kSamatA kA udghATana kiyA hai| - pIja ke pazcAt TesITorI kA "ila rAmacarita mAnasa ila rAmAyaNa" nAmaka nibaMdha, jo 1911 I. meM prakAzita huA, smaraNIya hai| isa nibaMdha meM vidvAna lekhaka ne vAlmIki rAmAyANa tathA tulasIkRta rAmacaritamAnasa kI saMkSepa meM tulanA kI hai aura yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki vAlmIki ke viparIta tulasI kA kathA-saMghaTana adhikAMzataH naitika Adarzaparaka hai evaM ghaTanA-pravAha meM prAyaH yathArtha kA prabhAva pAyA jAtA hai unakI dRSTi meM tulasI kA kAvya-zilpa vAlmIki se adhika praur3ha evaM sakSama hai| . bIsavIM zatAbdI ke prArambhika varSoM meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne tulasI-sambandhI jo zodha-kArya kiyA, usameM je. I. kArapeMTara kRta "thiyolaoNjI oNpha tulasIdAsa" kA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| isa graMtha meM prathama bAra vistAra se tulasI ke AdhyAtmika evaM dhArmika vicAroM kA vivecana milatA hai, kintu isa adhyayana kI sabase bar3I sImA yaha hai ki kArapeMTara ne taTastha dRSTi kA bahuta kama paricaya diyA hai evaM adhikAMza sthaloM para usakI IsAI vicAra-dhArA prabhAvI rahI hai| kArapeMTara ke pazcAt epha. e. keI meM punaH hameM eka taTastha tathA zodha-pUrNa dRSTi milatI hai| unhoMne hiMdI sAhitya ke itihAsa para graMtha likhate samaya tulasI para bhI gaMbhIratA se vicAra kara yaha siddha kiyA ki rAmacarita mAnasa kI racanA kA mUla srota, vAlmIki rAmAyaNa nahIM, apitu adhyAtma rAmAyaNa hai / "keI" ne yaha bhI siddha kiyA ki rAmacaritamAnasa saMsAra ke utkRSTatama mahAkAvyoM meM zIrSastha hai| . bIsavIM zatAbdI ke madhyabindu para pAzcAtya manISI kAmila bulke kA zodha-kArya sarvAdhika mahattva ke sAtha sthApita huaa| unhoMne san 1950 I.meM 'rAmakathA' nAmaka zodha-graMtha prakAzita karAyA, jisameM saMdarbhAnusAra tulasI ke vyaktitva evaM kRtitva para bhI prakAza DAlA gayA hai| kAmila bulke ne bhI yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki tulasI kI rAmacaritamAnasa para adhyAtma rAmAyaNa kA prabhAva adhika hai| __ Dagalasa pI. hila chaThe dazaka ke tulasI-sambandhI anya mahattvapUrNa pAzcAtya adhyetA haiM. jinhoMne 'di holI leka oNpha di ekTsa oNpha rAma' nAmaka graMtha san 1952 meM prakAzita kraayaa| isa graMtha meM unhoMne tulasI ke AdhyAtmika evaM dhArmika vicAroM ko adhika mahattvapUrNa siddhaM kiyA hai| jahA~ unakI dRSTi tulasI ke sAhityika pakSa para gaI hai, vahA~ bhI unhoMne usakI For Private And Personal Use Only

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100 / anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi zreSThatA ke lie dhArmikatA ko hI zreya diyA hai| tulasI sambandhI pAzcAtya zodha kArya kI aMtima kar3I haiM- rUsI lekhaka e. pI. barAnnIkauva / unhoMne 1952 I. meM rAmacaritamAnasa kA rUsI bhASA meM padyAnuvAda prastuta kiyaa| isa graMtha kI vistRta bhUmikA meM tulasI - sambandhI zodha kArya ko eka naI dizA milI / barAnnIkauva ne tulasI ke jIvana aura sAhitya ko unake yuga kI pRSThabhUmi para parakha kara pratibhA, kalAM aura dArzanikatA kA gaMbhIratA se maMthana kiyA hai| unhoMne siddha kiyA hai ki tulasI eka mahAn dRSTA, samAja-praNetA tathA sAMskRtika nirmAtA the / isI prakAra tulasI ke kAvya-sauSThava evaM kalAtmaka gaurava ko prasthApita karane meM bhI pAzcAtya vicAraka ne paryApta maulika evaM taTastha dRSTi se kAma liyA hai| rAnIkau ne tulasI ke vyaktitva ko aitihAsika pariprekSya meM tathA kRtitva ko zAstrIya AdhAroM para samajhane kI ceSTA kI hai| phalataH unakA zodha kArya tulasI-sAhitya ke sAhityika sauMdarya ke udghATana meM paryApta saphala mAnA jA sakatA hai| kAvya zilpa ke mUla rUpoM aura zailI prayogoM ko bhI unhoMne gaMbhIratA se samajhAyA hai tathA bhASAragata vaiziSTya kA bhI udghATana kiyA hai / ataH tulasI-sambandhI pAzcAtya zodha kArya meM barAnnIkauva kA yogadAna sabhI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai / (4) bhAratIya vidvAnoM kA zodha kArya tulasI-sambandhI pAzcAtya zodha kArya meM hamane sAmAnya paricayAtmaka adhyayana bhI sammilita kiyA hai, kyoMki eka hindI kavi ke viSaya meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kI zodha - jijJAsA kA vaha stara bhI kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM kahA jA sakatA; kintu bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke sAmAnya kArya ko zodha ke antargata sammilita karanA ucita nahIM, kyoMki lokapriya tulasI-sAhitya ke sambandha meM sAmAnya tathyoM kA jJAna honA eka sahaja bAta hai / ataH zivasiMha saiMgara dvArA zivasiMha saroja meM prastuta tulasI kA sAmAnya paricaya vizuddha zodha kArya kI sImA meM nahIM aataa| hama isa kArya ko zodha kArya kI prastAvanA mAtra mAna sakate haiN| vastutaH tulasI- viSayaka zodha kArya kA prathama Avazyaka aMga thA- tulasI kI kRtiyoM kA nirNaya aura prAmANika pATha sampAdana / isa dizA meM san 1885 I. meM bhAgavatadAsa khatrI kA mahattvapUrNa sAdhanA-phala rAmacarita mAnasa ke sampAdita pATha ke rUpa meM hindI-jagat ke samakSa prastuta huA / vivecanAtmaka zodha ke samAna isa kArya kA bhale hI adhika mahattva na ho, kintu mUla kRti ko zuddha meM prastuta karanA bhI apane Apa meM eka prazaMsanIya upalabdhi thI / san 1902 I. meM isI krama meM rAmacarita mAnasa kA nayA sampAdita pATha sudhAkara dvivedI, rAdhAkRSNa dAsa, bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa, bAbU kArtika prasAda evaM bAbU amIrasiMha ne prastuta kiyaa| isa saMpAdana ke sAtha eka saMkSipta bhUmikA bhI thI, jisameM zodha-pUrNa dRSTi se tulasI ke jIvana evaM sAhitya kI samIkSA prastuta kI gaI hai| lagabhaga 6 varSa pazcAt lAlA sItArAma For Private And Personal Use Only

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hindI-anusaMdhAna : vikAsa, upalabdhiyA~ aura sujhAva/101 ne bhI mAnasa ke ayodhyA kANDa kA rAjApura kI prati ke AdhAra para pATha-saMpAdana kiyA thaa| 1914 I. meM tulasIdAsa kI rAmAyaNa kI 'maulikatA' zIrSaka khojapUrNa lekha chapAyA / isa lekha se cAra varSa pUrva san 1910 I. meM mizrabandhu apanA 'hindI-navaratna' graMtha prakAzita karA cuke the, kintu usameM zodha kI apekSA paricayAtmaka samIkSA kI dRSTi hI adhika mahattva prApta kara sakI thii| ataH hama isa graMtha ko tulasI-viSayaka zodha-kArya kI eka kar3I nahIM mAna skte| ... san 1916 I. meM zivanandana sahAya ne "zrI gosvAmI tulasIdAsajI" nAmaka graMtha likhA, jisameM janazrutiyoM ke AdhAra para tulasI ke jIvana kI zodha-paddhati se vivecanA kI gayI hai, kintu isameM prAmANika sUtroM kA AbhAva hai| isI prakAra tulasI kI kRtiyoM kA bhI unhoMne paricayAtmaka vivaraNa dekara zodha ke mahattva taka apanI kRti ko nahIM pahuMcAyA hai| san 1923 meM prathama bAra samasta tulasI-sAhitya ko tulasI graMthAvalI ke nAma se AcArya rAmacandra zukla, lAlA bhagavAnadIna tathA bAbU bajaratnadAsa ne pATha-saMpAdanapUrvaka prakAzika karAyA evaM kavi ke jIvana-vRtta aura kAvya-kalA para vistRta zodha-pUrNa vivecanA bhI prastuta kii| yadyapi vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM tulasI-graMthAvalI kA pATha adhika zuddha nahIM hai kintu apane DhaMga kA yaha prathama zodha-kArya thA, jisane pAThakoM ke lie tulasI ke samasta "graMtha sulabha banA diye evaM Age ke zodhakartAoM ko zodha ke lie sazakta AdhAra milaa| graMthAvalI meM tulasI ke jIvana se sambandhita sAmagrI pUrva prakAzita tathyoM kI punarAvRtti mAtra thI, kiMtu usake tIsare khaNDa meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke jo phuTakara nibaMdha saMkalita kie the, unase aneka maulika bAteM prakAza meM aaii| inhIM nibaMdhoM me AcArya zukla kA vaha nibaMdha bhI sammilita thA,jo bAda meM kucha parivartana ke sAtha svataMtra graMtha ke rUpa meM prakAzita huaa| nizcaya hI tulasI-graMthAvalI ke prakAzana se tulasI-viSayaka zodha-kArya ko pATha-saMpAdana, vyaktitva-paricaya evaM kRti-vizleSaNa ke kSetroM meM paryApta praur3hatA prApta huii| . ___tulasI-graMthAvalI ke prakAzana ke 2 varSa uparAMta benImAdhavadAsa racita "mUla-gosAI-carita" kA pATha rAmakizora zukla ke mAnasa-pATha ke sAtha prakAzita huA, jisane tulasIdAsa ke jIvana ke sambandha meM jana-zrutiyoM se bhI adhika vicitra prAntiyA~ utpanna kara dii| ina prAntiyoM para pramANapUrvaka bAbU zyAmasundaradAsa ne 1929 meM "gosvAmI tulasIdAsa" zIrSaka se eka lekha likhakara vicAra kiyaa| yaha apane DhaMga kA prathama zodha nibaMdha thA, jisameM jyotiSa ke AdhAra para tulasI-sambandhI tithiyoM para vimarza kiyA gyaa| yahI nibaMdha DaoN. pItAmbaradatta bar3athavAla ke sahayoga se parivartita hokara san 1931 I. meM "gosvAmI tulasIdAsa" nAma se prathAkAra prakAzita huA, jisameM "mUla gosAI carita" ke AdhAra para tulasI ke jIvana-vRtta ko bahuta vistAra se evaM kAvya ke vivecana ko atyaMta saMkSepa meM prastuta kiyA gyaa| isa graMtha ke pazcAt san 1935 I.meM sataguruzaraNa avasthI ne "tulasI ke cAra dala" graMtha kA prakAzana karAyA, jisameM vivecana-sAmagrI zodha kI dRSTi se koI mahattva nahIM rakhatI,kintu usameM saMkalita rAmalalAnaharU, baravairAmAyaNa,pArvatI-maMgala tathA jAnakI-maMgala ko pATha-saMpAdana kI dRSTi se avazya ullekhanIya mAnA jA sakatA hai / isI prakAra 1936 I. For Private And Personal Use Only

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102/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi meM prakAzita rAmanareza tripAThI dvArA saMpAdita mAnasa kA pATha'tulasI graMthAvalI meM saMkalita mAnasa ke pATha kI tulanA meM kucha adhika zuddha hai, kintu vivecanA ke khaNDa meM jo eka varSa pazcAt "tulasIdAsa aura unakI kavitA" ke nAma se svataMtra pustaka ke rUpa meM bhI chapA, ve maulika anusaMdhAna kA paricaya nahIM de ske| mAnasa ke saMpAdana kI paramparA meM rAmanareza tripAThI ke saMskaraNa ke sAtha hI vijayAnanda tripAThI kA bhI mAnasa-pATha prakAzita huA thA, jo prathama graMtha ke pATha kI tulanA meM adhika mahattva rakhatA hai| isa prakAra san 1936 I. taka rAmacarita mAnasa ke kaI saMpAdita pATha prakAza meM A cuke the| tulasI kI anya racanAe~ bhI chapa cukI thiiN| phalataH tulasI-viSayaka zodha-kArya meM gaMbhIratA lAne ke lie vidvAnoM ko upayukta bhUmikA milane lgii| isI bhUmikA para san 1938 meM DaoN.baladeva prasAda mizra kA upAdhi-hetu prastuta gaMbhIra zodha-graMtha "tulasI-darzana" prakAzita huA, jisane tulasI ke AdhyAtmika ciMtana ko vyavasthita rUpa meM Akalita kara hindI jagata ke samakSa prastuta kiyaa| isa graMtha meM vistAra se tulasI ke bhakti-mArga, jIva-koTiyA~.tulasI ke rAma,virati-viveka,haribhakti-patha, bhakti ke sAdhana evaM tulasI-mata kI vizeSatA Adi para sapramANa vicAra kiyA gayA hai| san 1938 meM hI gItA presa gorakhapura se cimanalAla gosvAmI evaM naMdadulAre vAjapeyI ke saMpAdana meM rAmacarita mAnasa kA eka anya prAmANika pATha kalyANa ke mAnasAMka ke rUpa meM bhUmikA sahita prakAzita huA, jisane tulasI ke sambandha meM paryApta maulika tathya prastuta kie| san 1942 meM DaoN. mAtAprasAda gupta ke upAdhi hetu likhita tulasIdAsa zIrSaka zodha-graMtha kA prakAzana huA, jisameM pUrvopalabdha samasta tathyoM tathA AdhArabhUta sAmagrI kA vaijJAnika DhaMga se Akalana kiyA gayA hai / isa graMtha meM DaoN. gupta ne tulasI ke jIvana-vRtta ke kaI pakSoM para prathama bAra vistAra se vicAra kiyA hai, kRtiyoM ke upalabdha pAThoM kI samIkSA karake nirNaya diye haiM tathA unakA kAvyakrama bhI nirdhArita kiyA hai| nizcaya hI yaha prathama zodha-graMtha hai, jisameM tulasI kI kalA evaM AdhyAtmika vicAra-dhArA kA vistAra se vivecana huA hai aura niSkarSa nikAle gaye haiM, kintu yaha adhyayana itanA vastuparaka tathA nIrasa vaijJAnika paddhati ke nikaTa ho gayA hai ki tulasI ke marma ko samajhane vAlI saMvedanA kA sarvatra abhAva dikhatA hai / isa abhAva kI pUrti san 1943 meM prakAzita rAjabahAdura labhagaur3A racita vizva sAhitya meM 'rAmacarita mAnasa' graMtha se huii| isa graMtha meM tulasI ke jIvana aura kAvya kI saMvedanAtmaka gaharAI kA sapramANa anusaMdhAna milatA hai| san 1949 I. meM DaoN.zrIkRSNa lAla ne "mAnasa-darzana" graMtha likhA, jisameM unhoMne bhakti-tattva aura kavi-vyaktitva kA sAdhikAra vizleSaNa kiyaa| kintu unake niSkarSa adhika mahattvapUrNa nahIM haiM, kyoMki una para paurANika dRSTi sarvatra hAvI rahI hai| DaoN. lAla kI kRti ke tIna varSa pazcAt san 1952 meM DaoN.rAjapati dIkSita kA zodha-graMtha "tulasIdAsa aura unakA yuga" prakAzita huA, jisameM tulasI ke vyaktitva aura kRtitva kA pUrvopalabdha samasta sAmagrI kI chAnabIna karake yuga-saMdarbha meM gaMbhIra vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / tulasI ke yuga For Private And Personal Use Only

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hindI-anusaMdhAna : vikAsa, upalabdhiyA~ aura sujhAva/103 kI vibhinna paristhitiyoM kA sApekSa Akalana aura unake saMdarbha meM tulasI-sAhitya kI mImAMsA isa graMtha kI eka mahattvapUrNa dena hai| isa graMtha ke eka varSa pazcAt jo anya mahattvapUrNa zodhakRti prakAza meM AI, vaha hai AcArya parazurAma caturvedI kRta "mAnasa kI raamkthaa"| isa graMtha ke prathama prakaraNa meM tulasI ke jIvana aura kRtiyoM para vibhinna sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| anya prakaraNoM meM tulasI ke zilpa Adi para prakAza DAlakara mAnasa kI kathA ke marma kA udghATana kiyA gayA hai| kathA-vivecana kI yaha paramparA kAmila bulke se prArambha huI thI, jisakI tIsarI kar3I hai- zrIzakumAra kA "mAnasa-bAlakANDa srota nAmaka graMtha" / isa zodha-graMtha meM bAlakANDa kI kathAoM kA atyaMta prAmANika DhaMga se vivecana kiyA gayA hai| chaThe dazaka se aba taka tulasI-sambandhI zodha-kArya ne aneka dizAoM meM vistAra pAyA hai| vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM tulasI ke jIvana aura sAhitya ke vibhinna pakSoM ko lekara zodha-grantha likhe gaye haiM,jinameM kucha prakAzita bhI ho cuke haiM / kintu adhikAMza granthoM se pUrvajJAta tathyoM kA saMkalana mAtra milatA hai| ataH maulika zodha kI dRSTi se sabhI graMtha mahattvapUrNa nahIM haiN| jo vizeSa ullekhanIya mAne jA sakate haiM unameM katipaya grantha ye haiM-tulasIdAsa kI bhASA (DaoN. devakInaMdana zrIvAstava), rAmacarita mAnasa : kAvyazAstrIya anuzIlana, (DaoN. rAmakumAra pANDeya), vAlmIki aura tulasI : sAhityika mUlyAMkana (DaoN. rAmaprakAza agravAla), tulasI kI kArayatrI pratibhA kA adhyayana (DaoN.zrIdharasiMha), tulasI kI kAvya-kalA (DaoN.bhAgyavatIsiMha), tulasI ke bhaktyAtmaka gIta (DaoN.vacanadeva kumAra) rAmacarita mAnasa kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana (DaoN. zivakumAra zukla), tulasI-darzana mImAMsA (DaoN. udayabhAnusiMha), tulasI kAvya-mImAMsA (DaoN. udayabhAnusiMha), rAmacarita mAnasa meM bhakti (DaoN. satyanArAyaNa zarmA) tathA 'rAmacarita mAnasa meM alaMkAra yojanA' (DaoN. vacanadeva kumaar)| Upara jina mahattvapUrNa zodha-graMthoM ke nAma ginAye gaye haiM,unameM DaoN. vacanadeva kumAra kA zodha-kArya vizeSa ullekhanIya hai| DaoN. kumAra ne apane zodha-prabaMdha "tulasI ke bhaktyAtmaka gIta" meM prathama bAra gItoM ke mAdhyama se tulasI kI bhakti-sAdhanA kA marma pAThakoM taka pahuMcAyA hai| unhoMne vidvattA-pUrvaka Rgveda se niHsRta bhaktidhArA kA madhyakAla taka akhaMDa pravAha khojakara tulasI ke gIta-kAvya meM usakI samRddhi prAmANika rUpa meM Akalita kI hai| apane dvitIya zodha-graMtha meM DaoN. kumAra ne, rAmacaritamAnasa ko zAstrIya dRSTi se samajhane ke lie zilpa ke mahattvapUrNa pakSa, alaMkAra kA vistAra evaM gAmbhIrya udghATita kiyA hai| (5) zodha kI upalabdhiyA~ pAzcAtya evaM prAcya vidvAnoM ne jisa samaya tulasI sambandhI anusaMdhAna prArambha kiyA, usa samaya taka tulasI advaitavAdiyoM ke brahma kI taraha gaMbhIra jijJAsA kA viSaya bane hue the| bhaktamAla, do sau bAvana vaiSNavana kI vArtA ityAdi hastalikhita pustakoM meM unake sambandha meM jo jAnakArI aMkita thI vaha bhI pracAra nahIM pA sakI thii| kevala ve jana-zrutiyA~ hI unako samajhane kA ekamAtra sAdhana thIM, jinameM camatkArapUrNa aneka kalpita bAtoM kA For Private And Personal Use Only

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104/anusaMdhAna : svarUpa evaM pravidhi samAveza ho gayA thaa| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke prayAsa se tulasI ke janma-sthAna, bAlyAvasthA, nAma, mAtA-pitA, patnI, guru, jIvana-yApana, sAdhanA aura racanAoM ke sambandha meM khojabIna AraMbha huii| AraMbha meM jana-zrutiyoM kA sahArA liyA gayA, phira dhIre-dhIre bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke prayAsa se taTastha dRSTi se vaijJAnika paddhati para tathyoM kA zuddhikaraNa huaa| tulasI kI racanAoM kI sUcI kAla-krama meM rakhakara banAI gaI tathA prApta pAMDulipiyoM ke AdhAra para pratyeka kRti kA pATha-saMpAdana huaa| isa prakAra tulasI ke jIvana aura kRtiyoM kA zodha kara vidvAnoM ne sAhityika evaM zAstrIya vivecana prastuta kiye tathA mahattvapUrNa niSkarSa nikaale| Aja jabaki tulasIdAsa kI sarvottama kRti rAmacaritamAnasa kI caturtha zatAbdI pUrNa ho cukI hai, vidvAna unake vyaktitva aura kRtitva ke sambandha meM aba taka hue anusaMdhAnoM ke phalasvarUpa aneka tathyoM ke viSaya meM ekamata hote jA rahe haiM, jisase tulasI ke vyaktitva kA hI nahIM, sAhitya kA bhI adhikAMza svarUpa spaSTa ho rahA hai| zodha ke naye kSetra : eka sajhAva zodhArthiyoM ko upAdhiyoM ke lie paMjIkaraNa hetu naye-naye viSayoM kI khoja rahatI hai| vibhinna viSayoM para to maulika kArya ke naye viSaya mila hI jAte haiM, kintu aba yaha bhI Avazyaka ho gayA hai ki jo kArya sampanna ho cukA hai, usakA bhI sarvekSaNa, mUlyAMkana, punarvyAkhyAna Adi kiyA jAe / udAharaNa ke lie, tulasI-sambandhI jo sarvekSaNa saMkSipta rUpa meM hamane yahA~ prastuta kiyA hai, use vistAra dekara eka aisA zodha-prabandha likhA jAe, jisameM tulasI-sambandhI samasta zodha-kArya kI mahattvapUrNa upalabdhiyoM kA vistAra se Akalana ho sake / isI prakAra anya kaviyoM aura lekhakoM yA anya viSayoM para kiye gaye anusaMdhAna kA sarvekSaNAtmaka mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo bahuta upayogI siddha hogaa| ___zodha ke kSetra meM kucha aisI dizAe~ bhI khula rahI hai jinakI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| prAcIna evaM madhyakAlIna hindI sAhitya ne Adhunika hindI sAhitya ko kaI kSetroM meM eka paramparA sauMpI thii| pAzcAtya vicAra-dhArAoM aura racanAtmaka pravRttiyoM ke atizaya AkramaNa se unake prati vidroha-bhAva vikasita hue| zodhArthI kA zodha-kSetra isa dRSTi se bhI vistRta huA hai / use aise viSaya cunane cAhieM, jina para kArya karane se vidroha bhAva kA sahI mUlyAMkana ho sake tathA racanAkAra va samAja ko sahI dizA mila ske| bhASA ke kSetra meM to abhI bahuta kArya honA zeSa hai| hindI bhASA kA zatAbdiyoM meM jo rUpa vikasita huA hai, usakA vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se adhyayana abhI bahuta kama huA hai, sAtha hI usa para pAzcAtya prabhAvoM kI gaveSaNA kA kArya bhI nAmamAtra ko hI kiyA gayA hai| loka-sAhitya aura saMskRti ke adhyayana kI bhI aneka achUtI dizAe~ zodhakarmiyoM kI pratIkSA kara rahI haiN| AdivAsiyoM kI bhASA kA sahI Akalana aura usameM upalabdha loka-sAhitya kA anuzIlana bhI vidvAna zodhakartAoM ke zrama kI apekSA rakhatA hai| ataH zodha ke lie abhI aneka aise kSetra zeSa haiM, jinase zodhakartAoM ko praveza karake apane aura samAja ke bhaviSya ko ujjvala banAnA cAhie / For Private And Personal Use Only

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hindI meM anusaMdhAna-pravidhi ke vivecana kI ora bahuta kama vidvAnoM kA dhyAna gayA hai| jo grantha likhe bhI gae haiM, ve mAnavikI viSayoM kI samagra zodha-dRSTi prastuta karate haiN| unameM kevala hindI-sAhitya ko lakSya banAkara kucha tathyoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai aura bhASA tathA sAhitya ke kSetra meM hue anusandhAna yA paMjIkRta viSayoM kI sUcI de dI gaI hai| zodha-karmiyoM ko sadA eka aise graMtha kA abhAva khaTakatA rahA hai, jo saMkSipta tathA sulajhe hue DhaMga se mAnavikI viSayoM kI anusandhAna-pravidhi para prakAza DAla ske| prastuta pustaka isI abhAva kI pUrti kI dizA meM eka prayAsa hai| isameM anusandhAna ke svarUpa aura pravidhi para gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. rAmagopAla zarmA "dineza" pUrva prAcArya tathA adhiSThAtA, hindI vibhAga evaM saMkAya, mohanalAla sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura (rAjasthAna ) / nivAsa : 43/84, uttarI sundaravAsa, udayapura - 313 001 Serving Jin Shasan lya : 41.00 rupaye mAtra ISBN 81-7137-135-3 125881 gyanmandir@kobatirth.org For Private And Personal Use Only