________________
270
The Unknown Pilgrims
while keeping the others in our consciouness, let us try fairly briefly to understand the meaning of each. We may note first that, in order to stress the unity that exists between them, the word samyak, meaning: beneficial, right, just, exact, perfect, is ascribed to each of the jewels.
i) Samyak-darśana
Darśana is the act of seeing, vision in the sense of a penetration inwards, to the heart, the innermost, of that which eye contemplates. The word, according to context, is translated: perception or intuition. This apprehension of reality is a comprehensive one.17 Right vision here means: faith, the adherence of one's mind, one's being, to that which the siddhānta, the doctrine, declares to be reality. This is welldefined in the Tattvārtha-sútra: "samyak-darśana [is] śraddhā (faith) in tattvārtha (the real, the true)", 18 which in the doctrine denotes: dravya (substance), something-as-it-truly-is. This right vision or perception may be the spontaneous fruit of an innate disposition of heart or it may be acquired through study. 19
Darśana, together with jñāna (knowledge), constitutes what the doctrine calls upayoga, a word which is very important, but difficult to define. Upayoga means 'consciousness' in the sense of an awareness, the awakening of a person's being to his own state, with certain shades of meaning according to the different contexts in which it is used; it is the nature itself of the jiva (ātman).20 Four types of darśana upayoga exist:
17 jam sāmaņņam gahanaṁ bhāvānam ņeva kattumāyāram
avisesidūņa atthe daṁsaņamidi bhaņņaye samaye. DravSam 43.
18 tattvārthaśraddhānām samyagdarśanam. TS 1, 2; cf. DravSam 41.
19 Cf. TS 1, 3.
20 Cf. P 284 ff. Lit. the word means usage, application, use. The word is made up of the prefix upa: near, towards, with, and yoga which, in the doctrine, refers to the threefold activity of body, speech and mind (P 302 n. 65). By upayoga is to be understood that capacity for knowledge, that condition of consciousness, which is inherent to the atman which, according to circumstances and by means of the sense-organs, directs itself towards (or
Jain Education International
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
