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The Unknown Pilgrims
a) The bähya-tapas: The six forms of external austerities
These are called external because they consist in various types of bodily mortifications, but they possess no purificatory value if they are not the expression of an interior attitude. These austerities are:
i) Anaśana: temporary fast or one kept until the Great Departure.
ii) Avamaudarya: restriction of the quantity of food consumed for a pre-determined period.33
368
iii) Vṛttiparisaṁkhyānas: certain restrictions in regard to bhikṣācarya, the rules concerning the quest for food.
iv) Rasaparityaga: abstinence for a period from certain rich food stuffs, such as milk, clarified butter, curds.
v) Viviktaśayyasana: retreat to a solitary place, away from all that may disturb the mind and the senses.34
vi) Käyakleśa: certain bodily mortifications, for example:exposure to the heat of the sun or to cold, and the adoption of certain painful postures.
creative fervour, is always inferred. The word later took on the meaning of >urification, a purification achieved by some effort, where the element of ain is stressed, sometimes more and sometimes less. In the Jaina dharma, apas gathers together all these ideas and its role, whether it operates xternally or internally, whether it is undertaken voluntarily or involuntarily,
always to hinder the penetration of karmic matter and, above all, to ontribute towards its annihilation. The intense heat of tapas burns up arman (US XII, 44). We shall see how tapas can also refer to a ritual form f expiation and reparation for faults.
3 According to ADH VII, 22-25 and TS IX, 19 this type of tapas applies ly to food; US XXX, 14-24 extends its application to other realms.
1
Cf. brahmacarya, P 349 ff.
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