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a five-fold classification. Dharmästikäya (that which aids a motion), Adharmastikāya (that which aids stability), Ākāśa (that which gives space to all substances), Pudgala (Matter) and Kāla (Time). Pudgala substance has the characteristics of colour, taste, smell and touch. The other four substances do not have these four characteristics.
Prasamarati
208. Paramāņu is the smallest and indivisible part of matter. A molecule or lump of two or more Paramāņus is known as Skandha. When the Parāmaṇu is connected with others, it is said to be with Pradeśa. (The individual Paramāņu is without Pradeśa. Thus a Skandha of two, three... infinite Paramāņus is known as being of two, three... Pradeśas. Further a Paramāņu has definitely the four qualities of colour etc. but the quantity thereof is not certain (it changes with circumstance).
209. Dharmastikāya, Adharmāstikāya, Ākāśa and Kāla, these four substances remain in their natural condition, since time immemorial. The Pudgala substance remains in Audayika and Pāriņāmika Bhāva. The Jiva substance may remain in any of the five Bhāvas mentioned in verse 196.
210. In this way Jīva and Ajīva substances are six in number. Where these six substances exist is known as the cosmos (Loka). This cosmos has the shape of human being, who is standing with his feet apart, and who has kept his two hands on the waist. Hence the cosmos is also called Lokapuruṣa.
211. The Loka has three main parts: 1) The lower part (Adholoka,) 2) The middle part (Tiryak-loka), and 3) The upper part (Urdhvaloka). The Adholoka has the shape of an inverted earthen oil lamp. The Tiryak-loka has the round shape of a flat Indian dinner metal plate. The lower portion of Urdhvaloka is in the shape of an upright earthen oil lamp. The upper portion rests on it in the shape of an inverted earthen oil lamp.
