New Dimensions in Jaina Logic

Author(s): Mahaprajna Acharya, Nathmal Tatia
Publisher: Today and Tommorrow Printers and Publishers

Page 124

New Dimensions in Jaina Logic
But as in the consciousness continuum concerned with memory etc. upto inference, the object is not lucid, it is a case of indirect cognition.
116
Question 2. In recognition the object recognised is directly perceived. Why, then, is it considered as a case of indirect cognition?
Answer. In inference (anumana) the smoke is directly perceived, but it is not the object of inference. And the fire that is the object of inference is not an object of perception. Similarly, the object of recognition is not the object in front and it is the identity existing between the past and the present modes of the object, which is not an object of direct perception on account of its being shared by the past and present epistemological data.
Question 3. The function of speculation (Tha) is to investigate, through concomitance in agreement and difference, the perceived object. How do you, then, distinguish speculation (iha) from reasoning (tarka), which also is concerned with the determination of concomitance through agreement and difference?
Answer. Speculation is a cognition engaged in distinction, because the aspects of an object are distinguished in it through agreement and difference in order to ascertain the probable nature of the object in front. The function of reasoning, however, is to examine universal concomitance. The functions of speculation and reasoning, therefore, are quite different and not identical in any way. Of course the expression 'uha' (investigation) has been used as a synonym of both speculation (iha) and reasoning (tarka), but the expression uha has quite different connotations in the two cases. The expression uha has, moreover, quite a different meaning when it is used for the uha samjñā of one-sensed organisms.
Question 4.It is only the perceptual judgment (avaya) that is the definitive cognition. Why, then, determinate perception (avagraha) and speculation (iha) also are considered as cases of valid organ of knowledge?
Answer. Suppose a jar has just been taken out of an oven by the potter. A drop'of water is poured on it. It quickly dries up. In the same way two, three or four drops of water dry up. The process of pouring drops of water is continued, and a moment comes when