________________
80
Faina-Tarka-Bhāṣā
the use of accepting name etc. which are devoid of the substance; it is not so; even the name etc. are the characteristics of the object and, therefore, in general, they also are not excluded from the real. When one says 'Indra', without any qualification, the qualified thing is known only by context etc. by thinking over all the four-the names etc. Or these names ete. are used as the part of the real itself, because the emotions are aroused even at the name of Jina or the image of Jina or at the sight of the body of a dead sage. Of course, the three-the names etc. alone are not the immediate and the unfailing cause of exciting the emotion and therefore, the old ācāryas accept the superiority of the real which is the immediate and the unfailing cause. This has been said from the point of view of the names of different objects. The names etc., which are in the same object, are the object because they invariably accompany the real, because every object is a name itself in the form of the word, the image in itself in its form, a substance in its cause, and it assumes the reality when it becomes the effect. If the name of the pitcher were not the characteristic of the pitcher, then it would not be an indicator of it; because it is the cause of relation of identity with one which is not different from itself and, therefore, everything is in the form of the name. And, everything has a form because all—the intelligence, words, pitcher etc.-have a form of their own, and the form of the blue etc. and of particular postures etc. are proved by experience. Everything is substantial because everywhere the substance is experienced as the cause of the manifestation and the concealment and as free from all modifications like the snake which is sometimes with raised hood, sometimes without hood and sometimes circular. Everything is real, because it is experienced as being the cause and effect in the form of modification. Therefore, the world is made of these four and thus we have a combination of the points of view of names etc.
[2. The Adjustment of the Symbols in the Points of View] *8. Now we adjust the points of view with the symbols of names etc. The three, names etc. are accepted by the
