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of the probane and probandum and by recognising that the present association is of the same nature as the previous ones. This gives rise to the reasoning that the concomitance between the probandum and probane is universal.
P.10. L.29—P.11.1.2. Granting that universal concomitance cannot be the subject of direct perception, it may be argued that the co-existence of an individual data in its own probandum can be directly perceived. The Naiyāyikas hold that even the general (sāmānya) can be perceived by means of supra-mundane direct perception (alaukika pratyakşa). It is through this that all individual cases of the probandum and probane can be generalised. Thus reasoning can be replaced by supra-mundane direct perception. The answer to this is two-fold. . In the first place, the Naiyāyikas themselves are not unanimous regarding the principle of the perception of the general (sāmānya). It is accepted in the Cintāmaņi but not in the Didhiti. Secondly, even if we accept that the general can be perceived, the reasoning shall be essential for including all the individual dates. Even if we know the generals, we will have to reason that the general is valid only when it includes all individual datas. Here, again, reasoning is essential for including all individual data.
P. 11.L.5-7. A word has many syllables. Recollection, therefore, has to be used for connecting the whole word. It is on account of repeated observation and recollection that the synthetic knowledge of recognition is used in getting the meaning of a word. The process of elimination and addition can be explained thus : an elderly person asks another person to bring a cow and then he asks again to take away the cow and bring a horse. Now this gives rise to the comprehension of the meaning of the word 'cow', because a particular animal is brought and taken away at the utterance of the word 'cow'.
P.11.L.7-8. The regressus ad infinitum, which can be objected to in the present case, can be explained as follows: reasoning leads to the removal of doubts regarding the knowledge of the relationship of the two-the probane and the probandum or the word and it meaning. Now there may be a doubt again regarding the relationship of the two and we may require the knowledge of another concomitance to
