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Notes
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P. 21. L. 17. The two types of partial point of viewthe modal and the substantial--are the basic varieties (Siddhiviniscayațīkā p.521.1).
P.21.L.19-20. Tattvārthasūtra (1.34) mentions only the first five nayas, the last two being included into the fift verbal. Anurogadvāra (148, 151) also says that the last three nayas are verbal nayas. Since Tattvārthasūtra mentions the last three nayas as verbal it mentions the verbal naya of our text as the present (Sām prata).
P.21 para 2. Here in all the examples of the nondistinguished partial point of view, mode or substance, which is qualified, is predominant whereas the other mode or substance, which is the qualification, is subordinate.
Literally Naigama means 'one which does not cognise one (but both, though one as predominantly and the other as subordinately), 'naikaṁ gamah' For other etymologies of the word one may refer to Vibha, 2657, 2658.
Another meaning of naigama is 'intention'. (Sarvārthasiddhi, 1.33.) A man, with intention of cooking says that he is cooking even though he is only collecting fuel, water etc.
P. 22. Para 3. The difference between the generic and empirical is that the former takes into account only generic whereas the latter takes into account particular alone. The empirical does not take into account the generic because it cannot be demonstrated; it is only the particular which can be demonstrated (Syādvādamañjarī, pp. 211-212). For example, neither existence, taken into account by the ultimate generic, nor the substance, taken into account by non-ultimate generic, can be demonstrated; it is only the particular, soul or matter for example, which can be demonstrated.
P. 22. para 4. The logic behind the analytic standpoint is given in the Syādvādamañjarī (p. 213) as follows: The past has perished; the present has not assumed form. Both of them, are, therefore, as non-existent as asses' horns. They have no practical efficacy and have, therefore, no reality. It is only the entity of the present, which is used in all practical efficacy and which is real.
P. 22. para 5. The verbal makes difference because
