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KARMA: THE BASIS OF JAINA PSYCHOLOGY
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(lobha). Each of these is, again, divided into four sub-groups, viz., (1) what obscures right conduct completely and leads to endless worldly life (anantānubandhin), (2) what hinders even partial selfdiscipline and does not last for more than a year (apratyākhyānāvaraņa), (3) what obstructs only the beginning of complete selfdiscipline and never lasts for more than four months (pratyākhyānāvarana), and (4) what arrests the attainment of complete right conduct and does not last for more than a fortnight (sañjvalana). Thus, the number of passions is four multiplied by four or sixteen. The quasi-passions are classified into nine varieties. They give rise to laughter (hāsya), liking (rati), disliking (arati), sorrow (śoka), fear (bhaya), disgust (jugupsā), sexual desire for women (purușaveda), sexual desire for men (strī-veda), and sexual desire for both (napumsaka-veda). They are called quasi-passions, inasmuch as they co-exist with the passions and are inspired by them. The conduct-deluding karma, thus, has sixteen plus nine or twenty-five sub-types. Adding three sub-types of belief-deluding karma to this, we have in all twenty-eight sub-types of the deluding karma.1
The age-determining karma confers on a being a certain quantum of life. It has four sub-types corresponding to the four states of existence. The first of them determines celestial age (deva-äyus). The second one determines human existence (manusya-āyus). The third one determines the life of plants and animals (tiryag-āyus). The last one determines the age of hellish beings (nāraka-āyus).
Now, we turn to the description of the sub-types of the physiquemaking karma. It causes the individual diversities of worldly beings and is chiefly responsible for the theory of reincarnation. The number of its sub-types is one hundred and three. They are mostly quoted in a fixed succession in four groups: collective types (pindaprakrtis), individual types (pratyeka-prakrtis), ten types of selfmovable body etc. (trasa-daśaka), and ten types of immovable body etc. (sthāvara-daśaka).3 The first group consists of seventy-five subtypes. They are as follows: four states of existence celestial, human, animal and plant, and hellish; five classes of beings-beings with one sense, two senses, three senses, four senses, and five senses; five
1 Karma-grantha, I, 14-22. 2 Ibid., 23. 3 Doctrine of Karman in Jain Philosophy, p. II.
