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in it. These fears are more or less purely mental. They are not produced from external objects. The person suffering from this type of fear is unable to tell a definite cause responsible for the emergence of his fear. He will say: 'I am afraid of this situation as a whole. I do not find any definite cause behind it. It is just an accident that I am afraid of this situation. It is not of an external fact that the person is afraid. “An open place after all is no place at all; it is a lack of specificity. Essentially the same holds true of a high place or of a closed place. This class of fear, or say phobia, is called by the Jaina 'akasmād-bhaya'. The fear of pain or suffering constitutes the fifth variety of fears known as 'vedanā-bhaya'. Fear of diseases, i.e., pathophobia, fear of poisoning, i.e., toxophobia, etc., may be included in this class. The fear of death is of the sixth type. Death, really speaking, is an abstraction-something unknown to human experience. This type is called 'marana-bhava'. The fear of dishonour and shame is of the last kind. The individual possessing this kind of fear is always afraid of losing honour and glory. It is known as 'aśloka-bhaya'. From the psychogenic point of view it is not, perhaps, an unwarranted attempt to mention that some of our fears are simple and concrete, some of them are concrete but symbolic, some of them are abstract and symbolic. The Jaina philosophers, it is true, have not made any distinction on these lines, nevertheless, we can derive it from their description of the conditions of fear if we like.
Let us, now, study the nature of sex-drive which the Jaina thinkers regard as an outcome of conduct-deluding (căritra-mohaniya) karma.
T2
SEX-DRIVE .: McDougall says that sexual desire is one of the instincts of mammals and man. Instinct means, for him, an innate inclination or desire. Emotion is not always so. It is sometimes acquired and sometimes inborn. According to him,_inborn emotion is nothing more than instinct. That is why he includes anger, fear, disgust, laughter, etc., in the innate propensities and abilities of man. In Indian psychology all these passions including sexual desires are
1 Introduction to Abnormal Psychology, pp. 203-4. 2 Energies of Man, ch. VII.
