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TRANSMIGRATION
popapannas live in the following places (which are called Kalpas): Saudharma, Iśāna, Sanatkumāra, Mahendra, Brahmaloka, Läntaka, Mahāśukra, Sahasrara, Anata, Pranata, Ārana, and Acyuta. With every kalpa, beginning from the first, the life-time, power, splendour, purity of attitude, strength of the senses, and sphere of knowledgeactivity of its inhabitants increase, whereas the sphere of their wandering, size of the body, possession, and pride decrease.1 In the first and second Kalpas sexual satisfaction is still dependent on bodily coition. In the remaining ones sexual pleasure is gradually refined. In the Sanatkumāra and Mahendra the goddesses permit themselves to be touched by the god who has erotic desires, whereupon he is satisfied. In the Brahmaloka and Lantaka the goddesses show themselves in their splendour and beauty to the god for the same purpose and with the same success. In the Mahaśukra and Sahasrāra the gods need only hear the laughter, the chatter, and the singing of the goddesses in order to satisfy their desires. In the Ānata, Prāṇata, Āraṇa, and Acyuta it suffices that the gods imagine the goddesses in thought." The gods who are born in the regions above the Kalpas are called Kalpatītas. They are of two varieties: Graiveyaka and Anuttara. The Graiveyakas are of nine sub-classes: the lowest of the lowest, the middle of the lowest, the highest of the lowest, the lowest of the middle, the middle of the middle, the highest of the middle, the lowest of the highest, the middle of the highest, and the highest of the highest. Some writers also name them as Sudarsana, Supratibandha, etc. The Anuttaras are of five kinds: Vijaya, Vaijayanta, Jayanta, Aparajita, and Sarvarthasiddha. The gods of the first four kinds do not take more then two more births. The gods of the last kind are reborn only once and then attain final emancipation. Regarding the previous classes of gods, the Jaina prescribes no such rule. Now, we come to the last class of beings, viz., the hellish state of existence.
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DENIZENS OF HELL
Those beings who perform evil and cruel acts go to hell to reap the consequences, as has already been observed. All the in
1 Tattvärtha sutra, IV, 21-2.
2 Jacobi's Tattvärthadhigama-sutra, IV, 9.
* Vijayādiṣu dvicarmāḥ.
Tattvärtha-sutra, IV, 27, and the Bhasya.
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