Indologica Taurinensia

Author(s): Colette Caillat, Siegfried Lienhard, Irma Piovano, Saverio Sani
Publisher: Comitato AIT

Page 7

On the Relationship of the Nyayâvatāra and the Sammati-tarka-prakarāṇa 35
pratyakṣa and parokṣa, and the five subvarieties (avadhi, manaḥparyaya, kevala and mati, śruta, respectively) to overlap with the Agamic varieties of pramāna".
Traditionally, pramāņa related only to the question of the validity of cognition (jñāna), viz. to one aspect of the cognitive faculties (upayoga). Thus, Tattvârtha-sutra in one chapter discusses five varieties of cognition, and only then adds that these are divided into two pramāņas 10. This opinion is further supported by Tattvârthadhigamabhāṣya 11. The question of the cognitive faculties (upayoga) is discussed separately in the next chapter of TS 12; the upayogas comprise all possible cognitive faculties irrespective of their validity. For instance, four varieties of erroneous cognition (ajñāna) as well as three varieties of erroneous conation / fallacious insight (adarśana) are still cases of upayoga 13. This is precisely the approach that overlaps with such Canonical works as the Pannavaṇāsuttaṁ 14, where the question of pramāņa is discussed separately.
There seems to be no indication, in my opinion, as regards the exact relation of the upayogas and the pramāņas in STP, and we must leave the question open.
9. See, e.g., TBV ad 2.1 (p. 457.6-7): ... upayogo 'pi paraspara-vyapekṣasāmānya-viseṣa-grahaṇa-pravṛtta-darśana-jñāna-svarupa-dvayâtmaka- pramāņam darśana-jñānaîkānta-rūpas tv apramāṇam ...; TBV ad 2.1 (p. 458.4-5): nirākārasākārôpayogau tûpasarjani-kṛta-tad-itarâkārau sva-viṣayâvabhāsakatvena pravartamānau pramāṇam na tu nirastêtarâkārau; and TBV ad 42 (p. 650.23-25): athava pratyakṣa-parokṣa-rupaḥ sankṣepato dvividha upayoga ātmanaḥ. tatra pratyakṣôpayogas trividhaḥ avadhi-manaḥ-paryāya-kevala-bhedena. ... paroksôpayogas tu mati-śrutarupo dvividhah.
10. TS 1.9-12: mati-śrutâvadhi-manaḥ-paryāya-kevalāni jñānam. tat pramāṇe. adye parokṣam. pratyakṣam anyat.
11. See, e.g., TBh 1.12: mati-śrutābhyam yad anyat trividham jñānam tatpratyakṣam pramāṇaṁ bhavati.
12. TS 2.8: upayogo lakṣaṇam, TBh 2.8: upayogo lakṣaṇam jivasya bhavati. TBh 2.9: sa upayogo dvividhaḥ sākāro anakaraś ca jñānôpayogo darśanôpayogaś cêty arthaḥ. TBh 1.3: jñāna-darśana-upayoga-lakṣano jiva iti vakṣyate.
13. See TBh 2.9.
14. Pann 9.1912-1914: ... duvihe uvaoge pannatte. tam jahā - sāgarôvaoge ya aṇāgārôvaoge ya. ... tam jahāḥmati-nana-sägarôvaoge, suya-nana-sagarôvaoge, ohinaṇa-sāgarôvaoge, mati-anaṇa-sagarôvaoge, suya-anaṇa-sāgarôvaoge, vibhanganaṇa-sagarôvaoge. ... tam jahā - cakkhu-damsaṇa-aṇāgarôvaoge, acakkhudamsaṇa-aṇāgarôvaoge, ohi-damsana-aṇāgarôvaoge ya.