Indologica Taurinensia

Author(s): Colette Caillat, Siegfried Lienhard, Irma Piovano, Saverio Sani
Publisher: Comitato AIT

Page 13

On the Relationship of the Nyäyâvatāra and the Sammati-tarka-prakarāņa
41
cases which invalidate a thesis and turn it into a fallacious thesis (pakşâbhāsa) 37, enumerated in NA 21 38, overlap with formulations found both in Jaina texts posterior to NA 39 and in other epistemological-logical traditions in India 40. In other words, the meaning and implications of the term pratyaksa are so deeply interwoven in the epistemic system of NA in the very same manner as the term was
- "Out of these [members of the 'syllogism'], the locus is a well-known subject; it is intended by [the propounder) himself to be proved as qualified by a well-known distinctive feature. The following annotation to the [above] statements [is tacitly implied: the locus) is not contradicted by perception, etc.' 35. NM 1 (as restored by G. TUCCI):
pakşâdi-vacanānīti sādhanam; tatra hi svayam /
sādhyatvenêpsita - pakso viruddhârthânirākstaḥ // - - 'Proof (consists in) utterances (expressing) the locus, etc. Among these very [utterances), locus is what is intended by [the propounder) himself as the inferable property [and] which is not revoked by objects (that are] contrary [to it).'
. 36. PBh [266], p.49-50: avirodhi-grahaņāt pratyakşânumănâbhyupagata-svaśāstra-sva-vacana-virodhino nirastā bhavanti.
37. The sequence of NA 12 (on vacas / vākya and pratyaksa), NA 14 (pratyakşâdy-anirākrtah) and NA 21 (pratipadyasya yaḥ siddhah pakşâbhāso 'kşaliñgatah - it is the standard division of paksabhāsa) may prove that perception is sensory, hence shows that pratyakşa here is also indriya-pratyakşa (not only anindriyapratyakşa). 38. NA 21: pratipadyasya yaḥ siddhah pakşâbhāso 'kşa-lingataḥ/
loka-sva-vacanābhyāṁ ca bādhito 'nekadhā matah // -- - 'The fallacy of the thesis is what is [already proved for a (person] to be taught, (what) is subverted by the perceiving organ and by the inferential sign as well as by the opinion prevalent among people and by one's own utterances; it is known [to be) manifold.
39. See, e.g., PALV.6.15,16: /151 (pakşâbhāsaḥ] bādhitaḥ pratijñānumānågama-loka-sva-vacanaiḥ. /16/ tatra pratyakşa-bādhito yathâtuşno 'gnir dravyatvāj jalavat. Cf. NAV ad loc.: tathâkşa-lingato 'dhyaksa-hetubhyām loka-svavacanābhyām ca bādhitas tiras-krto yaḥ sa pakşâbhāsaḥ. ... pratyakşa-bādhito yathā: niramśāni svalaksanāni, paraspara-viviktau vā sāmānya-višeşāv iti. anumānabādhito yathā: nâsti sarva-jña iti. loka-badhito yathā: gamyā mātā iti. sva-vacanabādhito yathā: na santi sarve bhāvā iti.
40. See, e.g., NB.(2).3.49-53: 7491 (2) tatra pratyakşa-nirāksto yathā: aśrāvanaḥ sabda iti. /50/ (3) anumāna-nirākrto yathā: nityaḥ sabda iti. /517 pratiti-nirākrto yathā: acandraḥ śasîti. /521 (5) sva-vacana-nirākrto yathā: nânumānam pramānam. 153/ iti catvārah pakṣābhāsā nirākstā bhavanti; also to NP.(2).3.1: sādhayitum isto 'pi pratyakşâdi-viruddhah pakşâbhāsah, tad yathā: (1) pratyakşa-viruddhaḥ, (2) anumāna-viruddhaḥ, (3) āgama-viruddhaḥ, (4) loka-viruddhaḥ, (5) sva-vacana-viruddhah, (6) aprasiddha-visesanah, (7) aprasiddha-višeşyah, (8) aprasiddhô-bhayah, (9) prasiddha-sambandhaś cêti // tatra...