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316
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[OCTOBER, 1884.
criticizes the system of Marinos, and concludes by raries, or from records of voyages and travels. describing the methods of projection which may This supposition is however untenable, for we be employed in the construction of maps. The find that while the statements as to the length of next 6 books and the first 4 chapters of the 7th the longest days at the selected places are always book consist of tables which give distinctly incorrect for the latitudes assigned them, they are degrees and parts of a degree the latitudes and often glaringly wrong for their real positions. longitudes of all the places in his map. These Ptolemy, it is evident, first mapped out in the best places are arranged together in sections accord- way he could the places, and then calculated ing to the country or tribe to which they belong, for the more important of these places the and each section has prefixed to it a brief de- astronomical phenomena incident to them as so scription of the boundaries and divisions of the situated. I conclude by presenting the reader part about to be noticed. Descriptive notices are with a translation of some chapters of the Inalso occasionally interspersed among the lists, but troductory Book,' where Ptolemy in reviewing the the number of such is by no means considerable. estimate made by Marinos of the length of the The remainder of the 7th book and the whole of known world from west to east, has frequent the 8th are occupied with a description of a series occasion to mention India and the Provinces of maps which, it would appear, had been prepared beyond the Ganges, which together constitute to accompany the publication of the work, and what is now called Indo-China. which are still extant. The number of the maps is
. Boox I., CAP. 11. twenty-six, viz. 10 for Europe, 4 for Libya, and 12 for Asia. They are drawn to different scales, larger
$1. What has now been stated will suffice or smaller, according as the division represented
to show us what extent in breadth it would was more or less known. He gives for each be fair to assign to the inhabited world. map the latitudes and longitudes of a certain Its length is given by Marinos at 15 hours, number of the most important cities contained this being the distance comprised between his in it, but these positions were not given in the
two extreme meridians-but in our opinion he same manner as in the tables, for the latitudes
has unduly extended the distance towards the are now denoted by the length of the longest day
east. In fact, if the estimate be properly and the longitudes according to the difference of
reduced in this direction the entire length time from Alexandria. It might be supposed that the positions in question were such as had
must be fixed at less than 12 hours, the Islands been determined by actual astronomical observa
of the Blest being taken as the limit towards tions, as distinguished from those in the Tables, the west, and the remotest parts of Séra and which were for the most part derived from itine. the Sinai' and Kattigara' as the limit towards The edition used is that of C. F. A. Noble, Leipsic, such libraries of literature. The Chinese Annalist who
mentions the Roman Embassy adds: "The people of “ China for nearly 1,000 years has been known to the that kingdom (Ta-t'sin or the Roman Empire) came in nations of Inner Asia, and to those whose soquaintance numbers for trading purposes to Fu-nan, Ji-nan, and with it was got by that channel, under the name of Kian-chi.' Fu-nan we have seen, was Champa, or Zabai. Khitai, Khata, or Cathay, e.g., the Russians still call it In Ji-nan with its chief port Kian-chi, we may recognize Khitai. The pair of names, Khitai and Machin, or with assurance Kattigara, Portus Sinarum. Richthofen's Cathay and China, is analogous to the other pair Seres solution has the advantages of preserving the true meanand Sinai. Seres was the name of the great nation in ing of Sinai 88 the Chinese, and of. locating the Portus the far east as known by land, Sinai as known by se Sinarum in what was then politically a part of China, and they were often supposed to be diverse, just as whilst the remote Metropolis Thinae remains unequivoCathay and China were afterwards." Yule's Marco cally the capital of the Empire, whether Si-gnan-fu in Polo, 2nd ed., Latrod., p. 11 and note.
Chen-ei, or Lo-yang in Ho-nan be meant. I will only 1 The locality of Kattigara has been fixed very add that though we find Katighora in Edrisi's Geography variously. Richthofen identified it with Kian-chi in I apprehend this to be a mere adoption from the Geogra. Tong-king, and Colonel Yule has adopted this view. phy of Ptolemy, founded on no recent authority. It "To myself," he says, "the arguments adduced by must have kept its place also on the later medieval Richthofen in favour of the location of Kattigara in the maps; for Pigafetta, in that part of the circumnavigaGulf of Tong-king, are absolutely convincing. This tion where the crew of the Victoria began to look out position seems to satisfy every condition. For 1st, for the Asiatic coast, says that Magellan changed the Tong-king was for some centuries at that period (B. C. course ... until in 130 of N. Lat. in order to approach 111 to A.D. 263), only incorporated as part of the Chinese the land of Cape Gaticara, which Cape (under correction Empire. 2nd, the only part mentioned in the Chinese of those who have made cosmography their study, for they annals as at that period open to foreign traffio was Kian- have never seen it), is not placed where they think, but chi, substantially identical with the modern capital of is towards the north in 12° or thereabouts. The Cape Tong-king, Kesho or Hanoi. Whilst there are no looked for was evidently the extreme S. E. point of Asia, notices of foreign arrivals by any other approach, there actually represented by Cape Varela or Cape St. James are repeated notices of such arrivals by this province, on the coast of Cochin-China.] It is probable that, as including that famous embassy from Antan, King of Richthofen points out, Kattigara, or at any rate KiarTa-t'ein, i.e., M. Aurelius Antoninus (A.D. 161-180) in chi was the Lukin or Al-WAkin of the early Arab GeoA.D. 166. The province in question was then known Kraphers. But the terminus of the Arab voyagers of the as Ji-nan (or Zhi-nan, French); whence possibly the 9th century was no longer in Tong-King, it was Khån-fu, name Sinai, which has travelled so far and spread over apparently the Kan-pu of the Chinese, the haven of the
1843: China for Danis, and to thnel, und
Annalist
adds:
for traditsin or the
