________________
NOVEMBER, 1884.]
PTOLEMY'S GEOG. BK. VII, CHAP. 1, 66 14. 15.
333
their king, called Arkatos, resided. Caldwell has pointed out the identity of the different names used to designate this people. Sæpa, he says, " which we meet alone and in various combina- tions in these (Ptolemy's) notices represents the name of the northern portion of the Tamilian nation. This name is Chola in Sanskrit, Chóla in Telugu, but in Tamil Söra or Chöra. The accuracy with regard to the name of the people is remarkable, for in Tamil they appear not only as Sôras, but also as Sôşagas and Sofiyas, and even as Soringas. Their country also is called Söragam. Ther of the Tamil word Sofa is a peculiar sound not contained in Telugu, in which it is generally represented by d or. The trans. literation of this letter as r seems to show that then, as now, the use of this peculiar y was a dialectic peculiarity of Tamil."
The River Khabêros is the Kaveri. Kávéra is the Sanskrit word for saffron. K&verf, according to a legend in the Harivanda, was changed by her father's curae from one-half of the Ganga into the river which bears her name, and which was therefore also called Ardha-gang, i.o., halfganga. Karoura, the residence of the Chera king, was upon this river.
Dr. Burnell identified Kha bêris with Kávé. ripattam (Ind. Ant., vol. VII, p. 40) which lies a little to the north of Tranquebar (Tal. langambadi) at the mouth of the Pudu-Kiveri (New KÅvéri).
Sabouras:-This mart Yule refers doubtingly to Gudalur (Cuddalore) near the mouth of the S. Penn-ar River.
14. The Aronarnoi (Arvarnoi). Padouká, an emporiam ......130° 15' 14° 39 Melang, an emporium.........131° 14° 20' Mouth of the River Tyna......131° 40 12° 45' Kottis ...............................132° 20° 12° 10' Manarpha (or Manaliarpha,
& mart) ...................... 133 10 12°
15. Mais ôlia. Mouth of the River Maisolos 134° 11° 40' Kontakossyla, a mart .........134° 30' 11° 40' Koddoura .......................135° 11° 30' Allosygnė, & mart ...............135° 40 11° 20° The point of departure (aphe
térion) for ships bound for Khrysé ........................1360 20-11°
The territory of the Arouarnoi (Arvarnoi) was permeated by the River Tyna, and extended northward to Maisólia, the region watered by the River Maisālos in the lower parts of its course. Opinions differ with regard to the identification of these two rivers, and consequently also of the places mentioned in connection with them.
Some of the older commentators, followed by Yule, take the Tyna to be the Pinaka or Penn-Ar River and the Maisolos, the Krishna. Lassen again, and recent writers generally, identify the Tyna with the Krishna and the Maisolos with the Gödåvari. To the former theory there is the objection that if the Godavari be not the Maisolos, that most important of all the rivers on this coast is left unnoticed, and Lassen accordingly asks why should the small Penn-ar appear and the great Gödávart be omitted. To this Yule rejoins, “We cannot say why; but it is a curious fact that in many maps of the 16th and 17th and even of the 18th century the Godavari continues to be omitted altogether. A beautiful map in Valentijn (Vol. V), shows Godavari only as a river of small moment, under a local name." He argues further that the name Tynna if applied to the Krishna is unaccounted for. As identified with the Penn-ar or Pinkka, TYNNA is an easy error for TYNNA.
Podou kê:-This mart is mentioned in the Periplús along with Kamara and Sopatma as ports to which merchants from Limyrikê and the north were wont to resort. According to Böhlen, Ritter and Benfey, it is Paduchchêri (Pondicherry). Lassen and Yule agree, however, in placing it at Pulikat, which is nearly two degrees further north.
In Yule's map Melange is placed at Krishnapatam, a little to the south of the North Penn-ar River, which as we have seen, he identifies with the Tyna. Its name closely approximates to that of the capital Malanga, and hence Cun. ningham, who takes the Maisolos to be the Godavari, and who locates Malanga in the neighbourhood of Elor, identifies Melange with Bandar Malanka (near one of the Godavari mouths) which he assumes to have been so called from its being the port (bandar) with which the capital that lay in the interior communicated with the sea. See Geog. of Anc. Ind., pp. 539.40.
Manarpha (or Manaliarpha):-This mart lay at the mouth of a river which still preserves traces of its name, being called the Manara. Kottis lay not very far to the north of it.
Maisòlia is the name of the coast between the Krishna and the Godavari, and onward thenoe to the neighbourhood of Paloura. It is the Masalia of the Periplds which describes it as the sea-board of a country extending far inland, and noted for the manufacture, in immense quantities, of the finer kinds of cotton fabrics. The name is preserved in Masulipattam, which has been corrupted for the sake of a meaning into Machhlipatam, which means fish-town. The Metropolis called Pityndra was seated in the interior.
