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NOVEMBER, 1884.)
PTOLEMY'S GEOG. BK. VII, CH. 1. $ 42.
345
Below the sources of the Souastos is Souastênê. Saint-Martin, Etude, pp. 74-5; also his L'Asie
Below those of the Indus are the Daradrai, Central, p. 48; Lassen, Ind. Al., vol. I, p. 422 in whose country the mountains are of surpass
Souast ên ê designates the basin of the ing height.
Souastos, which, as has already been noticed, is Below the sources of the Bidaspês and of the
the river now called the river of Swat. The full Sandabal and of the Adris is Kaspeiria.
form of the name is Subhavastu, which by the
usual mode of contraction becomes Subhâstu Below the sources of the Bibasis and of the
or Suvåstu. Souastênê is not the indigenons Zaradros and of the Diamouna and of the
name of the district, but one evidently formed for Ganges is Kylindrine, and below the Lambatai it by the Greeks. It is the country now inhabited and Souastênê is Góryaia.
by the warlike tribes of the Yuzofzaïs which Ptolemy's description of the regions watered appears to have been called in ancient times with by the Kôp hên and its tributaries given here and reference to the rich verdure and fertility of its in the preceding book may well strike us with valleys Udyana, that is, 'a garden' or 'park. It surprise, whether we consider the great copious. was visited by Hïuen-Tsiang, who calls it the ness of its details, or the way in which its parts kingdom of U-chang-na. have been connected and arranged. It is evident The Darad rai:-Ptolemy has somewhat disthat he was indebted for his materials here chiefly figured the name of these mountaineers, who are to native sources of information and itineraries of mentioned in the Mahabharata and in the Chromerchants or caravans, and that he did not much nicle of Kasmír as the Darada. They inhabited consult the records, whether historical or geogra- the mountain-region which lay to the east of the phical, of Alexander's expedition, else he would not Lambatai and of Souastênê, and to the north have failed to mention such places as Alexandria, of the uppermost part of the course of the Indus under Kaukasos, Massaga, Nysa, Bazira, the rock along the north-west frontier of Kasmir. This Aörnos, and other localities made memorable by was the region made so famous by the story of that expedition.
the gold digging ants first published to the west In describing the basin of the Köphen he by Herodotos (lib. III, c. cii), and afterwards divides it into two distinct regions-the high region | repeated by Megrethenès, whose version of it is and the lower, a distinction which had been made to be found in Strabo (lib. XV, c. i, 44) and by the contemporaries of Alexander. The high in Arrian's Indika (sec. 15) and also in Pliny region formed the country of the Paropani. (lib. VI, c. 21 and lib. XI, c. xxxvi). The name sada i, and this Ptolemy has described in the 18th of the people in Strabo is Derdai, in Pliny chapter of the 6th Book. He now describes the Dardae, and in Dionys. Perieg. (v. 1138) Dardanoi. lower region which, he regarde as a part of India. Their country still bears their name, being called (V. Saint-Martin, Etude, pp. 62-3).
Dardistân. The Sanskrit word darad among other The Lambatai were the inhabitants of the meanings has that of mountain. As the regions district now called Lamghân, a small territory along the banks of the Upper Indus produced gold lying along the northern bank of the Kabul river of a good quality, which found its way to India bounded on the west by the Alingar and Kunâr and Persia, and other countries farther west, it has rivers, and on the north by the snowy mountains. been supposed that the Indus was one of the 4 Lamghin was visited in the middle of the 7th rivers of Paradise mentioned in the book of Genesis, century by Hinen-Tsiang, who calls it Lan-po, viz., the Pishon," which compasseth the whole land and notes that its distance eastward from Kapi. of Havilah, where there is gold; and the gold of that sênê, to which before his time it had become land is good." This opinion has been advocated by subject, was 600 li (equal to 100 miles). The scholars of high name and authority. Havila la name of the people is met with in the Mahd- they take to be in a much altered form, the Sangbharata and in the Pauranik lists under the form krit sarávara, fa lake, with reference perhaps Lampáka. Cunningham would therefore correct to the lake in Tibet called Man as a rô vara. Ptolemy's Lambatai to Lambagai by the slight Boscawen, however, has pointed out that there change of r for T. A minute account of this was a river called the Pisanu, belonging to the Little district is given in the Memoirs of the Em. region between Nineveh and Babylon where he poror Baber, who states that it was called after locates paradise, Lamech, the father of Noah. The Dictionary of Kaspeiria :--The name and the position Hêmachandra, which mentions the Lamp&ka, concur in indicating this to be the valley of gives as another name of the people that of the Kasmir, a name which, according to Burnout, Muranda. Their language is Pushtu in its basis. is a contraction of Kalyapamira, which is (See Cunningham's Geog. of Anc, India, pp. 42-3; thought with good reason to be the original
