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NOVEMBER, 1884.)
PTOLEMY'S GEOG. BK. VII, CH. 1, § 30.
343
2go
Ghågrå, but the lower course of that river has shifted much, and the map suggests that both the Rapti (Solomatis of Lassen) and Kayana may have entered the Ganges directly." For the identification of the other rivers in the list see my article in the Indian Antiquary, Vol. V, p. 331.
Diamouna :-In this it is easy to recognize the Yamuna, the river which after passing Dehli, Mathura, Ågra, and other places, joins the Ganges, of which it is the largest affluent at Allahabad. It rises from hot springs amid Himalayan snowe, not far westward from the sources of the Ganges. Arrian singularly enough has omitted it from his list of the Ganges afiluente, but it is no doubt the river which he subsequently mentions as the Jobares and which flows, he says, through the country of the Sourasenoi, an Indian tribe possessing two large cities, Methora and Kleisobarn (Krishnapura P) Pliny (lib. VI, c. xix) calls it the Jomanes, and states that it floweinto the Ganges through the Palibothri, between the towns
of Methora and Chrysobara (Krishnapura P) The . Ganges at its junction with the Jamni and a third but imaginary river called the Sarasvati, which is supposed to join it underground is called the Trivêni, i.e., 'triple plait' from the inter. mingling of the three streams.
Sara bos:- This is the great river of Kôšala, that is now called the Sarayu or Sarju, and also the Gharghara or Ghogra. It rises in the Himalayas, a little to the north-east of the sources of the Ganges, and joins that river on its left side in latitude 25° 46', a little above the junction of the Son with their united stream. Cunningham regards the Solomatis mentioned in Arrian's list of the tributaries of the Ganges as being the Sarayu under a different name, but Lassen takes it to be the Rapti, a large affluent of the same river from Gorakhpur. The name, he thinks, is a transliteration or rather abbreviation of Saravati, the name of a city of Kosala mentioned by Kalidasa. The river on which the city stood is nowhere men. tioned, but its name was in all probability the same as that of the city (Ind. Alt., vol. II, p. 671).
Mouth of the River Soa:--This river can be no other than the Son (the Sonos of Arrian's list) which falls into the Ganges about 16 miles above Patna in lat. 25° 37'. It rises in Gôndwana in the territory of Nagpur, on the elevated tableland of Amarakantaka, about 4 or 5 miles east of the source of the Narmada. It would appear that in former times it joined the Ganges in the immediate neighbourhood of Patna, the modern representative of the Palibothra or Palimbothra of the classical writers. The lat. of the source is 22° 41'; in Ptolemy 28o.
30. Divarication from the Ganges towards the Ouindion range to the mouth of the River Sôa ..........
..........136° 10 31° 30 The sources of the river ...131° Divarication of the Ganges
towards the Ouxenton rangel42° 28° The sources of the divarication 1370 Divarication from the Ganges
into the Kambyson Mouth146° Divarication from the Ganges
into the Pseudostomos ......146° 30200 Divarication from the Gan
ges into the Antibold Mouth146° 30' 21° Divarication from the Kamby
son River into the Mega
Mouth .......................... 145° 20° Divarication from the Mega
Mouth into the Kamberi. khon Mouth ..................1450 30 19° 30'
The divarication towards the Ouxenton range :-By this unnamed river, as Lassen has pointed out (Ind. Alt., vol. III, pp. 130, 131) Ptolemy must have meant the Dharmôdaya of the Hindus, although he has assigned far too high a latitude for its junction with the Ganges, 28° instead of only 22° 13'. It is, however, the only considerable stream which flows to the Gangea from the Bear Mountains. It passes Ramgarh and Bardhwan, and joins the Hughlf not far from the sea, a little to the east of Tamluk. It is commonly called the Damuda River.
The mouths of the Ganges :-In addition to the remarks already made regarding these mouths I may here quote a passage from Wilford on this topic: "Ptolemy's description," he says (Asiat. Researches, vol. XIV, pp. 464-6) " of the Delta of the Ganges is by no means a bad one, if we reject the latitudes and longitudes, which I always do, and adhere solely to his narrative, which is plain enough. He begins with the western branch of the Ganges or Bhagirathi, and says that it sends one branch to the right or towards the west. and another towards the east, or to the left. This takes place at Trivêni, so called from three rivers parting, in three different directions, and it is a most sacred place. The branch which goes towards the right is the famous Sarasvati; and Ptolemy says that it flows into the Kambyeon mouth, or the mouth of the Jelnsor river, called in Sanskrit Saktimati, synonymous with Kambu or Kambuj, or the river of shells. This commu. nication does not exist, but it was believed to exist, till the country was surveyed. This branch sends another arm, says our author, which afforde a passage into the great mouth, or that of the
