________________
NOVEMBER, 1881.]
PTOLEMY'S GEOG. BK. VII. CH. 1, $ 50.
351
wounds received in the battle. From the conflict. Labokla :-Lassen identified this with Láhor, ing accounts given by the Greek writers it is the capital of the Panjab (Ind. Alt., vol. III, p. 152). difficult to determine where the latter city stood. Thornton and Cunningham confirm this identi. If we follow Plutarch we must place it on the fication. The city is said to have been founded eastern bank of the Hydaspés, for he states by Lava or Lo, the son of Rama, after whom it was (Vita Alexandre) that Boukephalos was killed in named Lohîwar. The Labo in Labo-kla must be the battle, and that the city was built on the place taken to represent the name of Lava. As for the where he fell and was buried. If again we follow terminal kla, Cunningham (Geog. of Anc. Ind., Strabo (lib. XV, c. i, 29) we must place it on the p. 198) would alter it to laka thus, making the west bank at the point where Alexander crossed whole name Labolaka for Lavalaka or 'the abode the river which in all probability was at Dilawar. of Lava.' If finally we follow Arrian we must place it on | Batana gra:-Ptolemy places this 2 degrees the same bank, but some miles farther down the to the east of Labokla, but Saint-Martin (p. 226) river at Jalalpur, where Alexander had pitched does not hesitate to identify it with Bhatnair (for his camp, and this was probably the real site. Bhattanagara) the town of the Bhatis' though Boukephala seems to have retained its historical it lies nearly three degrees south of Lahor. Yule importance much longer than its sister city, for accepts this identification. A different reading besides being mentioned here by Ptolemy it is is Ka tanagara. noticed also in Pliny (lib. VI, c. xx) who says that it Ama katis (v. 1. Amakastis).- According to was the chief of three cities that belonged to the the table this place lay to the S.E. of Labokla Asini, and in the Periplús (sec. 47) and elsewhere. but its place in the map is to the S.W. of it Nika ia, on the other hand, is not mentioned by Cunningham (pp. 195—197) locates it near Sheany author of the Roman period except Strabo, kohpur to the south of which are two ruined and that only when he is referring to the times of mounds which are apparently the remains of Alexander. The name is variously written ancient cities. These are called Amba and Kapi Boukephala, Boukephalos, Boukephalia, and respectively, and are said to have been called Boukephaleia. Some authors added to it the after a brother and a sister, whose names are surname of Alexandria, and in the Peutinger combined in the following couplet:Tables it appears as Alexandria Bucefalos. The
Amba-Kapa pai larai horse Boukephalos was so named from his 'brow'
Kalpi bahin chhurawan ai. being very broad, like that of an ox.' For a dis.
When strife arose 'tween Amb and Káp cussion on the site of Boukephala see Cunning
Their sister Kalpi made it up. ham's Geog. of Anc. Ind., pp. 159 sqq.
"The junction of the two names," Cunningham I ômo usa is probably Jamma, a place of
remarks," is probably as old as the time of great antiquity, whose chiefs were reckoned at
Ptolemy, who places a town named Amakatis or one time among the five great râjas of the north. Amakapis to the west of the R&vi, and in the im. It doubtless lay on the great highway that led
mediate neighbourhood of Labokla or LAhor." from the Indus to Palibothra.
The distance of the mounds referred to from List of cities of the Kaspeiraioi:-This long LAhor is about 25 miles. list contains but very few names that can be Ostobala sara (v. 1. Stobolasara) Saint-Martin recognized with certainty. It was perhaps care. has identified this with Thanesar (Sthinêsvara in lessly transcribed by the copyists, or Ptolemy Sanskrit) a very ancient city, celebrated in the himself may have taken it from some work the heroic legends of the Pandavas. Cunningham text of which had been already corrupted. Be however thinks that Thanesar is Ptolemy's Bathat as it may, we may safely infer from the tankaisara and suggests that we should read constancy with which the figures of latitude in Satan aisara to make the name approach nearer the list decrease, that the towns enumerated were to the Sanskrit Sthânêsvara—the Sa-ta-ni-shiso many successive stages on some line of road fa lo of Hiuen-Tsiang (p. 331). that traversed the country from the Indus to Kaspeira: "If this name," says Saint-Martin Mathura on the Jamna. Salagissa, Aris. (p. 226) "is to be applied, as seems natural, to the para, Pasikana, Liganeira, Khonna. capital of Kaśmfr, it has been badly placed in magara and Kognandau a are past all the series, having been inserted probably by the recognition; no plausible conjecture has been
ancient Latin copyista." made as to how they are to be identified.
Daidala :-An Indian city of this name is Astrasso: This name resembles the Atrasa mentioned by Stephanos of Byzantion, but he of Idrisi, who mentions it as a great city of the locates it in the west. Curtius also has a Daedala Kanauj Empire (Etude, p. 226).
(lib. VIII, c. 1), a region which according to his
