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DECEMBER, 1884.]
the new bed, and is commonly called Sabalgarh. Hastinapur is 24 miles S. W. of Dârânagar, and 11 to the west of the present Ganges; and it is called Hastnawer in the Ayin Akbari. He orta is Awartta or Hardwar. It is called Arate in the Peutinger tables, and by the Anonymous of Ravenna."
14. To the south of these are the Maroundai who reach the Gangaridai, and have the following towns on the east of the Ganges:
Boraita....
PTOLEMY'S GEOG. BK. VII, CH. 2, § 14.
142° 20' 143° 30'
29° 27° 15' 26°
145°
146°
25° 30'
Kelydna Aganagora
Talarga
146° 30′ 22° 30' 146° 40′ 21° 40' The Maroundai occupied an extensive territory, which comprised Tirhut and the country southward on the east of the Ganges, as far as the head of its delta, where they bordered with the Gangaridai. Their name is preserved to this day in that of the Mandas, a race which originally belonged to the Hill-men of the North, and is now under various tribal designations diffused through Western Bengal and Central India, "the nucleus of the nation being the Ho or Hor tribe of Singhbhum." They are probably the Monedes of whom Pliny speaks, in conjunction with the Suari. That they were connected originally with the Muranda, a people of Lampáka (Lamghân) at the foot of the Hindu-Kôh mentioned in the inscription on the Allahâbâd pillar, along with the Saka, as one of the nations that brought tributary gifts to the sovereign of India, is sufficiently probable; but the theory that these Muranda on being expelled from the valleys of the Kôphês by the invasion of the Yetha, had crossed the Indus and advanced southwards into India till they established themselves on the Ganges, in the kingdom mentioned, by Ptolemy, is, as Saint-Martin has clearly proved (Etude, pp. 329,330) utterly untenable, since the sovereign to whom the Muranda of the north sent their gifts was Samudragupta, who reigned subsequently to the time of Ptolemy, and they could not therefore have left their ancestral seats before he wrote. Saint-Martin further observes that not only in the case before us but in a host of analogous instances, it is certain that tribes of like name with tribes in India are met with throughout the whole extent of the region north of
Kôrygaza
Kondôta
*********
J. A. 8. B., vol. XXXV, p. 168. The Mânds tribes as enumerated by Dalton, id. p. 158, are the Kuars of Ilichpur, the Korewas of Sirguja and Jaspur, the Kherias of Chutia Nagpur, the Hor of Singhbhum, the Bhumij of Manbhum Dhalbham, and the Sintals of Manbhum
377
the Indus, from the eastern extremity of the Himalaya as far as the Indus and the Hindu-Kôh, but this he points out is attributable to causes more general than the partial migration of certain tribes. The Vayu Purdna mentions the Muranda among the Mlechha tribes which gave kings to India during the period of subversion which followed the extinction of the two great Aryan dynasties. See Cunningham. Anc. Geog. of Ind., pp. 505-509, also Lassen, Ind. Alt., vol. III, pp. 136f. 155-157, and vol. II, p. 877n.
Regarding the towns of the Maroundai, we may quote the following general observations of SaintMartin (Etude, pp. 331, 332). "The list of towns attributed to the Maroundai would, it might be expected, enable us to determine precisely what extent of country acknowledged in Ptolemy's time the authority of the Marunda dynasty, but the corruption of many of the names in the Greek text, the inexactitude or insufficiency of the indications and, in fine, the disappearance or change of name of old localities, render recognition often doubtful, and at times impossible." He then goes on to say: "The figures indicating the position of these towns form a series almost without any deviation of importance, and betoken therefore that we have an itinerary route which cuts obliquely all the lower half of the Gangetic region. From Boraita to Kelydna this line follows with sufficient regularity an inclination to S. E. to the extent of about 6 degrees of a great circle. On leaving Kelydna it turns sharply to the south and continues in this direction to Talarga, the last place on the list, over a distance a little under four degrees. This sudden change of direction is striking, and when we consider that the Ganges near Rajmahal altera its course just as sharply, we have here a coincidence which suggests the enquiry whether near the point where the Ganges so suddenly bends, there is a place having a name something like Kelydna, which it may be safely assumed is a bad transcription into Greek of the Sanskrit Kâlinadi ('black river') of which the vulgar form is Kalindi. Well then, Kalindi is found to be a name applied to an arm of the Ganges which communicates with the Mahanandâ, and which surrounds on the north the large island formed by the Mahananda and Ganges, where once stood the famous city of Gauda or Gaur, now in ruins. Gauda was not in existence in Ptolemy's time, but there may have been there a station with which if not with the river itself the indication of the table would
Singhbhum, Katak, Hazaribagh and the Bhagalpu hills. The western branches are the Bhills of Malwa and Kinhdês and the Kôlis of Gujarat.
30 Mahabh. vii, 4847; Reinand, Mem. sur l'Inde, p. 358; Lassen, Ind. Alt., vol. II, p. 877.-J. B.
