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382
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[DECEMBER, 1884.
that Varanasi was never used as a name for Båndras.
Souanagoura:-Saint-Martin (Etude,p. 351) thinks this is a transcript of the vulgar form of Suvarnanagara, and in this name recognizes that of one of the ancient capitals of Eastern Bengal, Suvarnagrama (now Sonargaon, about 12 miles from Dhakka), near the right bank of the Lower Brahmaputra.
Sag ôda:-There can be no doubt of the identity of this place with Ayodhya, the capital of Kösala, under the name of SÅkêta or Sageda. Säkyamuni spent the last days of his life in this city, and during his sojourn the ancient name of Ayodhyd gave place to that of S&keta, the only one current. Hindu lexicographers give Sakêta and Kosala (or Kosala) as synonyms of Ayodhys. The place is now called Audh, and is on the right bank of the Saraya or Gbaghrá, near Faizabad, a modern town, built from its ruins. At some distance north from Audh is the site of Sråvasti, one of the most celebrated cities in the annals of Buddhism. For the identity of Saketa with Ayodhya and also Visakha. See Canningham, Geog. of Anc. Ind., pp. 401 sqq.
Rhadamarkotta (v. 1. Rhandamarkotta). Saint-Martin has identified this with Rangamati, an ancient capital situated on the western bank of the lower Brahmaputra, and now called Ude. pur (Udayapura,-city of sunrise). Yule, who agrees with this identification, gives as the Sanskrit form of the name of the place, Rangamritika. The passage about Nard which follows the mention of Rhadamarkotta in the majority of editions is, according to Saint-Martin (Etude, p. 352 and note), manifestly corrupt. Some editors, correct to ), much, into óleus, cities, and thus Nardos becomes the name of a town, and Rhadamarkotta the name of a district, to which Nardog and the towns that come after it in the Table belong. On this point we may quote a paggage from Wilford, whose views regarding Rhadamarkotta were different. He says (Asiat. Research. vol. XIV., p. 441), Ptolemy has delineated tolerably well the two branches of the river of AvA and the relative situation of two towns upon them, which still retain their ancient name, only they are transposed. Thesetwotowns are Urathêna, and Nardos or Nardon; Urathena is Rhådana, the ancient name of Amarapur, and Nardon is Nartenh on the Kayn-dween...." He says that "Nartenh was situated in the country of Rbandamarkota, literally, the Fort of Randa mar, after which the whole country was designated."
Tosalei, called Metropolis, has become of great importance since recent archæological dis- coveries have led to the finding of the name
in the Abóka Inscriptions on the Dhauli rool The inscription begins thus : "By the orders of Dêvanampiya (beloved of the gods) it is enjoined to the public officers charged with the administration of the city of Tôsali," &c. Vestiges of a larger city have been discovered not far from the site of this monument, and there can be no doubt that the Tôsali of the inscription was the capital in Asoka's time of the province of Orissa, and continued to be so till at least the time of Ptolemy. The city was situated on the margin of a pool called Kosald-Ganga, which was an object of great religious veneration throughout all the country. It is pretty certain that relative to this circumstance is the name of Tosala-Kosalakas, which is found in the Brahmdnda Purdna, which Wilford had already connected with the Tosale of Ptolemy. He had however been misled by the 2nd part of the word to locate the city a N. Kösald, that is Audh. An obvious objection to the locating of Tôbalê in Orissa is that Ptolemy assigns its position to the eastern side of the Ganges, and Lassen and Burnouf have thus been led to conclude that there must have been two cities of the name. Lassen accordingly finds for Ptolemy's Tosalê a place somewhere in the Province of Dhakka. But there is no necessity for this. If we take into account that the name of Tôsalê is among those that are marked as having been added to our actual Greek texts by the old Latin translators (on what authority we know not) we shall be the less surprised to find it out of its real place. (Saint-Martin, Etude, pp. 359-4, citing J. A. 8. Beng., vol. VII, pp. 435 and 442; Lassen, Ind. Alt., vol. II, p. 256, and vol. III, p. 158; and Asiat. Research. vol. VIII, p. 344).
AloBanga :--The geographical position of Alosang a places it a quarter degree to the north of the upper extremity of Mount Maiandros. "By & strange fatality," says Wilford (Asiat. Res. ut 8., p. 390) "the northern extremity of Mount Maindros in Ptolemy's maps is brought close to the town of Aloganga, now Ellasing on the Lojung river, to the north-west of Dhåkka. This mistake is entirely owing to his tables of longitude and latitude."
Tougma:-In Yale's map this is identified, but doubtfully, with Tagaung, & place in Khryse (Barma) east from the Irawadi and near the tropics.
Triglypton or Trilingon:--Opinions vary much as to where this capital was situated. Wilford says (Asiat. Research. vol. XIV, p. 450-2): "Ptolemy places on the Tokosanna, the Metropolis of the country, and calls it Trilingon, a true Sanskrit appellation. Another name for it, says our author, wag Triglypton, which is an attempt to render into Greek the meaning of Trilinga or
