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860
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY
[NOVEMBER, 1884.
notice of Ujjain is to be found in the Periplas where we read (Sec. 48) "Eastward from Barygaza is a city called Ozene, formerly the capital where the king resided. From this place is brought down to Barygaza every commodity for local consumption or export to other parts of India, onyx-stones, porcelain, fine muslins, mallow-tinted cottons and the ordinary kinds in great quantities. It imports from the upper country through Proklaïs for transport to the coast, spikenard, kostos and bdellium." From this we see that about a century and a half after Vikramaditya's æra Ujjain was still a flourishing city, though it had lost something of its former importance and dignity from being no longer the residence of the sovereign. The ancient city no longer existe, but its ruins can be traced at the distance of a mile from its modern successor. Ptolemy tells us that in his time Ozênê was the capital of Tiastanês. This name transliterates Chashtâna, one which is found on coins and the cave temple inscriptions of Western India. This prince appears probably to have been the founder of the Kashtrapa dynasty of Western India (see Ind. Aut., vol. III, p. 171).
Minagara is mentioned in the Periplus, where its name is more correctly given as Min. nagar, i.e.,' the city of the Min' or Skythians. This Minagara appears to have been the residence of the sovereign of Barygaza. Ptolemy places it about 2 degrees to the S. W. of Ozênê. Yule remarks that it is probably the Manekir of Mas'ddi, who describes it as a city lying far inland and among mountains. Benfey doubts whether there were in reality two cities of this name, and thinks that the double mention of Minnagar in the Periplus is quite compatible with the supposition that there was but one city so called. (Indien, p. 91).
Tiatoura:-This would transliterate with Chittur, which, however, lies too far north for the position assigned to Tiatoura. Yule suggests, but doubtingly, its identity with Chandur. This however lies much too far south.
Nasik a has preserved its name unaltered to the present day, distant 116 miles N. E. from Bombay. Its latitude is 20° N, but in Ptolemy only 17°. It was one of the most sacred seats of Brahmanism. It has also important Buddhistic remains, being noted for a group of rock-temples. The word nusikd means in Sanskrit 'nose.
64. The parts farther inland are possessed by the Poulindai Agriophagoi, and beyond them are the Khatria ioi, to whom belong these cities, lying some east and some west of the Indus Nigranigramma....................124° 28° 15' Antakhara ..
...122 27° 20
Sondasanna ..................... 12
26° 50 Syrnisika ........................ 121° 26° 30 Patistama ........................ 121° 25° Tisapatinga ...........
24° 20 The Poulinda' Agriophagoi are described as occupying the parts northward of those just mentioned. Pulinda is a name applied in Hindd works to a variety of aboriginal races. Agriophagol is a Greek epithet, and indi. cates that the Pulinda was a tribe that subsisted on raw flesh and roots or wild fruits. In Yule's map they are located to the N. E. of the Ran, lying between the Khatriaioi in the north and Larikê in the south. Another tribe of this name lived about the central parts of the Vindhyas.
Khatriaioi:-According to Greek writers the people that held the territory comprised between the Hydraðtên (Ravi) and the Hyphasis (Biyas) were the Kathaioi, whose capital was Sangala. The Mahabharata, and the Pali Bud. dhist works speak of Sangala as the capital of the Madras, a powerful people often called also the BAhtkas. Lassen, in order to explain the substitution of name, supposes that the mixture of the Madras with the inferior castes had led them to assume the name of Khattrias (Ksha. triya, the warrior caste), in token of their degradation, but this is by no means probable. The name is still found spread over an immense area in the N. W. of India, from the Hindd-kôh as far as Bengal, and from Nepal to Gujarat, under forms slightly variant, Kathis, Kattis, Kathias, Kattris, Khatris, Khe. tars, Kattaour, Kattair, Kattaks, and others. One of these tribes, the Kathis, issuing from the lower parts of Panjab, established themselves in Surashtra, and gave the name of' Kathiâvad to the great peninsula of Gujarat. (Etude, p. 104).
The six towns mentioned in section 64 can none of them be identified.
65. But again, the country between Mount Sardonyx and Mount Bêttigê belongs to the Ta basoi, a great race, while the country beyond them as far as the Vindhya range, along the eastern bank of the Namados, belongs to the Pra piêtai, who include the Rhamnai, and whose towns are these Kognabanda....................... 120° 15' 23° Ozoabis .........................120
.........120° 30° 23° 40' Ostha ...............................122° 30' 23° 30' Kosa, where are diamonds ... 121° 20' 22° 30
Tabasoi is not an ethnic name, but designates a community of religions ascetics, and represents the Sanskrit Tdpasds, from tapas heat' or religious austerity.' The haunts of
