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368
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[DECEMBER, 1884.
capital of the Chêra, Kêra, or Kerala kings, and is generally identified with Karur, an important town in the Koimbator district, originally included in the Chêra kingdom. It is situated on the left bank of the river Amaravati, a tributary of the Kåvêri, near a large fort now in ruins. Ptolemy notes that Kareura was the capital of Kêrobothros, i.e., Keralaputra (Cherapati P) Kard means 'the black town,' and I consider it identi. cal with Káragam, and Kadaram, names of places which I have frequently found in the Tamil country, and which are evidently the poetical equivalents of Kardr. The meaning of each of the names is the same. Ptolemy's word Karoura represents the Tamil name of the place with perfect accuracy." (Introd. pp. 96, 97).
Arembour:-Lassen compares this name with Oorumparum, but the situation of the place 30 called (lat. 11° 12' long. 76° 16') does not suit well the position of Arembour as given by Ptolemy.
Bideris :-Perhaps Erod or Yirodu in the district of Koimbatur (lat. 11° 20 long. 77° 46') near the Kávêri.
Pantipolis, according to Yule, represents the obsolete name Pantiyapura, which he places at Hangal, in the Dharwad district.
Morounda:--This is the only inland city of the Aïoi named by Ptolemy. It has not been identified.
The concluding tables enumerate the inland towns belonging to the districts lying along the Eastern Coast of the Peninsula.
88. Inland cities of the Kareoi:Mendêla ........................ 123° 17° 40' Sêlour ........................... 121° 45' 16° 30' Tittous ............
............ 122° 15° 20' Mantittour
...... 123° 15° 10' 89. Inland cities of the Pandionoi:Tainour ........................ 124° 45° 18° 40' Peringkarei ..................... 123° 20' 18" Korindiour ...................... 125° 17° 40' Tangala or Taga ............... 123° 30' 16° 50' Modoura, the royal city of Pandion .................... 125°
12.50 169 20 Akour .........
124° 45' 15° 20' 90. Inland cities of the Batoi:Kalindois
........... 127° 40' 17° 30' Bats ............... .... ...
. 126° 30' 179 Talara ............................ 128° 16° 45'
Inland cities of the Kareoi:-none of the four named in the table can be identified.
Peringkarei:-This town has preserved its namo almost without change, being now known as
Perungari, on the river Vaigai, about 40 miles lower down its course than Madurd. With regard to this name, Caldwell remarks that if it had been written Perungkarei it would have been perfectly accurate Tamil, letter for letter. The meaning is 'great shore,' and perum 'great' becomes perung before k, by rule. Ptolemy places a town called Tainour at the distance of less than a degree to the north-east of Peringkarei. The direction would suit Tanjor, but the distance is more than a degree. Ptolemy has however placed his Peringkarei quite in a wrong position with regard to Madura.
Tangala or Taga:-There can be little doubt that this is now represented by Dindugal, an important and flourishing town lying at a distance of 32 miles north by west from Madura.
Modoura:- This is now called Madurs or Madurai-on the banks of the River Vaigai. It was the second capital of the Southern Pandyas ; we have already noticed it in the description of the territory of this people.
Bata :-This may perhaps be Pattukotta, . small town not very far inland from the northern end of the Argolic Gulf (Palk's Passage). The other two towns of the Batoi cannot be recognized. As Pudukotta is the capital of the Tondiman Raja, Lassen has suggested ita identity with Bata. It is upwards of 20 miles farther inland than Pattukotta.
91. Inland cities of the Paralia of the Sôretai:Kaliour ...............
17° 20' Tennagora
17° Eikour ...........................
16° 40 Orthoura, the royal city of Sôrnagos ..........
**... 130°
16° 20 Bere..
130° 20° 16° 15' Abour .........................
............ 129° 16° Karmara ........................ 130° 20' 15° 40 Magour........ ....... 130° 15° 15'
92. The inland cities of the Arvarnoi Are these :-- Kerauge
133° 16° 15' Phrourion
132° 15° Karige.
132° 40' 15° Poleour...............
131° 30' 14° 40' Pikendaka
131° 30 14° Latour ........................... 134
......... 132° 30'
30 14
149 Skopolours .....................
134° 15' 14° 35
139° 30° 13° 40' Malange, the royal city of Basaronagos.................
190 Kandipatna ....... ....... 139° 30° 12° 20'
....... 129°
... 129°
Ikarta ...
1330
