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828
THE INDIAN ANTIQUARY.
[OCTOBER, 1884.
Kherson ê 80s. This seems to be the penin. Bula which is in the neighbourhood of Goa. It is mentioned in the Periplds as one of the haunte of the pirates, and as being near the island of the Kaineitai, that is, St. George's Island.
Arma gara:- This is placed near the mouth of the Nanagouna river, which may be taken to mean here the river on which Sadasivagash stands. The Nanagouna however must be identified with the Tapti, whose embouchure is about 6° farther north. Its name is Sanskrit, meaning
possessed of many virtues.' To account for this extraordinary dislocation, Yule supposes that Ptolemy, having got from his Indian lists a river Nå någuna rising in the Vindhyas, assigns to it three discharges into the sea by what he took for 80 many delta branches, which he calls respec. tively Goaris, Benda, and Nanaguna, This, he adde, looked possible to Ptolemy on his map, with its excessive distortion of the western coast, and his entire displacement of the Western Ghâte. Mr. Campbell suggests that Ptolemy may have mistaken the Nånd Pass for a river.
Nitras is the most southern of the pirate ports, and is mentioned by Pliny in a passage where he remarks that ships frequenting the great emporium of Mouziris ran the risk of being attacked by pirates who infested the neigh. bourhood, and possessed a place called Nitra. Yule refers it as has been already stated to Mangalur.
8. Limyrike. Tyndis, a city ..................116° 14° 30' Bramagara ............ ........116° 45/ 140 20 Kalaikarias
.........116° 40' 14° Mouziris, an emporium ......117° 14° Mouth of the river Pseudos
..117° 20' 14° Podoperoura .....................117° 40' 14° 15'
...........................118° 14° 20 Koreoura ........................118° 40 14° 20 Bakarei ........................... 119° 30' 14° 30' Mouth of the river Baris...... 120° 14° 20
Limyrik 6: Lassen was unable to trace this name to any Indian source, but Caldwell has satisfactorily explained its origin. In the introduction to his Dravidian Grammar he states (page 14), that in the Indian segment of the Roman maps called the Peutinger Tables the portion of India to which this name is applied is called Damirike, and that we can scarcely err in identifying this name with the Tamil country, since Damirike evidently means Damir-ike. In the map referred to there is moreover a district called Scytia Dymirice, and it appears to have been this word which by a mistake of A for A Ptolemy wrote
Lymirike. The D, he adds, retains its place in the Cosmography of the Geographer of Ravenna, who repeatedly mentions Dimirica as one of the 3 divisions of India. Ptolemy and the author of the Periplús are at one in making Tyndis one of the first or most northern porte in Limyrikê. The latter gives its distance from Barygaza at 7,000 stadia, or nearly 12 degrees of latitude, if we reckon 600 stadia to the degree. Notwithstand. ing this authoritative indication, which makes Limyrikê begin somewhere near Kalikat (11° 15' N. Lat.) ita frontier has generally been placed nearly 3 degrees further north, Tyndis having been located at Barcelôr. This error has been rectified by Yule, whose adherence to the data of the Periplus has been completely justified by the satisfactory identification of Mouziris (the Bouthern rival in commercial prosperity of Barygaza) with Kranganur, instead of with Mangalur as previously accepted. The capital of Limyriko was Karar, on the Kåverf, where resided Kôro. bothros, 1.e., Köralaputra, the Chöra king.
Tyndis is described in the Periplas as a place of great note pertaining to the kingdom of Képrobotras, and situate near the sea at a distance of 500 stadis from Mouziris. This distance north from Kranganur with which, as has been stated, Mouziris has been identified, brings us to Tantr. “Tantr itself," says Yule, "may be Tyndis; it was an ancient city, the seat of a principality, and in the beginning of the 16th century had still much shipping and trade. Perhape, however, a more probable site is a few miles further north, Kadalundi, i. e. Kadal-tundi, the raised ground by the sea,' standing on an inlet 3 or 4 miles south of Bepar. It is not now a port, but persons on the spot seem to think that it must formerly have been one, and in communication with the Backwater." He adds in a note supplied by Dr. Burnell, “The composition of Kadal and
Tundi makes Kadalundi by Tamil rules." The - pepper country called Kottonarike was imme. diately adjacent to Tyndis, which no doubt exported great quantities of that spice.
Bramag ara is placed in the table half a degree to the east of Tyndis, i.e., really to the south of it, since Ptolemy makes the Malabar Coast run east instead of south. The name may be a transliteration of the Sanskrit Brahmdgdra, which means the abode of the Brahmans. The Brahmans of the south of India appear in those days to have consisted of a number of isolated communities that were settled in separate parts of the country, and that were independent each of the other. This, as Lassen remarks (Ind. Alt., vol. III., p. 193) is in harmony with the tradition according to which the Arya Brahmans were
