Doctrine of Karman in Jain Philosophy

Author(s): Hiralal R Kapadia
Publisher: Vijibai Jivanlal Panalal Charity Fund Mumbai

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possible. The following combinations of nama-k occur in udaya: 20, 21 de, 25de, 26fg, 27cde, 28defghi, 29ghiklm, 30fghi, 31c, 8, 9.
v.]
THE DOCTRINE OF KARMAN
They can bind all species of karman-combinations suitable to all 4 states of existence; all species of satta-combinations are possible with them. The mutual relationship in which bandha, udaya and sattā-ks are standing towards one another, differs according to the guṇasthāna. (See below).
Before all other beings mankind enjoys an infinite advantage; human beings only can attain perfect self-discipline and thereby acquire salvation. The existence in the human state is, therefore, the conditio sine quâ non of salvation, and a jiva must be reborn in this state in order to be saved.
The undeveloped human beings.
To the undeveloped human beings, i.e., those whose organs or faculties have not fully grown, belong also those created by coagulation. The sammürcchima-manuṣyas are produced through generatio aequivoca in bile, phlegm, urine, mucus, blood, semen, in a corpse, in impure places, through the union of a man and a woman (strīpuruṣasamyoge1), etc. (Kg. I, 117a).
The märgaṇāsthānas and karman-combinations correspond to those of the undeveloped five-sensed animals.
3. THE CELESTIAL STATE OF EXISTENCE.
Gods (deva) are beings with fine transformation-bodies who pass their lives, which are very long in comparison to earthly conception, relatively in a greater or smaller state of bliss. They enter into existence through "manifestation" (upapāta), i.e., they appear suddenly where according to their karman they must originate. If the ayus of a god is exhausted, his existence is ended, without a cause of death (upakrama) being the apparent reason of it. Gods are developed and undeveloped; the latter only if their organs are not fully developed. The faculties (labdhi) of the body, breath, etc. are always completely existing in a god (Kg. I, 115b).
cognition: mati-, śruta-, avadhi-jñāna (or ajñāna), cakṣur-, acakṣur-, avadhi-darśana.
1 To this refers probably the following remark of Gandhi (p. 145, Warren p. 96): "There is a special Jain teaching, which is not the teaching of any other philosophical system, that in every act of sexual intercourse 900,000 living beings, very minute, of the shape of the human being and having the five senses, but no mind (it is called asamjñi-pañcendriya-manuṣyas), are generated and killed". But see W. Schubring "Das Mahänisiha-Sutta" (Berlin 1918), p. 70.
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