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पुरुषार्थसिद्ध्युपाय
External austerities (bahya tapa)
Acharya Umasvami's Tattvärthsūtra:
अनशनावमौदर्यवृत्तिपरिसंख्यानरसपरित्यागविविक्तशय्यासन
कायक्लेशा बाह्यं तपः ॥
(Ch. 919)
[अनशनावमौदर्यवृत्तिपरिसंख्यानरसपरित्यागविविक्तशय्यासनकायक्लेशा ] सम्यक् प्रकार से अनशन, सम्यक् अवमौदर्य, सम्यक् वृत्तिपरिसंख्यान, सम्यक् रसपरित्याग, सम्यक् विविक्तशय्यासन और सम्यक् कायक्लेश - ये [ बाह्यं तपः] छः प्रकार के बाह्य तप हैं।
(The external austerities are) fasting, reduced diet, special restrictions for begging food, giving up stimulating and delicious dishes, lonely habitation, and mortification of the body.
Acharya Pujyapada's Sarvārthasiddhi:
Fasting is intended to promote self-control and discipline, destruction of attachment, destruction of karmas and attainment of meditation and scriptural knowledge and not temporal benefits. Diminished diet is intended to develop vigilance in self-control, suppression of evils, contentment and study with ease. Special restrictions consist in limiting the number of houses etc. for begging food, and these are intended for overcoming desire. The fourth is giving up stimulating and delicious food such as ghee, in order to curb the excitement caused by the senses, overcome sleep, and facilitate study. The ascetic has to make his abode in lonely places or houses, which are free from insect afflictions, in order to maintain without disturbance celibacy, study, meditation and so on. This is the fifth austerity. Standing in the sun, dwelling under trees, sleeping in an open place without any covering, the different
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