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moksa or complete freedom from material prosperity or possessions its main goal of life, and for this reason it gave importance to knowledge and detachment. But the life of knowledge (Jñāna) and detachment was not possible in social and familial preoccupations. Thus, Śramana culture took man to distant forests, mountains and caves. It emphasized the negation of desires and body-related values and worldliness, which led the origination of the path of tapas rooted in detachment. While on the other side, in this kind of life rooted in renunciation, the doors for discussions and reflections, with a serious desire to know, opened. This in fact, led toorigination of jñāna-marga dominated by thought, discussions, and reflection. Thus, Śramaņa religion or nivartaka religion developed into two main branches: (i) jñāna-marga and (ii) tapa-marga. The following table clearly explains the evolution of these two religions based on bodily and rational aspects of human nature. Man (Pravartaka dharmas)
(Nirvataka dharmas) Body
Consciousness Desires
Conscience Enjoyment
Detachment Abhyudaya (Preya)
Nihsreyas (Sreya) Heaven
Moksa Action
Renunciation Indulgence
Renunciation of action Pravartka dharma
Nivartaka dharma Worshipping extra Mundane power, surrender based Bhakti-Marga and Yajña.
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