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sugar, (v) Living in the lonely places, (vi) Mortification of the body, (vii) Taking atonements for the violation of the rules of conduct, (viii) Paying reverence to the elderly saints and the preceptors, (ix) Rendering one's service to the elderly, diseased and old monks, (x) Renunciation of external and internal possessions, (xi) Study of the scripture and (xii) Meditation. (h) Twenty-two Hardships : The path of salvation is not an easy one. A monk is expected to overcome the hardships coming in the way of his Sadhana. These hardships are twenty-two in number: (i) Hunger, (ii) Thirst, (iii) Cold, (iv) Heat, (v) Insect bite, (vi) Nakedness, (vii) Discontentment, (viii) Woman or man, (ix) Fatigue from walking, (x) Disturbance by animals, (xi) Sleeping or sitting on hard earth, (xii) Abuse, (xiii) Beating, (xiv) Begging, (xv) Failure to get alms etc., (xvi) Disease, (xvii) Contact of thorny shrubs etc., (xviii) Discomfort from dirt, (xix) Respectful or disrespectful treatment, (xx) Pride of knowledge, (xxi) Lack of knowledge and (xxii) Failures in religious practices.
JAINA YOGA
As I have already mentioned, in early Jaina Āgamas such as Uttarādhyayana etc. and in the works of Ācārya Kundakunda, we find a four-fold path instead of three-fold path, where in right austerity is mentioned separately from right conduct. According to Uttarādhyayana while the right conduct controls the inflow of new Karmic particles, i.e. Āsrava and thus, saves the soul from new bondage, it is the right austerity, which exhausts the pervious bondage of Karmas. For complete purification of self and perfect unfolding of the potentialities of the self, observation of right austerity is essential.
219 Jainism and its History
