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74 Harmless Souls internal conditions, such as desire, etc.'.69 The Sarvārthasiddhi goes on to say, delusion 'is the root of all imperfections. When someone has the idea "This is mine", the need to take care of it, etc., (also) arises. And from that violence necessarily follows'. 70 And as P.S. Jaini points out, the term parigraha is 'further made synonymous with the four passions (kaşāya) and nine sentiments (no-kaṣāya) ...; these are known as the "internal possessions" and their renunciation (the avoidance of activities which generate them) constitutes the essence of the aparigrahavrata' (the fifth anuvrata of the layman according to later Jaina doctrine).71 This kind of renunciation is, however, not considered possible until a person has detached himself from the 'external possessions' - land, houses, silver, gold, etc. So the layman expresses his seriousness about aparigraha by setting limits to what he may own (i.e. he gives himself less to be attached to and, at the same time, engenders an attitude of non-attachment towards what he already has). 72 (It is interesting to note, however, that, even at this relatively late doctrinal stage, the renunciation of passion is approached, not via a direct confrontation with the internal state, but through the renunciation of activities
| 69 bẫhyānām gomahiyamanimultaphaladĩnăm cetanặcetanặnăm ābhyantarāņām ca rāgādinām upadhīnām samrakşaņārjanasamskārādilaksanāvyāvrttir mūrcchā - SS on TS 7:17. 70 tanmūlāh sarve doşāḥ ||
mamedam iti hi sati samkalde samraksanādayah samjāyante
tatra ca himsā 'vasyambhāvini |- SS on TS 7:17. Cf. J.L. Jaini (1920) on TS 7:17: ...'worldly objects are said to be Parigraha because they are the external causes of internal attachment'.
71 JPP p. 177; the aṇuvrata aparigraha is defined variously as 'non-possession', 'non-attachment', 'the delusion of possession', 'harbouring false notions of "this is mine'', etc. See discussion of Das. 8:37, p. 37ff., above, for the relation of parigraha and kasāya. Nokasāya, 'sentiments', are nine subsidiary passions, such as laughter, fear sexual cravings, etc. - see JPP p. 120 for a full list.
72 See JPP p. 177.
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