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Kundakunda: The Pravacanasāra 197 6) kāya-kleśa - mortification of the body. [Tattvārtha Sūtra 9:19]
According to the Sarvārthasiddhi, these are called external 'because they are dependent on external things and these are seen by others'.40
Internal tapas consists of:
1) prayāścitta - repentance of transgressions due to negligence
(nine kinds, see Tattvārtha Sūtra 9:22) 2) vinaya - reverence, especially to elders (four kinds, see
Tattvärtha Sūtra 9:23) 3) vaiyāvsttya - respectful service to other monks, especially when
they are ill (ten kinds, see Tattvārtha Sūtra 9:24) 4) svādhyāya - study of the scriptures (five kinds, see Tattvārtha
Sutra 9:25) 5) vyutsarga - renunciation of external and internal attachments
(upadhi - see Tattvārtha Sūtra 9:26) 6) dhyāna - meditation (four kinds, see Tattvārtha Sūtra 9:28)
[Tattvārtha Sūtra 9:20]
These are called 'internal' (abhyantara) because of the restraint or limitation of the mind in these cases.41 In practice, commentators agree that dhyāna is the most significant of these internal austerities and the most important feature in the pattern of Jaina ethics.42
Dhyāna is first defined (in the Sarvārthasiddhi on Tattvārtha Sūtra 9:20) as the abandoning of mental confusion (literally, the giving up of the distractions of/ to the mind - cittaviksepatyāgo dhyānam).43 A more technical description follows (at Tattvārtha Sūtra 9:27), where meditation is said to be the concentration of thought on one point or object, lasting up to a maximum of one muhurta
40 S.A. Jain's trans. of: bāhyadravyāpekṣatvāt parapratyakșatvāc ca.
41 manoniyamamanārthatvāt - SS on TS 9:20. 42 See, for example, JPP p. 251, and Bhargava p. 193. 43 On citta-viksepa, cf. YS, 1:30, 1:31. -
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