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106 Harmless Souls
3) avadhidarśana - clairvoyant perception 4) kevaladarśana - omniscient perception. 56
This list sometimes occurs without either kevalajñāna or kevaladarśana;57 that is because these two are not strictly speaking separate types of jñāna and darśana (upayoga) but the substrata of all the others - pure jñāna and darśana without the impediment of karmas. Similarly, pariņāmika bhāva is not a bhāva or modification of the jīva as such, but the natural state of the jīva when it is free from karmic modification (i.e. from bhāvas ).58 To put this in terms of the classical karman doctrine, 59 bhāvas are states produced in the jīva by karmas. Thus five bhāvas are possible in the jīva 'which can manifest themselves simultaneously in a greater or smaller number'. 60 These basic five subdivide into a total of fifty-three possible states of the jiva, among which are the different kinds of upayoga (jñāna and darśana) and thus the eight jñānas. The amount or fraction of upayoga - which, it should be remembered, is the necessary characteristic of a jīva and so cannot be totally absent - is different in different beings, depending upon the degree to which their inherent kevalajñāna (or pariņāmikabhāva) is obscured by material karman. In other words, the five (fifty-three) bhāvas list all the
56 See TS 1 for a detailed discussion of the kinds of jñāna; also see the SS on TS 2:9, and Pañc. 41 which repeats the list exactly. .: 57 See, for instance, TS 2:5.
58 In terms of Kundakunda's doctrine (see below), true bhāvas (14) must be modifications of either śubha or aśubha upayoga; pariņāmika is free from karmas and thus identical to kevala- and darśana-jñāna, which comprise the state of suddha-upayoga. As explained on p.103, pariņāmika refers to the jiva's natural or inherent bhāva, independent of karman. Or to put it the other way round, being the natural condition of the jiva, it is that state which is the substratum of, or has the potential to undergo, modification under the influence of karman; but for that very reason, it is in itself free from such modification.
59 Schematised by Glasenapp p. 40ff. 60 Glasenapp p. 40.
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