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Aptamīmāmsā
Ācārya Umāsvāmi’s Tattvārthasūtra:
गुणपर्ययवद् द्रव्यम् ॥५-३८॥ That which has qualities and modes is a substance. Hogia: ufu114: 14-82|| The condition (change) of a substance is a mode.
That in which qualities and modes exist is a substance. What are qualities and what are modes? Those characteristics which exhibit association (anvaya) with the substance are qualities. Those characteristics which exhibit distinction or exclusion (uyatireka) – logical discontinuity, “when the pot is not, the clay is,” – are modes. A substance possesses both. That which makes distinction between one substance and another is called a quality, and the modification of a substance is called a mode. The substance (dravya) is inseparable (residing in same substratum - ayutasiddha) from its qualities, and permanent (nitya).
That which distinguishes one substance from all others is its distinctive quality. Only the presence of this quality makes it a substance. If such distinctive characteristics were not present, it would lead to intermixture or confusion of substances. For instance, souls are distinguished from matter by the presence of qualities such as knowledge. Matter is distinguished from souls by the presence of form (colour) etc. Without such distinguishing characteristics, there can be no distinction between souls and matter. Therefore, from the general point of view, knowledge etc. are qualities always associated with the soul, and form etc. are always associated with the matter. Their modifications, which are separable from particular points of view, are modes. For instance, in living beings, these are knowledge of pitcher, knowledge of cloth, anger, pride, etc., and in matter these are intense or mild odour,
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