Apbhramsa Exercise Book

Author(s): Kamalchand Sogani
Publisher: Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006535/1

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Apabhramsa Exercise Book (English Translation of the Author's Book in Hindi "Apabhramsa Abhyasa Saurabha') Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani ungestattet jainavidyA saMsthAna zrI mahAvIrajI Apabhraisa Sahitya Academy Jaina Vidya Samsthana Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra Sri Mahaviraji Rajasthan En Education International

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Apabhramsa Exercise Book (English Translation of the Author's Book in Hindi "Apabhraisa Abhyasa Saurabha') Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani (Former Professor of Philosophy M.L. Sukhadia University Udaipur) mAijogI jAnI jaina vidyA saMsthAna bhI mahAvIrajI Apabhraisa Sahitya Academy Jaina Vidya Samsthana Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra Sri Mahaviraji Rajasthan

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Publisher : Apabhramsa Sahitya Academy (Jaina Vidya Sarnsthana) Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra Sri Mahaviraji Sri Mahaviraji - 322 220 (Rajasthan) Copies From: Jaina Vidya Samsthana Sri Mahaviraji - 322 220 (Rajasthan) Telephone : 07469-2224323 Sahitya Vikraya Kendra Digambara Jaina Nasiyam Bhattarakaji Savai Ramasimha Road, Jaipur - 302 004 Tel.: 0141-2385247 All rights reserved First Edition : 2006 Price : Rs. 4007 - US$ 20 Computer Typesetting : Shyam Agarwal A-336, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur - 302 017 (Rajasthan) Ph.: 0141-2524138 Printed at : Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd. M.I. Road, Jaipur - 302 001 Telephone : 0141-2373822, 2362468 Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book

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Contents Exercise Subject Page No. Basic book for solving Exercises No. Prelusive Dedication Introduction Present Tense Imperative Intransitive Verbs Reviewal 13 Reviewal 17 Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition Lessons 1 to 8 Apabhrarsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 9 to 16 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 17 Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition Lessons 1 to 17 Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition Lessons 1 to 17 Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition Lessons 18 to 25 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 1 to 25 Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition Lesson 27 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 28 Future Tense 19 Reviewal 23 Absolutive 27 Infinitive 31 Apabhraria Exercise Book

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Exercise Subject No. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. iv Reviewal a-ending Masculine Nouns (Singular Number) a-ending Masculine Nouns (Plural Number) a-ending Neuter Nouns (Singular Number) a-ending Neuter Nouns (Plural Number) a-ending Feminine Nouns (Singular Number) a-ending Feminine Nouns (Plural Number) Reviewal Past Participle (Active Voice) Present Participle Past Participle (Impersonal Form) Basic book for solving Exercises Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 27-28 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 29-30 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 31 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 33-34 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 35 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 37-38 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 39 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 29 to 39 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 41 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 42 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 44 Page No. 35 39 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 84 91 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Subject Page No. Exercise No. Basic book for solving Exercises 21. Reviewal 95 Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition Lessons 1 to 44 22. 98 23. 101 24. 104 Obligatory and Apabhraisa Grammar and Potential Participle Composition Lesson 48 Intransitive Verbs Apabhraisa Grammar and (Impersonal Form) Composition Lesson 46 Reviewal Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 41 to 48 Nouns Apabhraisa Grammar and Accusative Case Composition (Singular & Plural) Lessons 50-51 Transitive Verbs Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition Lesson 52 25. 108 26. 113 27. 115 Nouns (i, i-ending and u, u - ending Mas. Neu. and Fem.) Apabhraria Grammar and Composition Lessons 54 to 60 28. Nouns 118 Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition Lessons 54 and 58 29. 120 Nouns, Apabhraisa Grammar and Transitive Verbs Composition Lessons 53-54 Participles, Apabhraria Grammar and Passive Voice Composition (Instrumental Case) Lessons 56 to 61 30. 123 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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Exercise No. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. vi Subject Different Participles (with object in the Accusative Case) Nouns, Dative Case, Genitive Case (Singular & Plural) Nouns, Ablative Case, Locative Case (Singular & Plural) Causative Suffixes Retainer of Innate Meaning Suffixes (Svarthika Suffixes) Different Pronouns & Indeclinables Irregular Passive Voice Irregular Past Participle Abbreviations and Method of Grammatical Analysis Basic book for solving Page No. Exercises Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 63 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 65 to 68 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 70 to 76 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 77 Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition Lessons 78 to 80 Apabhramsa Story and Its English Translation (Amangaliya Purisaho Kaha) Grammatical Analysis of the Story (Amangaliya Purisaho Kaha) 127 128 130 132 135 137 141 152 158 163 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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a a 0 o au SM c C t t t FP p p y y z A m 10 au (Anusvara) i kh kh chU ch for PS th th th ph ph r r S $ Apabhramsa Exercise Book Diacritical Marks i Vowels u u g g Consonants j j d b l 1 U s S u : (Visarga) b R r gh gh jh jh for EUR dh dh dh bhu bh v V res h e ai ai r - n za J n 5 C N n n n FE m m vii

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Prelusive We feel great pleasure in placing "Apabhrarsa Exercise Book' in the hands of the readers. In fact, this book is the English translation of 'Apabhraisa Abhyasa Saurabha' published in 1996 by the Apabhrarsa Sahitya Academy, Jaipur. It goes without saying that "Apabhraisa" language is one of the richest Indo-Aryan languages. It has come to us through Prakrta, the most ancient and sacred language of India. The early Vedic literature is not averse to Praksta expressions, which indicate its ancient character. It is incontrovertible that Praksta was the mother-tongue of Mahavira and Buddha, who used this language as the medium of their sermons. Praksta, the flowing language gave rise to Apabhraisa in course of time. Like Praksta, Apabhramsa is the language of the masses. Its vast literature in varied literary forms contributes to the dignity and excellence of the cultural heritage of Indian tradition. Svayambhu, Puspadanta, Dhanapala, Vira, Nayanandi, Kanakamara, Joindu, Ramasimha, Hemacandra, Raidhu, etc. are the celebrated literary personalities of Apabhraisa language. In the 6th century A.D., it was the lingua franca of Northern India. From East to West and Kasmir (North) to Maharastra (South), it has served the need of literary world as also of the common men. It is to the credit of Praksta language that it has given rise to Apabhraisa language from which the modern Indian languages like Sindhi, Panjabi, Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, Kasmiri, Maithili, Rajasthani, Udiya etc. have grown. Even the national language Hindi owes its origin to Praksta and Apabhramsa. Most of the literary tendencies in Hindi literature flow from the glorious tradition of Prakyta and Apabhramsa language. Thus the relation between Praksta-Apabhraisa and Hindi is very intimate. In consequence, the proper understanding of Prakyta and Apabhraisa Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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language and literature is indispensible for comprehending the development of Hindi literature rightly and adequately. Recognising the importance of Praksta and Apabhramsa languages in the cultural history of India, the Managing Committee of Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra, Sri Mahaviraji established Apabhramsa Sahitya Academy in 1988, which runs correspondence courses for teaching Prakrta and Apabhramsa languages. The Academy has published books for the implementation of these courses. Books on Praksta Grammar and Composition , Praksta Exercises, Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition, Apabhraisa Exercises have been published for those desirous of learning Praksta and Apabhraisa languages through Hindi medium. For teaching Apabhrarsa language to the English knowing people, our new publication, 'Apabhramsa Exercise Book' which is the English translation of 'Apabhramsa Abhyasa Saurabha' in Hindi will facilitate the learning of Apabhraisa to the students of English language. 'Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition', 'Praksta Grammar and Composition', *Praksta Exercise Book' have already been published. We offer our thanks to the learned researchers of the Samsthana (Institute) specially Smt. Sima Dhingra and to M/s Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd. for organising the publication of the book. Naresh Kumar Sethi Narendra Patni Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani President Secretary Samyojaka Managing Committee Jaina Vidya Sarnsthana Samiti Digambara Jaina Atisaya Ksetra Jaipur Sri Mahaviraji 20 July, 2006 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Dedicated To Dr. A.N. Upadhye And Dr. Hiralal Jain

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Introduction Relating to Apabhramsa language, the following should be understood. L Vowels a, A, i, I, u, U, e, 317 a, i, i, u, u, e, o a, ka, Alphabets of Apabhramsa l shts m rnn a ka, ca, 'aau M o- ii o 'aau ta, ta, pa, pa, ya, ya, Apabhramsa Exercise Book kha, ga, kha, ga, cha, ja, jha, cha, ja, jha, 3, da, tha, da, dha, da, dha. tha, da, dha, 10 tha, d pha, ra. Consonants gha, Ga gha, na # (Anusvara) sa, ha sa, ha * o ba, bha, ma pha, ba, bha, ma la, ra, la, va to 225 va Ja na Na na na na m, m It may be noted here that in Apabhramsa the use of na and na is not found in non-conjunct form. In Hemacandra Apabhramsa Grammar the use of na and na in conjunct form is traceable. The use of na is seen in conjunct and non-conjunct form. The alternative of na, na, na in conjunct form is m. (Anunasika) xiii

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Number: Gender: In Apabhramsa language, there are only two numbers : 1. Singular 2. Plural Person : In Apabhramsa language, there are three Genders : 1. Masculine Gender 2. Feminine Gender 3. Neuter Gender Case: Verb: In Apabhramsa language, there are only three Persons : 1. First Person 2. Second Person 3. Third Person xiv In Apabhramsa language, there are eight Cases : 1. Nominative Case 3. Instrumental Case 5. Ablative Case 7. Locative Case Tense: In Apabhramsa language, there are only two kinds of Verbs: 2. Intransitive 1.Transitive Words: 2. Accusative Case 4. Dative Case 6. Genitive Case 8. Vocative Case In Apabhramsa language, there are four type of Tenses : 1. Present Tense 2. Past Tense 3. Future Tense 4. Imperative In Apabhramsa language, four kinds of Words are in use : 1. a-ending 2. i-i-ending 3. a- ending 4. u-u-ending Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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The Vocalic sounds of the Devanagari Syllabary in combination with the consonants of the syllabary ki kI ke ko kA ka ki ki kha kha kha khA kha khi khi khI khi khu khu khU khu khe khe kho kho gA go ge ge ga gi gu gha gha ghA ghe ghi ghi ghI ghi ghu ghu ghU phu ghe ghe gho gho Apabhramsa Exercise Book XV

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Ga na GA na Gi GI nini Ga nu DU nu De ne ko no ly 2 cU cli cha cha cha chA cha chi chi chI chi chu chu chU chu che che cho cho ja jA ji jI ju jU je jo jhA jhijhI jha jhi jhi jhu jhu jhU jhu jhe jhe jho jho jha XVI Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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a na Ta ta ho tha da Dha dha Ja na Da n ThA tha tha da Dha JA Ta TA ta ta ti ti dha na Ji ni Apabhramsa Exercise Book Di zrI Thi tthii thi thi e ap 12 DhA dha dhi DA da di di chaTha. DhI dhi Ja than G01 thu J nu F3G Tu tu tu te 106 thu tre du dU dhu dhu ne t The the na Du Do du du de do 7 Jo no dhe To to Tho tho Dho dho xvii

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na Na Ne No NA na Ni ni NI ni NU nu ne ta ta tA ta ti ti tI ti tu tu tU tu te te to to tha tha tha thA tha thi thi thI thi thu thu thU thu the the tho tho da da dA di u di dI di du du dU de de do do I d d u dha dha dha dhA dha dhi dhi dhI dhu dhidhu dhU dhu dhe dhe dho dho xviii Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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na na nA ni nani nI ni nu nu nU nu ne ne no no pa pa pA pa pi pI pu pU pe pipi pupu pe pha pha phA phu phi phi phI phi phu phu phU phu phe phe pho pho ba ba bA ba bi bi bI bi bu bU bubu be be bo bo bha bhAbhi bhI bhu bhUme bho bha bha bhi bhi bhu bhu bhe bho ma ma mA mi mI mu mU me mo. ma mi mi mu mu me mo ma ma mi mi mu mu me mo Apabhransa Exercise Book xix

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ya ya yA ya yi yi yI yi yu yu yU yu ye ye yo yo / ri re li lo la lililu - le lo va l`w vi vu khy sa sa sA sa si si sI si su su sU s u se se so so ha ha hA ha hi hi hI hi hu hu hu hu he he ho ho Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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Exercise 1 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraisa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms. 1. He laughs. 2. They both dance. 3. You hide. 4. I sulk. 5. They both wake up. 6. We all sleep. 7. You all live. 8. They all stay. 9. I bathe. 10. She becomes. 11. You both laugh. 12. We all dance. 13. They all hide. 14. You sulk. 15. I wake up. 16. He sleeps. 17. They all live. 18. I stay. 19. They bathe. 20. You all become. 21. You dance. 22. They all laugh. 23. She hides. 24. They all sulk. 25. You wake up. 26. You all sleep. 27. I live, 28. We all stay. 29. She bathes. 30. They both become. 31. I laugh. 32. You all dance. 33. We hide . 34. She sulks. 35. We all wake up. 36. I sleep. 37. She lives. 38. You stay. 39. We both bathe. 40. I become. 41. You laugh. 42. He dances. 43. I hide. 44. We all sulk. 45. You both wake up. 46. They all sleep. 47. We both live. 48. She stays. 49. You all stay. 50. You bathe. 51. We laugh. 52. I dance. 53. You both hide. 54. You all sulk. 55. She wakes up. 56. you sleep. 57. You live. 58. You both stay. 59. You both bathe. 60. We all become. Example :He laughs = So Hasai/Hasei/Hasae Note : In order to solve the above exercise 1, study lessons 1 to 8 of "Apabhrarsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book

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(B) Write the inflected Personal Pronouns in agreement with the Number of the following Verbal forms. 1. Naccahim 2. Jaggaum 4. Rusai 5. Thaum 7. Lukkahu 8. Nhahum 10. Jaggasi 11. Sayae 13. Naccamo 14. Rusaha 16. Nhamo 17. Sayami 19. Lukkei 20. Thai 22. Jivittha 23. 25. Naccemi 26. 28. Jivei 29. 31. Jaggire 32. 34. Lukkasi 35. 37. Jaggamo 38. 40. Hasahim 41. 43. Homa 44. 46. Nhahu 47. 49. Lukkamu 50. 52. Hohim 53. 55. Sayei 56. 58. Sayante 59. ****** 2 ****** ...... ...... ...... ****** ...... ...... ...... ...... ****** ...... ****** .............. ................ ------ ****** ............. ****** ****** ...... 3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 21. Jaggante 24. Rusesi 27. Hohi 30. Rusami 33. Naccase 36. Rusahu 39. Lukkittha 42. Rusahi 45. Naccai 48. Sayahu 51. Naccante 54. Nhaittha 57. Thahim 60. ****** ...... ****** ...... ****** ****** ****** ...... Examples: - 1.Ta/Te Naccahim. 2. Haum Jaggaum. 3. Tuhum Sayahi. Sayahi Hasahur Jivami Homi Lukkanti Jivase Hasamu Nhamu Sayaum Sayahum Hasahi Sayai Jivamu Thasi Jivahim Hasae Jagganti Nhaha Rusanti Jivaha Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(C) Write all the alternative forms of the Present Tense of Verbs given in brackets in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns. 1. Amhe (Hasa) 3. So (Nacca) 5. Tumhe (Lukka) 7. Amhair (Jiva) 9. Ta (Tha) 11. Amhe (Lukka) 13. Haum (Nacca) 15. Tuhum (Jiva) 17. Ta (Ho) 19. Te (Lukka) 21. Amhe (Nacca) 23. So (Jiva) 25. Amhaim (Ho) 27. Tumhaim (Hasa) 29. Te (Saya) Example: - Amhe Hasahum/Hasama/Hasamo/Hasamu. (D) Point out the Person, Number and Original Verb in the following Verbal forms of the Present Tense. 2. Sayahi 3. Rusai 5. Sayittha 6. Jivae 8. Lukkanti 9. Hasasi 12. Sayase 15. Jaggesi 1. Naccahim 4. Jaggemi 7. Rusaum 2. Tuhum (Saya) 4. Haum (Rusa) 6. Te (Jagga) 8. Sa (Nha) 10. Tumhaim (Ho) 12. Ta (Rusa) 14. So (Jagga) 16. Amhaim (Nha) 18. Tumhaim (Saya) 20. Tumhe (Rusa) 22. Haum (Jagga) 24. Tuhum (Nha) 26. Ta (Nha) 28. Te (Tha) 30. Tumhe (Hasa) 10. Thai 13. Jivahu Apabhramsa Exercise Book 11. Nhamu 14. Rusante 3

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16. Jivase 19. Hohl 22. Nhami 25. Rusahim 28. Lukkire Example - 4 17. Lukkami 20. Naccae 23. Hasahu 26. Naccasi 29. Hosi Person Naccahim Third Person 18. Hasei 21. Jivami 24. Thahum 27. Hasaha 30. Thamu Number Plural (E) Write forms of the Personal Pronoun expressed by the following. 1. First Person Nominative Plural 2. Second Person Nominative Plural 3. Third Person Nominative Plural (Masculine) 4. First Person Nominative Singular 5. Third Person Nominative Singular (Masculine) 6. Second Person Nominative Singular 7. Third Person Nominative Plural (Feminine) 8. Third Person Nominative Singular (Feminine) Example - First Person Nominative Plural Amhe/Amhaim Original Verb Nacca Apabhramhsa Exercise Book

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(F) Point out the Person, Case, Number and Gender in the following Personal Pronouns. 1. Amhe 2. Te 3. Tumhe 5. Tuhur 4. Amhair 7. Haur 10. Sa 6. Ta 9. So 8. Tumhair Example - Person Case Amhe First Person Nominative Number Gender Plural All the three Genders Apabhramba Exercise Book

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Exercise 2 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraisa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms. 1. They both should/may dance. 2. We all should/may sleep. 3. He should/may laugh. 4. You all should/may live. 5.I should/ may sulk. 6. You should/may hide. 7. They both should/may wake up. 8. They all should/may stay. 9. He should/may become. 10. You both should/may laugh. 11. We all should/may dance, 12. I should/may bathe. 13. You should/may sulk. 14. They all should/may hide. 15. He should/may sleep. 16. I should/may wake up. 17. They all should/may live. 18. He should/may bathe. 19. I should/may stay. 20. You all should/may become. 21. They all should/may laugh. 22. You should/may dance. 23. He should/ may hide. 24. You should/may wake up. 25. They all should/may sulk. 26. I should/may wake up. 27. You all should/may sleep. 28. We all should/may stay. 29. They all should/may become. 30. They both should/may stay. 31. I should/may laugh. 32. You both should/may dance. 33. We all should/may hide . 34. She should/may sulk. 35. We all should/may wake up. 36. I should/ may sleep. 37. She should/may live. 38. You should/may stay. 39. We all should/may bathe. 40. I should/may become. 41. He should/may dance. 42. You should/may laugh. 43. I should/may hide. 44. They all should/may sleep. 45. We all should/may laugh. 46. You both should/may wake up. 47. They all should/may sulk. 48. She should/may stay. 49. You all should/may stay. 50. You should/may bathe. 51. We both should/may sulk. 52. You all should/may hide. 53. I should/may dance. 54. You all should/ may sulk. 55. He should/may wake up 56. He should/may sleep. 57. You should/may live. 58. You both should/may stay. 59. You all should/may bathe. 60. We all should/may become. Example: They both should/may dance. = Te/Ta Naccantu/Naccentu. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 2, study lessons 9 to 16 of "Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition". 6 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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(B) Write the inflected Personal Pronouns in agreement with the Number of the following Verbal forms. fiifiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1. ...... Hasi 4. ...... Sayasu 7. ...... Jivantu 10. ...... Jagga 13. ...... Sayentu 16. ...... Rusahi 19. ...... Lukkemo 22....... Sayemu 25....... Rusamo 28. ...... Sayaha 31...... Sayamo 34. ...... Nhahi 37 ....... Hosu 40....... Nhantu Nhaha Homu Jaggamu 52. ...... Hasasu 55. ...... Lukki 58. ...... Rusa 2. ...... Jaggeu 5. ...... Naccamo 8. ...... Hasemu 11. .....Thamu 14..... Nhai 17....... Jivau 20. ...... Nhamu 23. ...... Jivehi 26...... Thau 29. ...... Naccantu 32. ...... Thaha 35. ..Thai 38. ..... .Nacceu 41. ..... Sayi 44. ..... Jiva 47...... Thamo 50. ..... Sayeu 53. ..... Nhau 56. ..... Thahi 59. ..... Hontu 3....... Hou 6. ...... Rusaha 9. ...... Lukkeha 12....... Naccasu 15. ...... Hasamo 18. ...... Hoe 21. ...... Jaggae 24. ...... Lukkau 27.... Jaggemo 30. ...... Homo 33. ...... Lukka ....... Rusamu 39. ...... Jaggantu ...... Hasaha Lukkemu ...... Nacci ...... Jivu Rusentu ...... Thasu ...... Sayu Examples :1. Tuhu Hasi. 2. So/Sa Jaggeu. 3. So/Sa Hou. (C) Write all the alternative forms of the Imperative of Verbs given in brackets in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns. 1. Tuhum (Saya) 2. Haum (Rusa) 3. Tumhe (Lukka) 4. Amhe (Hasa) 5. So (Nacca) 6. Amhair (Jiva) 7. Te (Jagga) 8. Sa (Nha) 9. Tumhaim (Ho) 10. Ta (Tha) 11. Tumhe (Hasa) 12. Amhe (Lukka) 13. Te (Saya) 14. Haum (Nacca) 15. Ta (Rusa) Apabhramba Exercise Book 1

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16. So (Jagga) 19. Ta (Ho) 22. Amhe (Nacca) 25. So (Jiva) 28. Te (Tha) Example: - Tuhum 1. Jivemu 4. Rusamo 7. Lukkentu 10. Nhai 13. Lukke (D) Point out the Person, Number, Original Verb and suffix in the following verbal forms of the Imperative. 16. Hou 19. Sayeha 22. Hosu 25. Hoha 28. Sayasu 8 Example. 17. Tuhum (Jiva) 20. Tumhaim (Saya) 23. Tumhe (Rusa) 26. Tuhum (Nha) 29. Tumhaim (Hasa) 30. Ta (Tha) Sayi/Saye/Sayu/Saya/ Sayahi/Sayehi/Sayasu/Sayesu. 18. Amhaim (Nha) 21. Te (Lukka) 24. Haum (Jagga) 27. Amhaim (Ho) 3. Sayi 6. Naccaha 9. Hasahi 11. Jaggamo 12. Sayeu 14. Naccemo 15. Rusesu 17. Hasantu 18. Jiva 20. Rusentu 21. Lukkeha 23. Thamo 24. Naccehi 26. Nhae 27. Hasamu 29. Thantu-Thantu 30. Jaggu Person 2. Jaggau 5. Thahi 8. Homu Number Jivemu First Person Singular Original Suffix Verb Jiva Mu Apabhramhsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 3 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms. 1. I clash. 2. He quarrels. 3. You tire. 4. They flounder. 5.You all embarrass. 6. We all fall. 7. They both weep. 8. You both fear. 9. We both tremble. 10. I die. 11. They fight. 12. He faints. 13. You jump. 14. We all endeavour. 15. They both play. 16. You all wake up. 17. We both go round. 18. They all leap. 19. You all rejoice. 20. She sits. 21. I tire. 22. They all fight. 23. We all fear. 24. You tremble. 25. They both embarrass. 26. You both endeavour. 27. We both sit. 28. You all quarrel. 29. We all faint. 30. I flounder. 31. You should embarrass. 32. I may sit. 33. He may fear. 34. You both may clash. 35. We both should play. 36. They both should get up. 37. You all should leap. 38. We all should go round. 39. They all should jump. 40. You should endeavour. 41. He may tire. 42. I may fall. 43. You all may flounder. 44. We both should endeavour. 45. They all should rejoice. 46. You both may faint. 47. They both may tremble. 48. We all may die. 49. He should play. 50. You all should fight. 51. He may sit. 52. You both should get up. 53. I should jump. 54. We all should rejoice. 55. You all should endeavour. 56. They both should leap. 57. We both may clash. 58. You both should embarrass. 59. They all may fear. 60. He should go round. Example :I clash - Hau Bhidaum/Bhidami/Bhidami/Bhidemi. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 3, study lesson 17 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhraria Exercise Book

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(B) Write the inflected Personal Pronouns in agreement with the Number of the following Verbal forms. 2. ..... 1. ..... Lajjahur 2. ...... Ruvittha 3....... Darahi 4. ...... Kalahai 5. ...... Thakkau ..... Acchahim 7. ...... Pademu 8 . ...... Utthahu 9. ...... Tadaphadasi 10. ...... Ghumei 11. ..... Bhidami ...... Ucchalanti 13. ...... Ujjamama 14. ...... Ullasaha 15....... Karpae 16. ...... Marami 17....... Khelante ...... Kullamo 19. ...... Jujjhaha 20...... Mucchase 21. ...... Lajjahim Acchahur 23. ...... Thakkittha 24....... Ruvaui 25. ...... Kalahahi 26..... Darai 27.... Padama 28. ...... Utthanti 29....... Tadaphadami 30....... Ghumemo 31. ...... Mucchamu 32....... Jujjhi 33....... Kullau 34. ...... Khelamo 35. ...... Maraha 36....... Kampantu 37 ....... Ullasemu 3 8....... Ujjame 39. ...... Ucchaleu 40....... Bhidamo 41....... Ghumeha 42....... Tadaphadentu 43. ...... Utthu 44....... Padamu ...... Acchau 46...... Thakka 47....... Kalahaha ....... Darantu 49. ...... Ruvamo 50....... Lajjahi 51. ...... Bhidemu 52. ...... Kalaheu 53. ...... Jujjheha 54....... Ullasentu 55. ...... Khelahi 56....... Daramo 57........ Ghumasu 58. ...... Tadaphadamu 59....... Lajjaha 60...... Daresu Example: - 1. Amhe/Amhaim Lajjahur 2. Tumhe/Tumhaim Ruvittha. 3.Tuhum Darahi - (C) Write all the alternative forms of the Present Tense and the Imperative of Verbs given in brackets in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns. Present Tense Imperative 1. Amhe (Jujjha) 16. Tuhum (Ucchala) 2. So (Kulla) 17. Haum (Ruva) 10 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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3. Tumhe (Khela) 4. Amhaim (Lajja) 5. Ta (Pada) 6. Amhe (Tadaphala) 7. Haum (Ruva) 8. Tuhur (Mara) 9. Ta (Kalaha) 10. Te (Dara) 11. Amhe (Ujjama) 12. So (Kampa) 13. Amhaim (Bhida) 14. Tumhaim (Muccha) 16. Te (Ucchala) 18. Te (Dara) 19. Sa (Kalaha) 20. Tumhaim (Thakka) 21. Ta (Accha) 22. So (Uttha) 23. Amhaim (Tadaphada) 24. Tumhaim (Ghuma) 25. Tumhe (Ujjama) 26. Haum (Ullasa) 27. Tuhum (Karpa) 28. Ta (Khela) 29. Te (Kulla) 30. Tumhe (Jujjha) Example: - Present Tense Amhe Jujjhahum/Jujjhamu/Jujjhama/Jujjhamo. Imperative Tuhur Ucchali/Ucchale/Ucchalu/Ucchala/Ucchalahi/ Ucchalehi/ Ucchalasu/Ucchalesu. (D) Point out the Person, Number, Original Verb, Suffix and Tense in the following Verbal forms. 2. Kalahahus 3. Thakkai 1. Darahi 4. Acchahu 7. Ucchalasi 10. Khelaha 13. Mucchesi 16. Ghumantu 5. Tadaphadau 8. Ullasamo 11. Kullami 14. Lajjamu 17. Padamu 6. Bhidahim 9. Kampei 12. Jujjhanti 15. Ruvae 18. Ujjamaha Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book

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19. Lajjau 22. Mucchentu 20. Kullamo 23. Lajjemo 21. Lajji 24. Ujjamesi. Example - Person Tense Number Original Suffix Verb Singular Dara Darahi Second Person Present, Imperative Plural Kalaha hur Present Kalahahum First Person 12 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 4 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms. 1. You both should rejoice. 2. They all weep. 3. I sit. 4. We both fear. 5. He laughs. 6. You all should sleep. 7. They all embarrass. 8. You flounder. 9. I wake up. 10. We all should stay. 11. She trembles. 12. You should bathe. 13. You all should dance. 14. We both become. 15. They both die. 16. You should go round. 17. He stays. 18. I sulk. 19. We all should endeavour. 20. You all should play. 21. He should hide. 22. They all live. 23. You jump. 24. I should leap. 25. We all should sleep. 26. You both tire. 27. He should get up. 28. They both quarrel. 29. I fight. 30. We both faint. 31. He quarrels. 32. We all should stay. 33. You all weep. 34. They all should sit. 35. We both should wake up. 36. They all fear. 37. I should laugh. 38. He falls. 39. You embarrass. 40. You should jump. 41. They both flounder. 42. I bathe. 43. You all clash. 44. You all should laugh. 45. She dies. 46. They all may become. 47. She dances. 48. I go round. 49. You should endeavour. 50. She plays. 51. You all should hide. 52. They all faint. 53. He should rejoice. 54. You all should get up. 55. I should jump. 56. They all quarrel. 57. We both should live. 58. You all should sit. 59. We all rejoice. 60. They all should go round. Example: - You both should rejoice = Tumhe/Tumhaim Note : In order to solve the above exercise 4, study lessons 1 to 17 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhramsa Exercise Book Ullasaha/ Ullaseha. 13

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(B) Write the Personal Pronouns in agreement with the Number of the following Verbal forms. 1. ------ 40. 43. 46. 4. 7. 10. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. Kampei 31. Saye 34. . Thai ...... 37 Hasamo Lajjaha Khelai Jivasi 2. Kalahi 5. Utthentu 8. Ullaseha 11. Hohum Darami 14. Nhahi Jaggittha 17. Ucchalami 20. 23. ...... 14 Jujjhahu Thakkamo 26. 29. 32. 35. 38. 41. Bhidaum 44. Jujjhire 47. 49. Nhami 50. ...... Lukkamu 52. 53. 55. Ghumemo 56. 58. Bhidittha 59. Hasesu Lajjai Khela 1. Amhe (Hasa) (Pre.) 2. So (Kulla) (Imp.) ******* ******* ...... ****** Examples: 1. Amhe/Amhaim Hasamo. ...... 3. 6. 9. 12. 15. 18. Ghumi Kalahanti Sayama 21. Lukkau Ujjamentu 24. Pademi 27. .Rusasu 30. Kulleu 33. Jaggamu 36. Utthaha 39. Padae ****** ****** ...... Naccamu Thamu Ruvaum Acchahi Mucchae Hou 42. Acchantu Tadaphadei 45. Kampaha Ujjamu 48....... Ullasahum Ucchaleu Thakkahi 54. Mucchasi 57. Tadaphadase Bhidasi Marante Hasemu Nacchahim 51. Jivaha Darentu Kalahai 60. Rusemo ...... (C) Write all the alternative forms of the Present Tense (Pre.) and the Imperative (Imp.) of Verbs given in brackets as directed in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns. 2. Tuhum Kalahi. 16. So (Ruva) (Pre.) 17. Haum (Lukka) (Imp.) Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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3. Tuhum (Ujjama) (Imp.) 4. Te (Bhida) (Imp.) 5. Haum (Kampa) (Pre.) 6. Tumhe (Jiva) (Imp.) 7. Tumhaim (Tha) (Imp.) 8. Sa (Nacca) (Pre.) 9. Amhais (Ullasa) (Imp.) 10. Ta (Lajja) (Pre.) 11. So (Tadaphada) (Pre.) 12. Tuhum (Saya) (Imp.) 13. Tumhe (Kalaha) (Pre.) 14. Te (Ucchala) (Pre.) 15. Sa (Uttha) (Imp.) 18. Tumhaim (Ho) (Imp.) 19. Amhe (Khela) (Pre.) 20. Tuhum (Nha) (Pre.) 21. Te (Ghuma) (Imp.) 22. Ta (Rusa) (Pre.) 23. So (Mara) (Pre.) 24. Amhais (Jagga) (Imp.) 25. Sa (Dara) (Pre.) 26. Tuhum (Thakka) (Pre.) 27. Te (Accha) (Imp.) 28. Tumhe (Pada) (Pre.) 29. Haum (Jujjha) (Imp.) 30. Tuhum (Muccha) (Pre.) Example: Amhe Hasahum/Hasamu/ Hasama/Hasamo. (D) Point out the Person, Number, Original Verb, Suffix and Tense in the following Verbal forms. 1. Hasahur 4. Ghumaum 7. Ullasantu 10. Jivau 13. Jujjhahim 16. Kampasi 19. Ujjamesu 22. Ucchalittha 26. Homa 28. Tadaphadei 2. Acchahi 5. Urthu 8. Lajjamo 11. Padami 14. Thasu 17. Tadaphadae 20. Mucchesi 23. Naccanti 26. Ruvante 29. Naccamu 3. Lajjai 6. Khelaha 9. Lukki 12. Jaggahu 15. Rusemi 18. Sayeha 21. Kullamo 24. Nhaire 27. Lukka 30. Lajjau. Apabhramsa Exercise Book 15

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Example - Person Tense Number Original Suffix Verb Hasahum Plural Hasa hur Present First Person 16 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 5 (A) Correct the following sentences representing the Present Tense. Write all the alternatives of the correct Verbal form of the Present Tense according to the Personal Pronoun. 1. Haum Rusahim. 3. So Thami. 2. Tuhum Hasaum. 5. Tumhe Hasahim. 6. Te Thamo. 4. Amhe Hasaha. 7. Ta Thai. 8. Tumhaim Thakkahi. 9. Te Marai. 10. Haum Lajjamo. 11. Tuhum Padittha. 13. Amhaim Utthase. 14. Sa Ghumanti. Example: Haum Rusaum/Rusami/Rusami/Rusemi. (B) Correct the following sentences representing the Present Tense. Write all the alternatives of the correct Personal Pronoun in agreement with the Verbal forms of the Present Tense. 1. Haum Lajjahum. 2. Amhe Ruvaum. 4. So Darahu. 5. Ta Padamo. 7. Amhaim Ucchalahi. 8. Haum Kampittha. 10. Tumhe Marai. 11. Tumhe Thasi. 14. Amhe Hohu. 13. Tumhe Nhamu. Example : - Amhe/Amhaim Apabhramsa Exercise Book 12. So Khelanti. 15. Tuhum Thai. Lajjahum. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 5, study lessons 1 to 17 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". 3. Tumhe Ruvami. 6. Tumhaim Utthai. 9. Tuhum Marante. 12. Haum Kullahim. 15. Tuhum Mucchei. 177

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(C) Correct the following sentences representing the Imperative. Write all the alternatives of the correct Verbal form of the Imperative in agreement with the Personal Pronoun. 1. Haum Padau. 2. Tuhum Ruvamo. 3. So Thakki. 4. Amhe Hasahi. 5. Tumhaim Darantu. 6. Amhaim Kampaha. 7. Sa Ghumi. 8. Ta Khelamo. 9. Te Marahi. 10. Haus Ullasa. 11. Tuhum Kullemo. 12. Tumhe Mucchasu. 13. Te Bhidau. 14. Amhais Jujjhentu. 15. Tumhaim Thamo. Example: - Haui Padamu/Pademu. (D) Correct the following sentences representing the Imperative. Write all the alternatives of the correct Personal Pronoun in agreement with the Verbal forms of the Imperative. 1. Haus Lajjamo. 4. Tumhe Daramo. 7. So Utthaha. 10. Tumhe Hasa. 13. Te Homo. 2. Tuhum Ruvau. 3. Amhe Haseha. 5. Tumhais Lukkemo.6. Te Acchau. 8. Ta Hoha. 9. Amhain Thantu. 11. Amhe Padasu. 12. So Hoha. 14. Haur Lukki. 15. Haur Tadaphada. Example: - Amhe/Amhais Lajjamo. 18 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 6 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms. 1. You will dance. 2. We both shall live. 3. He will stay. 4. I shall hide. 5. You all shall sleep. 6. They all shall sulk. 7. She will laugh. 8. You will become. 9. We all shall wake up. 10. He will bathe. 11. I shall live. 12. You all will dance. 13. They all will stay. 14. We all shall hide. 15. She will sleep. 16. You will sulk. 17. I shall laugh. 18. You all will become. 19. They all will wake up. 20. We all shall bathe. 21. She will dance. 22. You both will live. 23. I shall stay. 24. He will hide. 25. We all shall sleep. 26. You all will sulk. 27. They all will laugh. 28. I shall become. 29. She will wake up. 30. You will bathe. 31. He will sit. 32. We shall embarrass. 33. They will fight. 34. I shall fall. 35. You will play. 36. You all will jump. 37. She will get up. 38. We all shall leap. 39. They all will rejoice. 40. I shall endeavour. 41. You will tire. 42. She will go round. 43. You all will fear. 44. He will flounder. 45. They all will weep. 46. I shall rejoice. 47. They all will clash. 48. They both will tremble. 49. He will die. 50. I shall fight. 51. You will sit. 52. He will embarrass. 53. We all shall fight. 54. You all will fall. 55. I shall play, 56. They all will jump. 57. You will jump. 58. We both shall get up. 59. He will rejoice. 60. You all will endeavour. Example: - You will dance. = Tuhum Naccesahi/Naccesasi/Naccesase/ Naccihihi/Naccihisi/Naccihise. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 6, study lessons 18 to 25 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhrarhsa Exercise Book 19

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(B) Write all the alternative of the Personal Pronouns in agreement with the following Verbal forms. 1. ...... Hasesahi 2. ....... Lajjesahur 3. ..... Khelesai 4. ...... Jivesaur 5. ...... Daresahu 6. ...... Jaggesahim ...... Ucchalesahi 8. ...... Jujjhesamo ...... Thakkesae ... Kampesami 11. ...... Sayesaha ...... Thasahim .... Lajjihihi 14. ..... Khelesamu 15. ...... Bhidihihi ...... Jujjhihiur 17. ..... Nhahihu 18. ...... Lukkesanti ...... Ghumihise 20. ...... Bhidesama 21. ...... Kullihie 22. ...... Utthihimi Ullasesaittha 24. ...... Hohihi 25. ...... Nhasai 26. ..... Kalahihihur 27. ...... Sayesai . Ujjamesaum 29. ..... Padihiha 30. ...... Rusihinti ...... Kullesami 32. ...... Jaggesahi 33. ...... Utthihimo ...... Padesae 35. ..Tadaphadesami 36. ...... Ujjamesami ...... Ucchalesae 38. ...... Thakkihihi 39. ..... Mucchesahur 40. ...... Hasesahim 41. ...... Naccesahu 42. ...... Thahisi ...... Ruvihihum 44. ...... Acchihii 45. ...... Mucchihium ...... Ghumesaha 47. .Tadaphadesahi 48. ...... Bhidesasi ...... Marihimu 50. ...... Hasihie 51. ...... Naccesami 52. ..... Hohinti 53. ...... Acchihihu 54. ...... Kampihisi 55. ..... Ullasihima 56. ...... Jivihie 57. ...... Darihium 58. ...... Kalahesahu 59. ...... Rusesahim 60. ...... Nhasami Examples :1. Tuhum Hasesahi. 2. Amhe/Amhaim Lajjesahui. (C) Write all the alternative forms of the Future Tense of Verbs given in brackets in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns. 1. Amhe (Hasa) 2. So (Kulla) 3. Tuhum (Ujjama) 4. Te (Bhida) 5. Haui (Kampa) 6. Tumhe (Jiva) 20 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book

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7. Tumhaim (Tha) 9. Amhaim (Ullasa) 11. So (Tadaphada) 13. Tumhe (Kalaha) 15. Sa (Uttha) 17. Haum (Lukka) 19. Amhe (Khela) 21. Te (Ghuma) 23. So (Mara) 25. Sa (Dara) 27. Te (Accha) 29. Haum (Jujjha) Example: - Amhe Hasesahum/Hasesamo/Hasesamu/Hasesama/ Hasihihum/Hasihimo/Hasihimu/Hasihima. (D) Pick out the Person, Number, Original Verb, Suffix and Tense in the following Verbal forms. 1. Ghumesaum 4. Hasesahum 7. Lukkesasi 10. Padesami 13. Thasahi 16. Tadaphadihii 19. Mucchihihu 22. Naccihinti 25. Ruvihimo 28. Kalahihisi 8. Sa (Nacca) 10. Ta (Lajja) 12. Tuhum (Saya) 14. Te (Ucchala) 16. So (Ruva) 18. Tumhair (Ho) 20. Tuhum (Nha) 22. Ta (Rusa) 24. Amhaim (Jagga) 26. Tuhum (Thakka) 28. Tumhe (Pada) 30. Tuhum (Muccha) Apabhramsa Exercise Book 2. Lajjesai 5. Acchesahi 8. Khelesami 11. Jaggesaha 14. Rusesamo 17. Sayesaittha 20. Kullihium 23. Nhasaha 26. Lukkihittha 29. Bhidihihum 3. Ullasesahim 6. Utthesahu 9. Jivesae 12. Jujjhesanti 15. Kampihihim 18. Ujjamesamu 21. Ucchalihihum 24. Hosami 27. Darihima 30. Thahii 21

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Example - Person Tense Number Original Suffix Verb Singular Ghuma Saur Ghumesaur Future First Person 22 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 7 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms. 1. I should/may laugh. 2. I jump. 3. I shall endeavour. 4. You both should/may sit. 5. You all may tremble. 6. You all should live. 7. He should stay. 8. She dances. 9. He should rejoice. 10. We all should sleep. 11. We all embarrass. 12. We all shall hide. 13. You should leap. 14. You flounder. 15. You quarrel. 16. They all should get up. 17. They all weep. 18. They all may become. 19. I should play. 20. I bathe. 21. I shall go round. 22. You all should wake up. 23. You all sulk. 24. You all will die. 25. He should wake up. 26. She fears. 27. He will tire. 28. We all should sit. 29. We all fall. 30. We all faint. 31. I shall laugh. 32. I may jump. 33. You all will sit. 34. They all tremble. 35. He should live. 36. You should stay. 37. They all should dance. 38. You all should rejoice. 39. We all shall sleep. 40. They all will embarrass. 41. I may hide. 42. He flounders. 43. They both quarrel. 44. You may get up. 45. She weeps. 46. We all shall become. 47. You all should play. 48. They all should bathe. 49. I should go round. 50. You wake up. 51. She sulks. 52. They both die. 53. I will fear. 54. You all tire. 55. I shall sit. 56. They all fall. 57. She faints. 58. You endeavour. 59. He should dance. 60. We both shall endeavour. Example : I should/ may laugh - Haum Hasamu/Hasemu. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 7, study lessons 1 to 25 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhrarhsa Exercise Book 23

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(B) Write all the alternative of the Personal Pronouns in agreement with the following Verbal forms. 1. ...... 14. ...... Hosahim ....... Ullasesai ...... Ruvahim Naccai Utthantu Thau 19. ...... Ullaseha Jiveu Kullemu ...... Thakkesae 31. ...... Padesama 34. ...... Nhami 37. ..... Jaggaha 40....... Naccihii 43. ...... Padante ...... Darihimi ...... Ghumasu 52. ...... Hohihun 55. ...... Uttha 58. ...... Lukkemu 2. ...... Kalahahi 3. ..... Lukkesahun 5. ...... Jivesahu 6. ...... Ujjamesaun 8. ..... Tadaphadasi 9. ...... Lajjahur ...... Kampahu 12. ...... Kullaum Ucchali 15. ...... Sayamo ...... Acchai 18. ...... Hasamu ...... Naccentu 21. ...... Thau ...... Kampanti ...... Acchesaha 26. ...... Hasesami 27. ...... Mucchamo 29. ...... Maresaittha 30. ..... Ghumihium 32. ...... Darei 33. ...... Rusittha 35. ...... Archamo 36. ...... Jaggeu 38. ...... Khelamu 39. ...... Ujjamihihum ...... Mucchae 42. ...... Ujjame ...... Acchihium 45. ..... Thakkittha 47. ...... Marire 48. ...... Rusae 50. ...... Nhantu 51. ...... Khelaha 53. ...... Ruvei 54. ...... Ujjamu 56. ...... Kalahante 57. ..... Tadaphadae 59. ...... Lajjesanti 60. ...... Sayihima Example: - 1. Te/Ta Hosahim. 2. Tuhum Kalahahi. (C) Write all the alternative forms of the Present Tense (Pre.), the Imperative (Imp.) and the Future Tense (Fu.) of Verbs given in brackets as directed in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns. 1. Amhe (Hasa) (Pre.) 2. Tuhum (Muccha) (Fu.) 3. Haum (Jujjha) (Imp.) 4. Tumhe (Pada) (Pre.) 24 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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5. Te (Accha) (Imp.) 7. Sa (Dara) (Pre.) 9. So (Mara) (Fu.) 11. Te (Ghuma) (Imp.) 13. Amhe (Khela) (Imp.) 15. Haum (Lukka) (Fu.) 17. Sa (Uttha) (Irnp.) 19. Tumhe (Khela) (Pre.) 21. So (Tadaphada) (Fu.) 23. Amhaim (Ullasa) (Imp.) 25. Tumhaim (Tha) (Pre.) 27. Haum (Kampa) (Fu.) 29. Tuhum (Ujjama) (Imp.) 6. Tuhum (Thakka) (Fu.) 8. Amhaim (Jagga) (Imp.) 10. Ta (Rusa) (Pre.) 12. Tuhum (Nha) (Fu.) 14. Tumhaim (Ho) (Imp.) 16. So (Ruva) (Pre.) 18. Te (Ucchala) (Fu.) 20. Tuhum (Saya) (Imp.) 22. Ta (Lajja) (Pre.) 24. Sa (Nacca) (Fu.) 26. Tumhe (Jiva) (Imp.) 28. Te (Bhida) (Pre.) 30. So (Kulla) (Fu.) Example:Amhe Hasahum/Hasamu/Hasama/Hasamo. (D) Point out the Person, Number, Original Verb, Suffix and Tense in the following Verbal forms. 3. Ujjamesahi 6. Kampesahu 9. Jujjhesahu 1. Kullamo 4. Sayeha 7. Rusemi 10. Jaggahu 13. Lukki 16. Khelaha 19. Lajjai 22. Lajjau 2. Mucchesi 5. Tadaphadae 8. Thasu 11. Padami 14. Lajjamo 17. Utthu 12. Jivesai 15. Ullasesahi 18. Ghumesaur 21. Hasesanti 20. Acchahi 23. Naccanti 24. Nhahihu Apabhramsa Exercise Book 25

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27. Lukkesamo 25. Homa 28. Tadaphadei 26. Ruvante 29. Naccihihis 30. Lajjase Example Person Tense Number Original Suffix Verb Plural Kulla Kullamo mo First Person Present, Imperative 26 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 8 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns, Absolutives and the Verbal forms. 1. Having wept, he sleeps. 2. Having leaped, you jump. 3. Having played, I shall rejoice. 4. Having quarrelled, they hide. 5. Having danced, she tires. 6. Having feared, we weep. 7. Having trembled, they all die. 8. Having fallen, you get up. 9. Having laughed, I live. 10. Having floundered, he dies. 11. Having jumped, they both die. 12. Having clashed, you both weep. 13. Having embarrassed, she dances. 14. Having gone round, you should sleep. 15. Having tired, we all sould sleep. 16. Having endeavoured, they will leap. 17. Having slept, I shall get up. 18. Having quarrelled, he falls. 19. Having rejoiced, you all should play. 20. Having wept, she faints. 21. Having sat, they both will get up. 22. Having rejoiced, I shall go round. 23. Having fainted, he dies. 24. Having stayed, you sit. 25. Having lived, they all rejoice. 26. Having bathed, he/ she should sleep. 27. Having rejoiced, you may play. 28. Having hided, she weeps. 29. Having laughed, you live. 30. Having endeavoured, he dances. Example :: Having wept, he sleeps - So Ruvi/Ruviu/Ruvivi/Ruvavi/ Ruvevi/Ruvevinu/Ruveppi/ Ruveppinu Sayai/Sayei/Sayae. (B) Make sentences by using the following Absolutives. By using your desired Personal Pronoun write all the alternatives of Verbal forms given in brackets in accordance with the Tenses as directed. 1. Haseppinu (Jiva) Pre. 2. Uttheppi (Khela) Imp. 3. Jujjhi (Mara) Fu. 4. Ucchaliu (Kulla) Imp. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 8, study lesson 27 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhraisa Exercise Book 27

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5. Lukkevi (Ruva) Pre. 7. Ghumevinu (Saya) Imp. 9. Darivi (Ruva) Pre. 11. Sayavi (Uttha) Fu. 13. Ruviu (Muccha) Fu. 15. Kheli (Ullasa) Pre. 17. Tadaphadavi (Mara) Fu. 19. Jivevi (Ullasa) Pre. 21. Bhidevinu (Ruva) Fu. 23. Kullevi (Mara) Pre. 25. Nacciu (Ullasa) Fu. 27. Ullaseppi (Ujjama) Imp. 29. Lajji (Hasa) Pre. Example: - Sa Haseppinu jivai/jivei/jivae (C) (i). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Absolutive to it. And make sentences by including the Absolutive and by adding the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives. 1. So (Dara, Ruva) 3. Te (Tadaphada, Mara) 5. Amhe (Jiva, Ullasa) 7. Tuhum (Pada, Uttha) 9. Ta (Lajja, Nacca) 6. Ujjamevi (Ucchala) Fu. 8. Kalaheppi (Lukka) Pre. 10. Ullasi (Khela) Imp. 12. Nhaeppi (Saya) Imp. 14. Thaiu (Accha) Imp. 16. Padavi (Ruva) Pre. 18. Thakkivi (Saya) Imp. 20. Lajjavi (Ullasa) Pre. 22. Jaggivi (Uttha) Imp. 24. Mucchi (Pada) Pre. 26. Rusivi (Saya) Pre. 28. Kampeppinu (Pada) Pre. 30. Daravi (Jagga) Pre. Example : - So 28 2. Haum (Hasa, Jiva) 4. So (Jujjha, Pada) 6. Tumhe (Bhida, Ruva) 8. Sa (Muccha, Mara) 10. So (Nacca, Thakka) (C) (ii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Absolutive to it. And make sentences Apabhramsa Exercise Book dari/dariu/darivi/daravi/darevi/ darevinu/dareppi/dareppinu Ruvai/Ruvei/Ruvae.

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by including the Absolutive and by adding the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives. 1. Tuhum (Ucchala, Kulla) 3. Haum (Tha, Accha) 5. Tuhum (Ghuma, Saya) 7. Haum (Khela, Saya) 9. Tumhe (Khela, Accha) Example: - Ucchali/Ucchaliu/Ucchalivi/ Kulli/Kulle/Kullu/Kulla/ Tuhum Ucchalavi/Ucchalevi/Ucchalevinu/ Kullahi/Kullehi/Kullasu/ Ucchaleppi/Ucchaleppinu 1. Haum (Khela, Ullasa) 3. Ta (Lajja, Nacca) 5. Amhaim (Accha, Uttha) 7. Haum (Saya, Uttha) 9. Te (Ujjama, Khela) (C) (iii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Absolutive to it. And make sentences by including the Absolutive and by adding the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives Example : - Haum 2. Tumhe (Ullasa, Khela) 4. So (Nha, Saya) 6. Te (Ujjama, Kulla) 8. Ta (Ullasa, Jiva) 10. So (Ujjama, Khela) Apabhramsa Exercise Book Kullesu Kheli/Kheliu/Khelivi/ Khelavi/Khelevi/ Khelevinu/Kheleppi/ Kheleppinu 2. Te (Ujjama, Ucchala) 4. So (Muccha, Mara) 6. Tumhe (Ghuma, Ullasa) 8. Sa (Hasa, Nacca) 10. Tuhum (Ucchala, Kulla) Ullasesaum/Ullasesami/ Ullasihium/Ullasihimi 29

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(D) Point out the Original Verbs and Suffixes in the following Absolutives. 1. Lajjiu 4. Darivi 7. Uttheppi 10. Jaggivi 13. Sayevinu 16. Thaiu 19. Padavi 22. Ullasevi 25. Rusavi 28. Nhievi 2. Ghumi 5. Kalahevi 8. Khelavi 11. Kulliu 14. Jiveppinu 17. Tadaphadi 20. Bhideppi 23. Ullasevinu 26. Lukkeppi 29. Hoevinu 3. Acchevinu 6. Thakkeppinu 2. Hasi 12. Ucchalevi 15. Kampevi 18. Ruvivi 21. Ujjameppinu 24. Nacciu 27. Jiveppi 30. Mariu Example: - Suffix Original Verb lajja Lajjiu iu 30 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns, Infinitives and the Verbal forms. Exercise 9 1. They all live for rejoicing. 2. You endeavour to wake up. 3. We all shall tire for sleeping. 4. She gets up for dancing. 5. He jumps for dying. 6. You endeavour to jump. 7. They both go round for tiring. 8. He flounders for dying. 9. You both should get up for dancing. 10. She clashes for quarrelling. 11. They all should get up to sleep. 12. They all endeavour for waking up. 13. He hides to weep. 14. You should endeavour for playing. 15. We shall go round for rejoicing. 16. He clashes for quarrelling. 17. You should go round for tiring. 18. They all will rejoice for going round. 19. You all should live for rejoicing. 20. You should get up to jump. 21. She sulks for playing. 22. You should dance for laughing. 23. He will stay for bathing. 24. They all will endeavour to dance. 25. You all should stay to sit. 26. We all shall live for rejoicing. 27. They hide for quarrelling. 28. They both will rejoice to play. 29. He should stay for jumping. 30. They weep to sleep. Example: - They all live for rejoicing Te Ullasevam/Ullasana/ Apabhramsa Exercise Book = Note : In order to solve the above exercise 9, study lesson 28 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Ullasanaham/Ullasanahim/ Ullasevi/Ullasevinu/ Ullaseppi/Ullaseppinu Jivahim/Jivanti/Jivante/Jivire. 31

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(B) Make sentences by using the following Infinitives. By using your desired Personal Pronoun write all the alternatives of Verbal forms given in brackets in accordance with the Tenses as directed. 1. Khelana (Rusa) Pre. 2. Kalahanahim (Accha) Pre. 3. Thakkevar (Ghuma) Fu. 4. Ullasevi (Jiva) Pre. 5. Jagganaham (Ujjama) Imp. 6. Maranahim (Kulla) Pre. 7. Ucchalevi (Ujjama) Imp. 8. Ullaseppi (Ghuma) Fu. 9. Jujjhevam (Bhiqa) Pre. 10. Sayeppinu (Uttha) Imp. 11. Ghumevinu (Ullasa) Fu. 12. Padana (Kulla) Pre. 13. Naccanaham (Uttha) Imp. 14. Sayevam (Ruva) Pre. 15. Kullana (sha) Imp. 16. Jiveppi (Ullasa) Fu. 17. Ruvevi (Lukka) Pre. 18. Sayevinu (Tha) Imp. 19. Naccevam (Lajja) Fu. 20. Utthanaham (Ujjama) Pre. 21. Nhaevam (Accha) Imp. 22. Ullasanahim (Khela) Imp. 23. Lukkeppi (Ujjama) Fu. 24. Thaana (Accha) Imp. 25. Jiveppinu (Ujjama) Fu. 26. Jujjhevi (Uttha) Pre. 27. Thakkevinu (Nacca) Fu. 28. Sayeppi (Thakka) Imp. 29. Thakkevinu (Nacca) Pre. 30. Kullevinu (Uttha) Fu. Example: - So Khelana Rusai/Rusei/Rusae (C) (i). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Infinitives to it. And make sentences by including the Infinitives and by adding the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives of Verbal forms and Infinitives. 1. Amhe (Ullasa, Jiva) 2. Te (Kalaha, Bhida) 3. Ta (Thakka, Ghuma) 4. Haum (Jagga, Ujjama) 5. Sa (Nacca, Uttha) 6. So (Mara, Kulla) 7. Ta (Khela, Rusa) 8. Tuhum (Saya, Ruva) 9. Sa (Uttha, Ujjama) 10. Tumhaim (Pada, Kulla) 32 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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Example: - Amhe Ullasevam/Ullasana/Ullasanaham/Ullasanahim/ Ullasevi/Ullasevinu/Ullaseppi/Ullaseppinu Jivahus/Jivamu/Jivama/Jivamo. (C) (ii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Infinitives to it. And make sentences by including the Infinitives and by adding the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives of Verbal forms and Infinitives. 1. Te (Ghuma, Ullasa) 2. Tuhur (Nha, Tha) 3. Amhe (Jiva, Vllasa) 4. Ta (Thakka, Ghuma) 5. Tumhaim (Lukka, Ujjama)6. Sa (Thakka, Nacca) 7. So (Kulla, Uttha) 8. Ta (Nacca, Lajja) 9. Ta (Ullasa, Ghuma) 10. Haum (Khela, Tha) Example: - Te Ullasevam/Ullasana/Ullasanaham/Ullasanahim/ Ullasevi/Ullasevinu/Ullaseppi/Ullaseppinu Ghumantu/Ghumentu. (C) (iii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Infinitives to it. And make sentences by including the Infinitives and by adding the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives of Verbal forms and Infinitives. 1. Te (Jagga, Vijama) 3. Tuhum (Kulla, Tha) 5. Sa (Nacca, Uttha) 2. Tumhaim (Saya, Uttha) 4. So (Nha, Accha) 6. Ta (Ullasa, Jiva) Apabhraisa Exercise Book 33

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7. Tumhe (Hasa, Nacca) 8. Amhaim (Accha, Tha) 9. Tuhum (Saya, Thakka) 10. Haum (Ucchala, Vijama) Example: Te Jaggevam/Jaggapa/Jagganaham/Jagganahim/ Jaggevi/Jaggevinu/Jaggeppi/Jaggeppinu Ujjamesahim/Ujjamesanti/Ujjamihihim/ Ujjamihinti. mm - - (D) Point out the Original Verbs and the Suffixes in the following Infinitives. 1. Hasanahar 4. Ruvevam 7. Uttheppi 10. Mucchana 13. Ucchaleppi 16. Ujjameppinu 19. Ullasanahim 22. Kampana 25. Rusanahar 28. Jivevinu 2. Lajjevi 5. Tadaphadana 8. Accheppinu 11. Bhidanaham 14. Sayevinu 17. Khelevar 20. Mareppi 23. Lukkevi 26. Jagganahim 29. Hoana 3. Ghumana 6. Kalahanahim 9. Padevam 12. Jujjhanahim 15. Kullevi 18. Naccana 21. Jivevam 24. Thaana 27. Nhaeva 30. Sayevam Example: - Suffix Original Verb Hasa Hasapaham anaham 34 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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Exercise 10 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns, Absolutives, Infinitives and the Verbal forms. 1. Having rejoiced, you should live. 2. She gets up to dance. 3. They all will endeavour for jumping. 4. Having gone round, you tire. 5. He jumps to die. 6. Having laughed, you all should play. 7. Having waken up, we all get up. 8. Having played, I rejoice. 9. She will embarrass for dancing. 10. Having stayed, you all should bathe. 11. I shall get up for going round. 12. Having trembled, he faints. 13. Having quarrelled, they both will die. 14. You should stay to sit. 15. Having quarrelled, they both flounder. 16. Having laughed, I shall live. 17. Having embarrassed, she will dance. 18. Having sulked, you sleep. 19. They should endeavour to wake up. 20. They will rejoice for going round. 21. You should stay for getting up. 22. Having wept, she will sleep. 23. We shall go round for rejoicing. 24. They all hide to quarrel. 25. Having bathed, you should sleep. 26. Having danced, you tire. 27. Having sat, they all should play. 28. You wake up for getting up. 29. I get up to sleep. 30. Having rejoiced, she will go round. Example: - Having rejoiced, = Tuhum Ullasi/Ullasiu/Ullasivi/Ullasavi/ you should live Ullasevi/Ullasevinu/Ullaseppi/ Ullaseppinu Jiva/Jivi/Jive/Jivu/Jivahi/Jivehi/Jivasu/Jivesu. (B) Make sentences by using the following Participles. By using the your desired Personal Pronoun write all the alternatives of Verbal forms according to the Tenses as directed. 1. Ullasi (Jiva) Imp. 2. Naccanaham (Lajja) Fu. 3. Kampivi (Muccha) Pre. 4. Hasavi (Khela) Imp. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 10, study lessons 27 to 28 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhrainsa Exercise Book 35

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5. Ghumanahim (Ullasa) Fu. 6. Nhai (Saya) Imp. 7. Hasana (Uttha) Pre. 9. Ullasevam (Ghuma) Fu. 11. Sayevi (Uttha) Pre. 13. Utthevinu (Gajja) Imp. 15. Thaavi (Nha) Imp. 17. Jaggevinu (Uttha) Pre. 19. Lajjivi (Nacca) Pre. 21. Ujjamana (Uttha) Imp. 23. Jivana (Ujjama) Fu. 25. Lukkavi (Accha) Imp. 26. Khelanaham (Rusa) Pre. 27. Thakkeppi (Ghuma) Fu. 28. Padiu (Ruva) Pre. 29. Tadaphadeppinu (Mara) Fu. 30. Ullasevi (Nacca) Imp. Example: - Tuhum 36 Ullasi (C) (i). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Absolutive or Infinitive to it. And make sentences by including the Absolutive or the Infinitive and by adding the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives. 1. So (Lajja, Nacca) 3. Haum (Khela, Ullasa) 5. Te (Mara, Kulla) 7. Tumhe (Ullasa, Ghuma) 9. So (Kalaha, Ruva) 8. Kheli (Ullasa) Pre. 10. Accheppi (Khela) Imp. 12. Ruveppinu (Saya) Fu. 14. Marevam (Kulla) Pre. 16. Ucchalanahim (Ujjama) Fu. 18. Utthana (Tha) Imp. 20. Jujjhevinu (Mara) Fu. 22. Ghumi (Tha) Fu. 24. Kalahivi (Ruva) Pre. Jivi/Jivu/Jive/Jiva/Jivahi/ Jivehi/Jivasu/Jivesu. Lajjeppinu Example: . So Lajji/Lajjiu/Lajjavi/Lajjivi/Lajjevi/Lajjevinu/Lajjeppi/ Naccai/Naccei/Naccae. 2. Sa (Jujjha, Mara) 4. Tuhum (Saya, Uttha) 6. Amhe (Khela, Accha) 8. Ta (Kampa, Mara) 10. Tuhum (Pada, Ruva) Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(C) (ii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Absolutive or Infinitive to it. And make sentences by including the Absolutive or the Infinitive and by adding the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives. 1. So (Khela, Ujjama) 3. Haum (Khela, Saya) 5. Te (Kulla, Ujjama) 7. Tumhain (Nha, Saya) 9. Sa (Accha, Khela) 2. Tuhum (Tha, Accha) 4. Ta (Ullasa, Jiva) 6. Te (Jagga, Ujjama) 8. Tuhum (Uttha, Jagga) 10. Tumhe (Hasa, Khela) Example :So Ujjami/Ujjamiu/Ujjamavi/Ujjamivi/Ujjamevi/ Ujjamevinu/Ujjameppi/Ujjameppinu Khelau/Kheleu. (C) (iii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Absolutive or Infinitive to it. And make sentences by including the Absolutive or the Infinitive and by adding the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives. 1. Te (Ucchala, Ujjama) 3. Amhe (Ullasa, Ghuma) 5. Tuhum (Ucchala, Kulla) 7. Tumhain (Nha, Saya) 9. So (Muccha, Mara) 2. Haum (Khela, Ullasa) 4. Sa (Nacca, Lajja) 6. Ta (Saya, Vttha) 8. Haum (Hasa, Jiva) 10. Sa (Ullasa, Nacca) Example: - Te Ucchali/Ucchaliu/Ucchalavi/Ucchalivi/Ucchalevi/ Ucchalevinu/Ucchaleppi/Ucchaleppinu Ujjamesahim/Ujjamesanti/Ujjamihihim/Ujjamihinti. Apabhraiba Exercise Book

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(D) Point out the Original Verb and the suffixes in the following Participles. Mention their names. 1. Hasi 4. Sayevi 7. Jujjhivi 10. Kullanahim 13. Khelavi 16. Acchi 19. Jaggeppi 22. Ullasanahar 25. Ujjamanahim 28. Ucchali 2. Ghumevam 5. Thaavi 8. Naccanaham 11. Rusavi 14. Lukkiu 17. Kampana 20. Nhaana 23. Darivi 26. Hoeppinu 29. Bhidana 3. Mucchiu 6. Tadaphadana 9. Utthevinu 12. Padeppi 15. Marevar 18. Thakkivi 21. Kalahavi 24. Jivevi 27. Ruvana 30. Lajjevinu TE Example: - Suffix Original Verb Hasa Name of Participle Absolutive Hasi 38 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 11 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of the Noun-forms, Participles and Verbal forms. 1. The dog barks. 2. The camel dances. 3. Son should rejoice. 4. The Human being grows old. 5. The ocean will dry up. 6. Maternal uncle should get up. 7. The Fire will burn. 8. The demon should die. 9.The cloth dries up. 10. The world will disappear. 11. The book should shine. 12. Pride vanishes. 13. Father-in-law should sit. 14. The friend should rejoice. 15. The sun rises. 16. The jewel shines. 17. Suffering should disappear. 18. The lion sits. 19. The house will fall. 20. The vow breaks. 21. The ocean should spread. 22. Grand father will tire. 23. Grandson should go round. 24. Pride should disappear. 25. Rama rejoices. 26. The child will sulk. 27. Disgrace spreads. 28. The book falls. 29. Father gets up. 30. Husband's younger brother should go round. 31. God should rejoice. 32. The well will dry up. 33. The king should live. 34. The king laughs. 35. Hanumana Jumps. 36. Death becomes. 37. The air spreads. 38. Water will drop. 39. Father should live. 40. Having dropped, the water spreads. 41. Having feared, the man dies. 42. The Grand-father should live to rejoice. 43. The child weeps to sleep. 44. Having risen, the sun will shine. 45. Having rejoiced, the maternal uncle should sit. 46. Having flied, the serpent will fall. 47. The grandson should get up to dance. 48. Having quarrelled, the son will embarrass. 49. The camel will dance for tiring. 50. Husband's younger brother should get up for going round. 51. Having fallen, the jewel breaks. 52. Having waken up, the father wanders happily. 53. Having fallen, the house will disappear. 54. Having burnt, the book disappears. 55. Having barked, the dog sits. 56. Having broken, the vow disappears. 57. The demon will jump for dying. Example: . The dog barks = Apabhramsa Exercise Book Kukkura/Kukkura/Kukkuru/Kukkuro Note : In order to solve the above exercise 11, study lessons 29 to 30 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Bukkai/Bukkei/Bukkae. 39

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(B) In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Masculine Nouns in Nominative case Singular Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives. 1. Narinda (Hasa) Pre. 2. Putta (Harisa) Imp. 4. Gavva (Gala) Pre. 3. Sayara (Sukka) Fu. 5. Sasura (Baisa) Imp. 7. Dujjasa (Pasara) Pre. 9. Balaa (Kanda) Fu. 11. Maula (Uttha) Imp. 13. Pada (Sukka) Pre. 6. Mitta (Ullasa) Fu. 8. Diara (Ghuma) Imp. 10. Nara (Jara) Pre. 12. Ghara (Pada) Fu. 14. Piamaha (Vala) Pre. 15. Divayara (Uga) Fu. 16. Vaya (Tutta) Pre. 17. Paramesara (Harisa) Imp. 18. Karaha (Pala) Fu. 20. Gantha (Jala) Pre. 19. Kukkura (Bukka) Pre. 21. Janera (Saya) Fu. 22. Potta (Khela) Fu. 23. Rahunandana (Harisa) Pre. 24. Agama (Soha) Imp. 25. Sappa (Udda) Pre. 27. Kuva (Sukka) Fu. 29. Raya (Ujjama) Imp. 31. Huavaha (Jala) Fu. 33. Kiyanta (Ho) Fu. 35. Duha (Nassa) Imp. 26. Bhava (Khaya) Pre. 28. Rayana (Uppajja) Pre. 30. Hanuvanta (Kulla) Pre. 32. Marua (Dula) Pre. 34. Siha (Baisa) Pre. 36. Bappa (Jiva) Pre. 38. Rakkhasa (Mara) Fu. 37. Salila (Nijjhara) Fu. 39. Salila (Ludha) Pre. 40 Example: - Narinda/Narinda/Narindu/Narindo Hasai/Hasei/Hasae. Apabhramnsa Exercise Book

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(C) (i). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Kukkura (Bukka, Baisa) 2. Piamaha (Ghuma, Uttha) 3. Rayana (Pala, Tutta) 4. Janera (Jagga, Kulla) 5. Potta (Thakka, Ghuma) 6. Ghara (Jala, Pada) 7. Vaya (Gala, Nassa) 8. Rahunandana (Harisa, Baisa) 9. Pada (Jala, Khaya) 10. Divayara (Soha, Uga) Example: - Kukkura/Kukkural Kukkuru/Kukkuro Bukki/Bukkiu/Bukkivi/Bukkavi/ Baisai/ Bukkevi/Bukkevinu/Bukkeppi/ Baisei/ Bukkeppinu Baisae. (C) (ii). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Nara (Jiva, Harisa) 3. Diara (Ghuma, Uttha) 5. Rayana (Soha, Uppajja) 7. Maula (Kulla, Ujjama) 9. Balaa (Nacca, Uttha) 2. Karaha (Thakka, Nacca) 4. Janera (Harisa, Accha) 6. Salila (Sukka, Nijjhara) 8. Narinda (Harisa, Baisa) 10. Potta (Khela, Vijama) Apabhraria Exercise Book

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Example: - Nara/Nara Naru/Naro Harisi/Harisiu/Harisavi/Harisivi/ Harisevi/Harisevinu/Hariseppi/ (C) (iii). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 42 Hariseppinu 1. Putta (Kalaha, Lajja) 3. Sappa (Udda, Pada) 5. Divayara (Soha, Uga) 7. Marua (Pasara, Udda) 9. Balaa (Ruva, Saya) 1. Narindu 4. Potta 7. Mitto 10. Nara 13. Sayaro Example: - Putta/Putta Kalahi/Kalahiu/Kalahavi/Kalahivi/ Lajjesai/Lajjesae/ Puttu/Putto Kalahevi/Kalahevinu/Kalaheppi/ Lajjihii/Lajjihie. Kalaheppinu (D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Caseendings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case-ending in each of following Nouns. 2. Rakkhasa (Kulla, Mara) 4. Salila (Pasara, Sukka) 6. Pada (Jala, Nassa) 8. Dukkha (Uppajja, Khaya) Jivau/Jiveu. 2. Karaho 5. Kukkuru 8. Balaa 11. Sappu 14. Huavahu 12. Bhava 15. Pada 3. Hanuvanta 6. Gavva 9. Piamaho Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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16. Siha 19. Agamu 22. Rakkhasu 25. Gamu 28. Gharo 17. Rayanu 20. Marua 23. Dukkha 26. Raya 29. Vayu 18. Diaro 21. Kiyanta 24. Bappo 27. Dujjasu 30. Maula Example - Person Number Original Gender Noun Singular Narinda Masculine Case ending u Narindu Third Person Note - Up to the exercise 10 the basis of the construction of sentences is Personal Pronouns. Make use of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition" as directed for the forms of the Personal Pronouns. Personal Pronouns 1. See lesson 83 for the First Person Pronoun in three Genders. Page No. 200 Amha, (1) Personal Pronoun in the First Person. 2. See lesson 83 for the Second Person Pronoun in three Genders. Page No. 201 Tumha, (You) Personal Pronoun in the Second Person. 3. See lesson 83 for the Third Person Pronoun in Masculine Gender. Page No. 187 Ta, (He) Personal Pronoun in the Third Person. 4. See lesson 83 for the Third Person Pronoun in Neuter Gender. Page No. 188 Ta, (That) Personal Pronoun in the Third Person. 5. See lesson 83 for the Third Person Pronoun in Feminine Gender. Page No. 188 Ta, (She) Personal Pronoun in the Third Person. Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book 43

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From Exercise - 11 the basis of the construction of sentences is Nouns. For these make use of 'Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition' as directed. The classification of all the nouns according to the Person, Gender and a, a, i, i-endings etc. is as follows. Nouns - All the nouns are included in the Third Person. 1. All the nouns given in lesson 29 are a-ending Masculine. The declension of these will be according to Deva and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 179. 2. All the nouns given in lesson 33 are a-ending Neuter. The declension of these will be according to Kamala and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 182. 3. All the nouns given in lesson 37 are a-ending Feminine. The declension of these will be according to Kaha and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 183. 4. All the nouns given in lesson 54 are i-ending Masculine. The declension of these will be according to Hari and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 179. 5. All the nouns given in lesson 54 are u-ending Masculine. The declension of these will be according to Sahu and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 180. 6. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are i-ending Neuter. The declension of these will be according to Vari and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 182. 7. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are u-ending Neuter. The declension of these will be according to Mahu and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 183. 44 Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book

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8. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are i-ending Feminine. The declension of these will be according to Mai and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 184. 9. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are i-ending Feminine. The declension of these will be according to Lacchi and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 184. 10. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are u-ending and u-ending Feminine. The declension of u-ending Feminine will be according to Dhenu and u-ending Feminine will be according to Bahu and they is given in the lesson 58 Page No. 185. 11. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are i-ending and u-ending Masculine. The declension of i-ending Masculine will be according to Gamani and it is given in the lesson 83 and Page No. 180 and of u-ending Masculine will be according to Sayambhu and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 181. Apabhrarsa Exercise Book 45

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Exercise 12 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of the Noun-forms, Participles and Verbal forms. 1. Dogs bark. 2. Camels dance. 3. Sons should rejoice. 4. Human beings grow old. 5. Oceans will dry up. 6. Clouds thunder. 7. Demons should die. 8.Cloths dry up. 9. Books should shine. 10. Friends will rejoice. 11. Jewels shine. 12. Lions will sit. 13. Houses fall. 14. Grandsons should go round. 15. Children will sulk. 16. Books disappear. 17. Books fall. 18. Wells will dry up. 19. Kings laugh. 20. Vows shine. 21. Demons fear. 22. Sufferings vanish. 23. Sons should live. 24. Serpents will fly. 25. Maternal uncles should get up. 26. Demons will faint. 27. Human beings should endeavour. 28. Children weep. 29. Kings should rejoice. 30. Clouds will spread. 31. Houses will burn. 32. Books will disappear. 33. Sons get up. 34. Vows break. 35. Demons will run away. 36. Dogs quarrel. 37. Kings faint. 38. Children jump. 39. Grandsons should leap. 40. Human beings quarrel. 41. The children weep to sleep. 42. Having rejoiced, the maternal uncles should sit. 43. Having flied, the serpents will fall. 44. Having quarrelled, the sons embarrass. 45. The grandsons should get up to dance. 46. Having danced, the camels will tire. 47. Having fallen, the jewels break. 48. Having burnt, the houses will fall. 49. Having barked, the dogs quarrel 50. The demons will jump to die. 51. Having rejoiced, the sons should live. 52. Having emanated, the human beings should rejoice. 53. Having leaped, the children should jump. 54. The grandsons should endeavour to dance. 55. Having rejoiced, the kings should sit. 56. Having fainted, the demons will die. 57. Having run away, the children should play. 58. Having danced, the sons tire. 46 Example: - Dogs bark = Kukkura/Kukkura Note : In order to solve the above exercise 12, study lesson 31of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Bukkahim/Bukkanti/ Bukkante/Bukkire Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(B) In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Masculine Nouns in Nominative case Plural Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms and Verbal forms. 1. Narinda (Hasa) Pre. 3. Sayara (Sukka) Fu. 5. Mitta (Ullasa) Fu. 7. Balaa (Kanda) Fu. 9. Maula (Uttha) Imp. 11. Pada (Sukka) Pre. 13. Karaha (Pala) Fu. 15. Gantha (Jala) Pre. 17. Potta (Khela) Imp. 19. Sappa (Udda) Pre. 21. Rayana (Uppajja) Pre. 23. Siha (Baisa) Pre. 25. Rakkhasa (Mara) Fu. 27. Rayana (Soha) Fu. 29. Gantha (Nassa) Fu. 31. Raya (Harisa) Imp. 33. Ghara (Jala) Pre. 35. Potta (Kulla) Imp. 37. Mitta (Uttha) Imp. 39. Rakkhasa (Muccha) Fu. Example: - Narinda/Narinda Apabhramsa Exercise Book 2. Putta (Harisa) Imp. 4. Gavva (Gala) Imp. 6. Diara (Ghuma) Pre. 8. Nara (Jara) Pre. 10. Ghara (Pada) Fu. 12. Vaya (Tutta) Pre. 14. Kukkura (Bukka) Pre. 16. Janera (Saya) Fu. 18. Agama (Soha) Imp. 20. Kuva (Sukka) Pre. 22. Raya (Ujjama) Imp. 24. Duha (Nassa) Imp. 26. Karaha (Nacca) Pre. 28. Nara (Ujjama) Imp. 30. Putta (Kampa) Pre. 32. Duha (Gala) Fu. 34. Sappa (Vala) Fu. 36. Putta (Ucchala) Imp. 38. Maula (Dara) Pre. Hasahim/Hasanti/ Hasante/Hasire. 47

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(C) (i). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Kukkura (Bukka, Baisa) 2. Rayana (Pada, Tutta) 3. Ghara (Jala, Pada) 4. Potta (Thakka, Ghuma) 5. Vaya (Gala, Nassa) 6. Pada (Jala, Khaya) 7. Balaa (Saya, Kanda) 8. Nara (Uppajja, Mara) 9. Putta (Nacca, Thakka) 10. Rakkhasa (Mara, Kulla) Example: - Kukkura/Kukkura Baisi/Baisiu/Baisavi/Baisivi/Baiseppi/ Baiseppinu/Baisevi/Baisevinu Bukkahim/Bukkanti/Bukkante/ Bukkire. (C) (ii). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Nara (Jiva, Harisa) 3. Diara (Ghuma, Uttha) 5. Potta (Nacca, Uttha) 7. Narinda(Harisa, Baisa) 9. Putta (Khela, Vijama) 2. Karaha (Thakka, Nacca) 4. Rayana (Soha, Uppajja) 6. Maula (Kulla, Ujjama) 8. Balaa (Nacca, Uttha) 10. Balaa (Pala, Khela) 48 Apabhrainsa Exercise Book

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Example: - Nara/Nara Harisevam/Harisana/Harisanaham/Harisanahim/ Hariseppi/Hariseppinu/Harisevi/Harisevinu Jivantu/Jiventu. (C) (iii). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Putta (Kalaha, Lajja) 2. Rakkhasa (Kulla, Mara) 3. Sappa (Udda, Pada) 4. Pada (Jala, Nassa) 5. Dukkha (Uppajja, Khaya) 6. Balaa (Ruva, Saya) 7. Karaha (Nacca, Thakka) 8. Rayana (Pada, Tutta) 9. Balaa (Pala, Khela) Example: - Putta/Putta Kalahi/Kalahiu/Kalahivi/Kalahavi/Kalahevi/ Kalahevinu/Kalaheppi/Kalaheppinu Lajjesahim/Lajjesanti/ Lajjihihim/Lajjihinti. (D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Case endings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case-ending in each of following Nouns. 1. Narinda 4. Kukkura 2. Karaha 5. Gavva 8. Piamaha 11. Bhava 3. Potta 6. Mitta 9. Nara 12. Sayara 7. Balaa 10. Sappa Apabhrarsa Exercise Book 49

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13. Huavaha 14. Pada 17. Rayana 20. Marua 16. Hanuvanta 19. Agama 22. Rakkhasa 25. Gama 28. Ghara 15. Siha 18. Diara 21. Kiyanta 24. Bappa 27. Dujjasa 30. Maula 23. Dukkha 26. Raya 29. Vaya Example Person Case ending 0 Narinda Number Original Gender Noun Plural) Narinda Masculine Singular Third Person 50 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 13 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of inflected a-ending Neuter Nouns, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. The wealth increases. 2. Rice will grow. 3. Wine should separate. 4. The government will spread. 5. Addictions should disappear. 6. The small bundle falls down. 7. Pleasure should increase. 8. Milk will drop. 9. Suffering should decrease. 10. States should endeavour. 11. Youth blooms. 12. Moral conduct should shine. 13. The sky roars. 14. Detachment should increase. 15. The citizen will sleep. 16. The aircraft should fly. 17. The paper dries up. 18. The sneeze dicreases. 19. The state mistakes. 20. The truth should bloom. 21. Wood will burn. 22. Water may drop. 23. The song should shine. 24. The gambling should separate. 25. Grass grows. 26. Water drops. 27. Food should decrease. 28. The fear should disappear. 29. Blood drops. 30. The field burns. 31. The cloth will dry up. 32. Wood burns. 33. Food will increase. 34. Clarified butter trickles. 35. The head aches. 36. Rice grows. 37. The forest disappears. 38. Moral conduct shines. 39. The cloth will burn. 40. Water will drop. 41. Having bloomed, beauty appears. 42. Having vanished, the thread breaks. 43. The citizen should endeavour to wake up. 44. Having stayed, the aircraft will fly. 45. The state quarrels to spread. 46. Having stayed the citizen will appear. 47. Having shined, the song will appear. 48. The citizen should endeavour for jumping. 49. The government enthuses for endeavouring. 50. Having increased, the knowledge should appear. 51. Having grown, the rice increases. 52. The mind should calm down. 53. Having broken, the thread will disappear. 54. Having dropped, the milk spreads. 55. Having decreased, the debt disappears. 56. The citizen plays for rejoicing. Example: - The wealth increases. = Dhana/Dhana/ Vaddhai/Vaddheil Dhanu Vaddhae. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 13, study lessons 33-34 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhrarsa Exercise Book 51

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(B) In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Neuter Nouns in Nominative case Singular Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms and Verbal forms. 1. Patta (Sukka) Pre. 2. Sila (Soha) Imp. 3. Sasana (Pasara) Fu. 4. Dhana (Vaddha) Pre. 5. Majja (Chutta) Imp. 6. Khira (Cua) Fu. 7. Jovvana (Saya) Fu. 8. Veragga (Vadaha) Imp. 9. Nayarajana (Saya) Fu. 10. Chikka (Ghata) Pre. 11. Vimana (Udoa) Imp. 12. Dhanna (Uga) Fu. 13. Naha (Gunja) Pre. 14. Rajja (Ujjama) Imp. 15. Sokkha (Vaddha) Imp. 16. Pottala (Ludha) Pre. 17. Rajja (Cukka) Pre. 18. Vattha (Sukka) Fu. 19. Lakkuda (Jala) Fu. 20. Vasana (Nassa) Imp. 21. Tina (Uga) Pre. 22. Bhaya (Khaya) Imp. 23. Gama (Vasa) Fu. 24. Ratta (Cua) Pre. 25. Jua (Chutta) Imp. 26. Vattha (Sukka) Pre. 27. Bhoyana (Vaddha) Fu. 28. Gana (Gunja) Imp. 29. Marana (Sijjha) Pre. 30. Kattha (Jala) Pre. 31. Ghaya (Tava) Pre. 32. Dhanna (Uga) Imp. 33. Vattha (Jala) Fu. 34. Khetta (Nassa) Pre. 35. Vana (Jala) Pre. 36. Udaga (Cua) Pre. 37. Pottala (Ludha) Fu. 38. Vimana (Udda) Pre. 39. Sokkha (Vaddha) Fu. 40. Nayarajana (Jagada) Pre. Example: Patta/Patta/Pattu Sukkai/Sukkei/Sukkae 52 Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book

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(C) (i). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Sutta (Gala, Tutta) 2. Ruva (Viasa, Phura) 3. Rajja (Cukka, Khijja) 4. Mana (Lobha, Kila) 5. Dhanna (Uga, Vaddha) 6. Dhana (Jagada, Hava) 7. Khira (Cua, Pasara) 8. Rina(Ghata, Nassa) 9. Sasana (Cettha, Ucchaha)10. Nayarajana (Harisa, Khela) Example: - Sutta/Sutta/Suttu Gali/Galiu/Galavi/Galivi/Galevil Galevinu/Galeppi/Galeppinu Tut/ai/Tuttei/Tuttae. (C) (it). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Nayarajana (Jagara, Cettha) 2. Nana (Vaddha, Phura) 3. Mana (Khela, Rama) 4. Sasana (Vaddha, Pasara) 5. Dhanna (Uga, Soha) 6. Majja (Chutta, Nassa) 7. Sacca (Phura, Soha) 8. Nayarajana (Tha, Vijja) 9. Kamma (Ghata, Nassa) 10. Vimana (Udda, Soha) Apabhraisa Exercise Book 53

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Example: Nayarajana/Nayarajana/Nayarajanu Jagarevam/ Jagarapa/Jagarapaham/Jagaranahin/Jagarevi/Jagarevinu/ Jagareppi/Jagareppinu Cetthau/Cettheu. (C) (iii). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Vimana (Cittha, Udda) 2. Nayarajana (Jagara, Ujjama) 3. Sutta (Tutta, Nassa) 4. Gana (Gunja, Phura) 5. Nayarajana (Vijja, Baisa) 6. Vana (Jala, Khaya) 7. Tina (Uga, Vaddha) 8. Udaga (Cua, Pasara) 9. Sila (Phura, Soha) 10. Rajja (Pasara, Vaddha) Example: - Vimana/Vimana/Vimanu Citthi/Citthiu/Citthavi/Citthivi/ Citthevi/Citthevinu/Cittheppi/Cittheppinu Uddesai/Uddesae/Uddihii/Uddihie. (D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Case endings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case-ending in each of following Nouns. 1. Dhanu 4. Sasana 7. Sila 10. Veraggu 2. Mana 5. Pattu 8. Nayarajana 3. Khetta 6. Sokkha 9. Bhayu 12. Majju 11. Ratta 54 Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book

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13. Sutta 16. Chikku 19. Tinu 22. Jovvanu 25. Asanu 28. Bia Example - Dhanu 14. Vimana 17. Lakkudu 20. Bhoyana 23. Kammu 26. Vattha 29. Rinu Person Apabhramsa Exercise Book Third Person 15. Rajja 18. Udaga 21. Suha 24. Nana 27. Kattha 30. Sira Number Original Gender Case Noun ending Singular Dhana Neuter u 55

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Exercise 14 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of inflected a-ending Neuter Nouns, Verbal forms and Participles. 1.The wealth should increase. 2. Addictions disappear. 3. Small bundles fall down. 4. Papers burn. 5. States endeavour. 6. Citizens will sleep. 7. Aircrafts may fly. 8. Papers dry up. 9. Sneezes decrease. 10. Woods will burn. 1 1. Citizens grieve. 1 2. Songs will shine. 13. States mistake. 14. Papers may dry up. 15. Forests disappear. 16. Threads decrease. 17. Fears will disappear. 18. Rice grow. 19. Addictions should disappear. 20. Songs shine. 21. The small bundle may fall down. 22. Rice will grow. 23. The citizen should endeavour. 24. Woods burn. 25. Forests burn. 26. Small bundles will fall down. 27. Rice may grow. 28. Fears should disappear. 29. Aircrafts fall. 30. The citizen should run away. 31. Aircrafts will fly. 32. Threads break. 33. Cloths burn. 34. Citizens jump. 35. Fields disappear. 36. States shine. 37. Seeds grow. 38. Having burnt, the threads will disappear. 39. Having mistaken, the citizens grieve. 40. Seeds will grow to increase. 41. Having grown, the rice increases. 42. The citizens enthuse to wake up. 43. Having burnt, the woods disappear. 44. Having thundered, the clouds appear. 45. Having decreased, the debt will disappear, 46. Having fallen down, the small bundles fall. 47. Having enthused, the states endeavour. 48. The citizens get up to dance. 49. The states quarrel to spread. 50. Having appeared, the citizens will rejoice. 51. Having fallen, the aircrafts disappear. 52. Having endeavoured, the citizens should play. 53. Having stayed, the aircrafts will fly. 54. Having grown, the seeds increase. 55. Having burnt, the papers disappear. 56. Having jumped, the citizens run away. 57. Having dried up, the cloths burn. Example: - The wealth should increase 56 = Note : In order to solve the above exercise 14, study lesson 35 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Dhana/Dhana/Dhanaim/ Dhanaim Vaddhantu/Vaddhentu Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(B) In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Neuter Nouns in Nominative case Plural Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms and Verbal forms. 1. Vimana (Udda) Imp. 3. Dhana (Vaddha) Imp. 5. Rajja (Cettha) Imp. 7. Lakkuda (Jala) Fu. 9. Patta (Sukka) Imp. 11. Gana (Gunja) Fu. 13. Dhanna (Uga) Pre. 15. Vasana (Nassa) Imp. 17. Pottala (Ludha) Imp. 19. Bhaya (Khaya) Fu. 21. Rajja (Cukka) Pre. 23. Dhanna (Uga) Fu. 25. Lakkuda (Jala) Pre. 27. Pottala (Ludha) Fu. 29. Vana (Khaya) Fu. 31. Vimana (Udda) Pre. 33. Nayarajana (Pala) Imp. 35. Sutta (Tutta) Pre. 37. Nayarajana (Kulla) Imp. 39. Majja (Nassa) Imp. Example : Vimana/Vimana/Vimanaim/Vimanaim Uddantu/Uddentu Apabhramsa Exercise Book 2. Vasana (Nassa) Pre. 4. Pottala (Ludha) Pre. 6. Nayarajana (Lotta) Imp. 8. Nayarajana (Khijja) Imp. 10. Chikka (Ghata) Pre. 12. Vattha (Soha) Imp. 14. Khetta (Vaddha) Fu. 16. Gana (Gunja) Pre. 18. Patta (Sukka) Pre. 20. Nayarajana (Khijja) Pre. 22. Sokkha (Vaddha) Pre. 24. Nayarajana (Cettha) Pre. 26. Nayarajana (Vasa) Fu. 28. Dhanna (Uga) Imp. 30. Bhaya (Nassa) Imp. 32. Sasana (Pasara) Imp. 34. Vimana (Udda) Fu. 36. Vattha (Jala) Pre. 38. Khetta (Nassa) Pre. 40. Bia (Uga) Fu. 57

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(C) (i). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Dhanna (Uga, Vaddha) 3. Gana (Gunja, Phura) 5. Rajja (Pasara, Jagada) 7. Bia (Uga, Vaddha) 9. Vattha (Gala, Khaya) 2. Nayarajana (Cukka, Khijja) 4. Potsala (Ludha, Pada) 6. Vimana (Pada, Nassa) 8. Nayarajana (Kudda, Pala) 10. Nayarajana (Harisa, Vijja) Example: - Dhanna/Dhanna/Dhannaim/Dhannaim Ugi/Ugiu/Ugavi/Ugivi/ Ugevi/Ugevinu/Ugeppi/Ugeppinu Vaddhahim/Vaddhanti/ Vaddhante/Vaddhire. (C) (ii). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Nayarajana (Nacca, Uttha) 2. Vasana (Chutta, Nassa) 3. Bhaya (Nassa, Pala) 4. Gana (Gunja, Pasara) 5. Vimana (Cittha, Udda) 6. Nayarajana (Jagara, Cettha) 7. Sasana (Vaddha, Pasara) 8. Dhanna (Uga, Soha) 9. Rajja (Vasa, Pasara) 10. Khira (Cua, Pasara) 58 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book

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Example: - Nayarajana/Nayarajana/Nayarajanaim/Nayarajanaim Utthi/ Utthiu/Utthavi/Utthivi/Utthevi/Utthevinu/Uttheppi/ Uttheppinu Naccantu/Naccentu. (C) (iii). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the FutureTense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Vimana (Cittha, Udda) 3. Gana (Gunja, Phura) 5. Sutta (Gala, Tutta) 7. Lakkuda (Jala, Nassa) 9. Nayarajana (Jagara, Cettha)10. Vasana (Chutta, Nassa) Example : . Vimana/Vimana/Vimanaim/Vimanaim Citthi/Citthiu/Citthavi/ Citthivi/Citthevi/Citthevinu/Cittheppi/Cittheppinu Uddesahim/Uddesanti/Uddihihim/Uddihinti. 2. Nayarajana (Tha, Vijja) 4. Rina (Ghatta, Nassa) 6. Bia (Vaddha, Uga) 8. Gana (Viasa, Phura) (D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Caseendings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case-ending in each of following Nouns. 1. Dhana 4. Pattaim 7. Nayarajana 10. Vasanaim Apabhramsa Exercise Book 2. Khetta 5. Lakkuda 8. Rajjaim 11. Ratta 3. Sasana 6. Sokkhaim 9. Bhayaim 12. Tinaim 59

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13. Bhoyanaim 16. Bia 19. Pottalaim 22. Vatthaim 25. Dhanaim 28. Pottala 14. Nanair 17. Sasanaim 20. Chikka 23. Kamma 26. Sasana 29. Chikkaim 15. Suttaim 18. Ganaim 21. Dhannaim 24. Nayarajanaim 27. Rajja 30. Vattha Example - Person Number Original Gender Case Noun ending Singular/ Dhana Neuter 0 Plural Dhapa Third Person 60 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book .

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Exercise 15 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Mother rejoices. 2. Faith should increase. 3. Education will spread. 4. Sister deteriorates. 5. Hunger should calm down. 6. Speech tires. 7. Wine should separate. 8. Thirst will occur. 9. The order appears. 10. Daughter should rejoice. 11. The river will dry up. 12. The wealth decreases. 13. Wisdom should succeed. 14. The desire will calm down. 15. The cave will disappear. 16. Wife fears. 17. Speech should appear. 18. Compassion separates. 19. The Ganges spreads. 20. Reputation should increase. 21. Examination will occur. 22. Thirst occurs. 23. The woman should enthuse. 24. Sita will delay. 25. The sleep should decrease. 26. The woman should mortify. 27. Daughter coughs. 28. Praise will spread. 29. The pit increases. 30. The Yamuna will dry up. 31. Intelligence should bloom. 32. Daughter vomits. 33. The girl will rejoice. 34. Daughter sleeps. 35. Desire should decrease. 36. The night occurs to sleep. 37. The Narmada will spread. 38. Splendour should increase. 39. Daughter should breathe. 40. Sita shines. 41. Spleandour disappears. 42. Having feared, the daughter sleeps. 43. Having calmed down, the sister should sit. 44. Husband's sister will stop to go round. 45. Having whined, the daughter weeps. 46. Having increased, the education should spread. 47. Having delayed, the girl comes down. 48. Having calmed, the daughter sleeps. 49. Having stayed, wife should sleep. 50. Having vomited, the mother calms down. 51. Having enthused, the woman should endeavour. 52. Having decreased, the desire should calm down. 53. Having deteriorated, husband's sister jumps. 54. The daughter should stop for sitting. 55. Having increased, the wealth shines. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 15, study lessons 37 to 38 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhramsa Exercise Book 61

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Example : - Mother rejoices - Maya/Maya Harisai/Harisei/Harisae. (B) In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Feminine Nouns in Nominative case Singular Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms and Verbal forms. 1. Ganga (Pasara) Pre. 2. Jaa (Biha) Pre. 3. Saddha (Vaddha) Imp. 4. Sikkha (Pasara) Fu. 5. Vaya (Thakka) Pre. 6. Panna (Sijjha) Imp. 7. Karuna (Phura) Fu. 8. Kamala (Ghata) Pre. 9. Dhua (Harisa) Imp. 10. Sasa (Chijja) Pre. 11. Ahilasa (Uvasama) Fu. 12. Maya (Ullasa) Pre. 13. Vaya (Phura) Imp. 14. Parikkha (Hava) Fu. 15. Nisa (Lagga) Pre. 16. Mahila (Ucchaha) Imp. 17. Kanna (Cirava) Fu. 18. Nidda (Ghata) Imp. 19. Suya (Khasa) Pre. 20. Mahila (Cettha) Imp. 21. Saria (Sukka) Fu. 22. Gadda (Vaddha) Pre. 23. Meha (Viasa) Imp. 24. Tanaya (Vama) Pre. 25. Nananda (Utara) Fu. 26. Tanha (Ghata) Imp. 27. Dhua (Uvasama) Pre. 28. Suya (Ussasa) Imp. 29. Guha (Nassa) Fu. 30. Soha (Khaya) Pre. 31. Maira (Chutta) Imp. 32. Paittha (Vaddha) Imp. 33. Siya (Utara) Pre. 34. Ana (Phura) Pre. 35. Jara (Vaddha) Pre. 36. Jauna (Sukka) Fu. 37. Kaha (Hava) Fu. 38. Kalasiya (Cua) Pre. 39. Sanjha (Ho) Fu. 40. Nisa (Hava) Pre. ra) Fre, 62 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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Example: - Ganga/Ganga Pasarai/Pasarei/Pasarae. (C) (i). In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Suya (Biha, Lotta) 2. Nananda (Gadayada, Ruva) 3. Kanna (Cirava, Utara) 4. Dhua (Cirava, Ruva) 5. Maya (Vama, Uvasama) 6. Kanna (Uvasama, Uvavisa) 7. Sasa (Khasa, Vama) 8. Mahila (Chijja, Kudda) 9. Jaa (Ussasa, Thambha) 10. Jhumpala (Vasa, Ho) Example: - Suya/Suya Bihi/Bihiu/Bihavi/Bihivi/Bihevi/Bihevinu/ Biheppi/Biheppinu Lottai/Lottei/Lottae. (C) (ii). In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Sasa (Uvasama, Uvavisa) 2. Sikkha (Vaddha, Pasara) 3. Jaa (Cittha, Lotta) 4. Mahila (Ucchaha, Cettha) 5. Tanha (Ghata, Uvasama) 6. Tanaya (Uvavisa, Thambha) 7. Kanna (Lotta, Uttha) 8. Kamala (Vadaha, Soha) 9. Sasa (Harisa, Utara) 10. Dhua (Thambha, Kila) Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book 63

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Example: - Sasa/Sasa Uvasami/Uvasamiu/Uvasamavi/Uvasamivi/ Uvasamevi/Uvasamevinu/Uvasameppi/Uvasameppinu Uvavisau/Uvaviseu. (C) (iii). In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Dhua (Thambha, Cettha) 2. Suya (Kila, Harisa) 3. Jaa (Biha, Pala) 5. Sasa (Harisa, Ghuma) 7. Kanna (Cirava, Utara) 9. Karuna (Soha, Phura) 64 Example: - Dhua/Dhua Thambhevam/Thambhana/Thambhanaham/ Thambheppinu Cetthesai/Cetthesae/Cetthihii/Cetthihie. (D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Caseendings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case-ending in each of the following Nouns. 1. Parikkha 4. Karuna 7. Nammaya Thambhanahim/Thambhevi/Thambhevinu/Thambheppi/ 10. Guha 4. Mahila (Cukka, Khijja) 6. Nananda (Jagada, Kudda) 8. Jhumpada (Vasa, Ho) 10. Maya (Lotta, Cettha) 2. Sasa 5. Vaya 8. Bhukkha 11. Maira 3. Maya 6. Ana 9. Kalasiya 12. Dhua Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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14. Tisa 13. Mahila 16. Kaha 15. Nisa 18. Ahilasa 21. Jhumpada 24. Siya 19. Tanha 17. Ganga 20. Soha 23. Nananda 26. Nidda 29. Saddha 22. Saria 25. Jara 28. Jaa 27. Pasamsa 30. Meha Example - Person Number Original Gender Noun Singular Parikkha Feminine Case ending 0 Parikkha Third Person Apabhramsa Exercise Book 65

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Exercise 16 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Mothers rejoice. 2. Educations will spread. 3. Sisters sleep. 4. Desires will calm down. 5. Daughters should rejoice. 6. Caves will disappear. 7. Wives wake up. 8. Examinations will occur. 9. Women should enthuse. 10. Girls will delay. 11. Daughters calm down. 12. Women should mortify. 13. Ditches increase. 14. Daughters succeed. 15. Daughters will rejoice. 16. Husband's sisters come down. 17. Daughters should enthuse. 18. Mothers sit. 19. Speeches succeed. 20. Huts shine. 21. Examinations occur. 22. Daughters sit. 23. Rivers dry up. 24. Women endeavour. 25. Speeches should manifest. 26. Sisters will stay. 27. Having played, the daughters will rejoice. 28. The sisters quarrel for playing. 29. Having run away, the girls tire. 30. Having rejoiced, the mothers should live. 31. Having tired, the women should sleep. 32. Having danced, the daughters will tire. 33. Having calmed down, the sisters should sit. 34. Having rejoiced, the daughters will stay. 35. Having increased, the educations should spread. 36. Having feared, the girls come down. 37. Having tired, the daughters weep. 38. Having vomited, the mothers calm down. 39. The Wives should stay to sleep. 40. Having enthused, the women should endeavour. 41. Having decreased, the desires should calm down. 42. Having feared, the daughters sleep. 43. Husband's sisters will get up to go round. 44. Having stopped, the daughters should sit. 45. Having wept, the girls delay. 46. Having coughed, the sisters vomit. 47. The daughters weep to sleep. 48. The mothers should endeavour to live. 49. The daughters will rejoice to play. 50. Having danced, the daughters tire. 51. Having calmed down, the mothers should sit. 52. Having slept, the sisters should get up. 53. Husband's sisters should go round to tire. 54. The sisters should endeavour for waking up. 55. The girls will get up to sleep. 56. The daughters endeavour for dancing. 57. Having rejoiced, the sisters will go round. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 16, study lesson 39 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". 66 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book

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Example: - Mothers rejoice = Maya/Maya/Mayao/Mayao/Mayau/Mayau Harisahim/ Harisanti/Harisante/Harisire. (B) In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Feminine Nouns in Nominative case Plural Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives are Noun forms and Verbal forms. 1. Dhua (Utara) Pre. 3. Sikkha (Pasara) Fu. 5. Suya (Harisa) Imp. 7. Parikkha (Hava) Fu. 9. Sasa (Thambha) Fu. 11. Kanna (Pala) Imp. 13. Maya (Vama) Pre. 15. Jaa (Uvavisa) Imp. 17. Saria (Sukka) Fu. 19. Suya (Gadayada) Pre. 21. Maya (Cettha) Imp. 23. Jaa (Jagara) Imp. 25. Nananda (Cirava) Fu. 27. Kanna (Uvavisa) Fu. 29. Maya (Khijja) Pre. 31. Tanaya (Utara) Imp. 33. Ahilasa (Vaddha) Pre. 35. Sasa (Harisa) Imp. 37. Mahila (Vijja) Fu. Apabhramsa Exercise Book 2. Mahila (Harisa) Imp. 4. Maya (Harisa) Pre. 6. Jhumpada (Soha) Pre. 8. Tanaya (Khasa) Pre. 10. Nananda (Ussasa) Fu. 12. Vaya (Phura) Imp. 14. Guha (Khaya) Fu. 16. Vaya (Sijjha) Pre. 18. Ahilasa (Uvasama) Imp. 20. Kalasiya (Ludha) Pre. 22. Sasa (Jagada) Fu. 24. Kanna (Chijja) Pre. 26. Parikkha (Hava) Pre. 28. Suya (Biha) Fu. 30. Dhua (Kanda) Pre. 32. Saria (Sukka) Pre. 34. Kalasiya (Tutta) Fu. 36. Suya (Thambha) Imp. 38. Kanna (Lobha) Pre. 67

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39. Nananda (Cukka) Pre. 40. Dhua (Ucchaha) Imp. Example: - Dhua/Dhua/Dhuau/Dhuau/Dhuao/Dhuao Utarahim/Utaranti/ Utarante/Utarire. (C) (i).In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Sasa (Kila, Jagada) 2. Kanna (Biha, Utara) 3. Dhua (Kanda, Uvasama) 5. Suya (Biha, Lotta) 7. Tanaya (Kanda, Cirava) 4. Maya (Vama, Uvasama) 6. Nananda (Chijja, Kanda) 8. Jhumpada (Vasa, Ho) 9. Mahila (Thambha, Uvavisa) 10. Kanna (Nacca, Thakka) Example : - 68 Sasa/Sasa/Sasao/Sasao/Sasau/Sasau Kilevam/Kilana/ Kilanaham/Kilanahim/Kilevi/Kilevinu/Kileppi/Kileppinu Jagadahim/Jagadanti/Jagadante/Jagadire. (C) (ii). In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Maya (Harisa, Jiva) 3. Sasa (Jagara, Cettha) 2. Jaa (Lotta, Cittha) 4. Nananda (Thakka, Ghuma) Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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5. Suya (Thambha, Uvavisa) 6. Tanha (Ghata, Uvasama) 7. Sikkha (Vaddha, Pasara) 8. Maya (Ucchaha, Cettha) 9. Sasa (Uvasama, Uvavisa) 10. Dhua (Rama, Kila) Example: Maya/Maya/Mayau/Mayau/Mayao/Mayao Harisi/Harisiu/ Harisavi/Harisivi/Harisevi/Harisevinu/Hariseppi/ Hariseppinu Jivantu/Jiventu. (C) (iii). In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Kanna (Lotta, Vttha) 3. Dhua (Kila, Rama) 5. Guha (Jala, Nassa) 7. Jaa (Biha, Pala) 9. Jhumpala (Vasa, Ho) 2. Sasa (Harisa, Ghuma) 4. Sikkha (Vaddha, Pasara) 6. Suya (Biha, Kanda) 8. Mahila (Jagara, Uttha) 10. Nananda (Jagada, Kanda) Example: - Kanna/Kanna/Kannau/Kannau/Kannao/Kannao Lotti/Lottiu/ Lottavi/Lottivi/Lottevi/Lolsevinu/Lotteppi/Lotteppinu Utthesahim/Utthesanti/Utthihihim/Utthihinti. (D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Case endings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case -ending in each of the following Nouns. 2. Parikkhau 3. Mayao 1. Siya 4. Kahau 5. Tanayao 6. Ahilasa Apabhramsa Exercise Book 69

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9. Mahila 12. Sikkhau 15. Gaddau 18. Kannau 7. Gangao 10. Nisau 13. Jhumpadao 16. Jaau 19. Pasamsao 22. Siyao 25. Suyau 28. Mayau 8. Nananda 11. Saria 14. Kalasiya 17, Guhao 20. Dhuao 23. Jhumpada 26. Vanao 29. Sikkhao 21. Mahilao 24. Sasau 27. Sariau 30. Nisa Example Person Number Original Gender Case Noun ending Singular/ Siya Feminine 0 Plural Siya Third Person 70 Apabhrarhsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 17 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. The camel sits. 2. The aircraft may fly. 3. Examination will occur. 4. The dog barks. 5. The government should spread. 6. Girls will dance. 7. Books burn. 8. Pleasure should increase. 9. Sister vomits. 10. The king should rejoice. 11. The small bundle falls down. 12. The small earthen water pots break. 13. Grandson should rejoice. 14. Citizens will wake up. 15. The wealth increases. 16. Clouds thunder. 17. Detachment should increase. 18. Desire will calm down. 19. The cloth dries up. 20. Beauty will bloom. 21. Education will spread. 22. Maternal uncle should get up. 23. Water drops. 24. Rivers will dry up. 25. Disgrace spreads. 26. Suffering should decrease. 27. Caves will disappear. 28. Vows shine. 29. Knowledge should succeed. 30. Sisters will stay. 31. Son trembles. 32. Moral conduct shines. 33. Thirst will occur. 34. Demons should die. 35. Seeds will grow. 36. Women should enthuse. 37. Lions run away. 38. The truth should bloom. 39. Speech tires. 40. Having jumped, the demons die. 41. The citizen will endeavour to wake up. 42. Daughter rejoices. 43. Having wept, the children will sleep. 44. Having stayed, the aircraft will fly. 45. Having decreased, the desire may calm down. 46. Having risen, the sun shines. 47. Man should endeavour for living. 48. The daughter will rejoice for playing. 49. Having tired, the maternal uncles sit. 50. Having burnt, the thread disappears. 51. Having delayed, the girl comes down. 52. Having fallen, the jewel will break. 53. The state quarrels to spread. 54. Having stayed, the daughter will get up. 55. Having burnt, the books disappear. 56. Having endeavoured, the citizens should play. Example : The camel sits : Karaha/Karaha/Karahu/Karaho Acchai/Acchei/ Acchae. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 17, study lessons 29 to 39 of "Apabhrarsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhramsa Exercise Book 71

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(B) In the following Nouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences Nominative Singular or Plural Number and use Tense as directed. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms and Verbal forms. 1. Kukkura (Bukka) Pre. 3. Sikkha (Pasara) Fu. 5. Lakkuda (Jala) Imp. 7. Parikkha (Hava) Fu. 9. Putta (Kutta) Pre. 11. Salila (Cua) Imp. 13. Ghara (Pada) Pre. 15. Meha (Viasa) Fu. 17. Rajja (Cettha) Imp. 19. Maula (Pala) Pre. 21. Kamala (Ghata) Pre. 23. Veragga (Vaddha) Imp. 25. Huavaha (Jala) Fu. 27. Tisa (Lagga) Fu. 29. Vimana (Udda) Pre. 31. Vaya (Sijjha) Pre. 33. Mahila (Ucchaha) Imp. 35. Bia (Uga) Fu. 37. Dujjasa (Pasara) Pre. 39. Karaha (Nacca) Pre. 72 Example: 2. Patta (Sukka) Imp. 4. Potta (Nacca) Pre. 6. Ahilasa (Uvasama) Fu. 8. Vattha (Sukka) Imp. 10. Maya (Thambha) Fu. 12. Vaya (Gala) Pre. 14. Sasana (Pasara) Imp. 16. Meha (Gajja) Pre. 18. Kanna (Cirava) Fu. 20. Jovvana (Viasa) Pre. 22. Dukkha (Gala) Imp. 24. Panna (Sijjha) Imp. 26. Rajja (Ucchaha) Fu. 28. Meha (Viasa) Pre. 30. Agama (Soha) Imp. 32. Nayarajana (Cettha) Imp. 34. Nara (Ujjama) Fu. 36. Guha (Nassa) Fu. 38. Sila (Soha) Imp. Kukkura/Kukkura/Kukkuru/Kukkuro Bukkai/Bukkei/Bukkae. Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(C) (i). In the following Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences use Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number or Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Kukkura (Bukka, Uvavisa) 2. Salila (Cua, Pasara) 3. Sasa (Khasa, Vama) 4. Nara (Uppalja, Mara) 5. Gana (Gunja, Phura) 6. Suya (Lotta, Kanda) 7. Diara (Vala, Uvavisa) 8. Vaya (Gala, Nassa) 9. Jhumpada (Vasa, Ho) 10. Vasana (Chutta, Nassa) Example: - Kukkura/Kukkura/Kukkuru/Kukkuro Bukki/Bukkiu/Bukkavi/ Bukkivi/Bukkevi/Bukkevinu/Bukkeppi/Bukkeppinu Uvavisai/Uvavisei/Uvavisae. (C) (ii). In the following Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences use Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number or Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Rahunandana (Harisa, Accha) 2. Rajja (Pasara, Soha) 3. Gana (Gudja, Phura) 4. Mahila (Ucchaha, Cettha) 5. Gama (Vasa, Pasara) 6. Vasana (Chutta, Nassa) 7. Janera (Hasa, Jiva) 8. Divayara (Soha, Uga) 9. Sasa (Uvasama, Uvavisa) 10. Sikkha (Vaddha, Pasara) Apabhramsa Exercise Book 73

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Example : - Rahunandana/Rahunandana/Rahunandanu/Rahunandano Harisi/Harisiu/Harisavi/Harisivi/Harisevi/Harisevinu/ Hariseppi/Hariseppinu Acchau/Accheu. (C) (iii). In the following Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences use Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number or Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Sutta (Gala, Tutta) 3. Vimana (Tha, Udda) 5. Suya (Khela, Rama) 7. Ghara (Pada, Nassa) 9. Gantha (Jala, Nassa) Example : . Sutta/Sutta/Suttu Gali/Galiu/Galavi/Galivi/Galevi/Galevinu/ Galeppi/Galeppinu Tuttesai/Tuttesae/Tuttihii/Tuttihie. (D) In the following Nouns are given alongwith Case-endings. Point out the Person, Number, Original form, Gender and Case-ending in each of the following Nouns. 1. Sokkhaim 4. Vimanu 7. Rajjaim 10. Lakkudu 13. Sasana 74 2. Rayana (Pada, Tutta) 4. Dhua (Thambha, Cittha) 6. Sasa (Harisa, Kila) 8. Udaga (Sukka, Nijjhara) 10. Mahila (Ucchaha, Cettha) 2. Sasa 5. Tanayau 8. Maya 11. Mehao 14. Parikkha 3. Putto 6. Vaya 9. Sappu 12. Agamo 15. Paramesaro Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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16. Chikku 18. Rayana 17. Suyao 20. Ana 23. Raya 26. Karuna 29. Dhanaim 19. Vatthaim 22. Bhoyanu 25. Khettu 28. Sayara 21. Dujjasu 24. Sariyau 27. Bhavo 30. Udaga Example - Person Number Original Gender Case Noun ending Plural Sokkha Neuter im Sokkhain Third Person Apabhramsa Exercise Book 75

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Exercise 18 Past Participle In the exercises 1 to 17, the suffixes of the Present Tense, Imperative and the Future Tense along with the suffixes of the Absolutive and Infinitive have been dwelt upon. But in Apabhraisa there do not exist any independent suffixes for dealing with the Past Tense. So for expressing the purport of the Past Tense, the Past Participle is used. Study lesson No. 41 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition" before solving the exercises related with it. The suffixes of the Past Participle are a and ya. By adding these suffixes to the Verbs a of a-ending Verbs is changed into t; as, Hasa - Hasia and Hasiya. When the Personal Pronoun is in the Masculine Gender, the inflection of the Past Participle will be according to the Masculine Noun 'Deva' and when the Personal Pronoun is in the Feminine Gender, the inflection of the Past Participle will be according to Kaha. (i) Masculine Singular Deva/Deva/ + Hasia/Hasia/ Devu/Devo Hasiu/Hasio (ii) Masculine Plural Deva/Deva - Hasia/Hasia/ (i) Feminine Singular Kaha/Kaha + Hasia/Hasia (iv) Feminine Plural Kaha/Kaha) - Hasia/Hasia/ Kahau/Kahau/ Hasiau/Hasiau/ Kahao/Kahao Hasiao/Hasiao (1) I (Mas.) laughed - Here Personal Pronoun is Masculine Singular. So the Past Participle of Hasa-Hasia/Hasiya will be inflected according to Deva in Singular Number. As, Haur Hasia/Hasia/Hasiu/Hasio (Here Personal Pronoun, Haum is in the Nominative Masculine Singular .) Note : In order to solve the above exercise 18, study lesson 41 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". 76 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book

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(ii) I (Fem.) laughed - Here Personal Pronoun is Feminine Singular. So the inflection of Past Participle will be according to Kaha in Singular Number. As, Haum Hasia/Hasia (Here Personal Pronoun, Haum is in the Nominative Feminine Singular.) (iii) We (Mas.) laughed - Here Personal Pronoun is Masculine Plural. So the Past Participle will be inflected according to Deva in Plural Number. As, Amhe/Amhaim Hasia/Hasia (Here Personal Pronoun, Amhe/Amhaim is in the Nominative Masculine Plural.) (iv) We (Fem.) all laughed - Here Personal Pronoun is Feminine Plural. So the inflection of Past Participle will be according to Kaha in Plural Number. As, Amhe/Amhaim Hasia/Hasia/Hasiau/Hasiau/Hasiao/ Hasiao (Here Personal Pronoun, Amhe/Amhaim is in the Nominative Feminine Plural.) In the Same Way - (v) You (Mas.) laughed (vi) You (Fem.) laughed (vii) You (Mas.) all laughed (viii) You (Fem.) all laughed (ix) He laughed (x) She laughed (xi) They (Mas.) all laughed (xii) They (Fem.) all laughed - Apabhramsa Exercise Book - - Tuhum Hasia/Hasia/Hasiu/Hasio. Tuhum Hasia/Hasia Tumhe/Tumhaim Hasia/Hasia Tumhe/Tumhaim Hasia/Hasia/ Hasiau/Hasiau/Hasiao/ Hasiao So Hasia/Hasia/Hasiu/Hasio Sa Hasia/Hasia Te Hasia/Hasia Ta Hasia/Hasia/Hasiau/Hasiau/ Hasiao/Hasiao 77

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(A-1) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of the a-ending Masculine Nouns in Nominative Singular. 1. Hasa 4. Rusa 7. Jiva 10. Gala 2. Saya 5. Lukka 8. Kanda 3. Nacca 6. Jagga 9. Harisa Example Past According to a-ending Masculine Nouns Participle Nominative Singular Hasa Hasia/Hasiya Hasia/Hasia/Hasio/Hasiu/ Hasiya/Hasiya/Hasiyo/Hasiyu (A-2) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of the a-ending Masculine Nouns in Nominative Plural. 1. Nacca 4. Soha 7. Tha 10. Nassa 2. Khaya 5. Sukka 8. Bukka 3. Jala 6. Pala 9. Uga Example Past According to a-ending Masculine Nouns Participle Nominative Plural Nacca Naccia/ Naccia/Naccia/ Nacciya Nacciya/Nacciya (A-3) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of the a-ending Neuter Nouns in Nominative Singular. 1. Vaddha 2. Viasa 3. Gunja 4. Kudda 5. Jagara 6. Vijja 7. Chutta 8. Vasa . Cukka 10. Khijja 78 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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Example - Vaddha Past Participle Vaddhia/ Vaddhiya (A-4) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of the a-ending Neuter Nouns in Nominative Plural. 1. Viasa 4. Khasa 7. Utara 10. Vala Viasa Example Past Example - 1. Uttha 4. Lajja 7. Mara 10. Saya According to a-ending NeuterNouns Nominative Singular Past Participle Vaddhia/Vaddhia/Vaddhiu Vaddhiya/Vaddhiya/Vaddhiyu Participle Nominative Plural Viasia/ Viasiya/ Uttha Utthia/ Utthiya Apabhramsa Exercise Book 2. Ho 5. Uvasama 8. Tutta (A-5) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle. Afterwards, change them into the Feminine by making them a-ending. Thereafter add the suffixes of a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative Singular. According to a-ending Neuter Nouns Viasia/Viasia/Viasiaim/Viasiaim/ Viasiya/Viasiya/Viasiyaim/Viasiyaim 3. Cukka 6. Thambha 9. Udda 2. Tha 5. Accha 8. Khela a-ending Form Utthia/ Utthiya 3. Hasa 6. Bhida 9. Kulla According to a-ending Feminine Nouns Nominative Singular Utthia/Utthia/ Utthiya/Utthiya 79

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(A-6) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle. Afterwards, change them into the Feminine by making them a-ending. Thereafter add the suffixes of a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative Plural. 1. Jagga 4. Utara 7. Hava 10. Rama 2. Chijja 5. Thambha 8. Ucchaha 3. Biha 6. Ussasa 9. Cettha Example Past Participle a-ending Form Jagga Jaggia/ Jaggia/ Jaggiya According to a-ending Feminine Nouns Nominative Plural Jaggia/Jaggia/Jaggiau/ Jaggiau/Jaggiao/Jaggiao/ Jaggiya/Jaggiya/Jaggiyau/ Jaggiyau/Jaggiyao/Jaggiyao Jaggiya (B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraisa. Make Past Participles from the suffixes of a-ending Nouns (Mas. and Neu.) and those of a-ending Nouns (Fem.) in accordance with the Gender and Number of the Nouns and Personal Pronouns. Write all the alternatives. 1. The king laughed. 2. Son got up. 3. The vow disappeared. 4. The jewel fell. 5. The fire burned. 6. Disgrace spread. 7. The book disappeared. 8. The child wept. 9. Hanumana Jumped. 10. The demon died. 11. Clouds thundered. 12. Kings laughed. 13. Sons got up. 14. Vows disappeared. 15. Jewels fell. 16. Cloths dried up. 17. Villages shined. 18. Grandsons sat. 19. The aircraft flied. 20. The government spread. 21. Kingdom increased. 22. The small bundle fell down. 23. Moral conduct manifested. 24. Beauty bloomed. 25. Wood burned. 26. The forest ended. 27. The head ached. 28. The truth bloomed. 29. Aircrafts flied. 30. Papers dried up. 31. Pleasures increased. 32. Kingdoms increased. 33. Woods burned. 34. Addictions separated. 35. Cloths dried up. 36. Threads 80 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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broke. 37. Songs shined. 38. Fields shined. 39. Examination occurred. 40. Sister stopped. 41. The hut shined. 42. Education spread. 43. The river dried up. 44. Daughter slept. 45. The Yamuna spread. 46. Wife feared. 47. Daughter stayed. 48. Praise spread. 49. Daughters sat. 50. Examinations occurred. 51. Sisters stopped. 52. Educations spread. 53. Daughters slept. 54. Daughters woke up. 55. Rivers dried up. 56.Desires increased. 57. Huts shined. 58. Caves disappeared. 59. I woke up. 60. He stayed. 61. You rejoiced. 62. I (Fem) sat. 63. You slept. 64. She laughed. 65. I (Mas.) ran away. 66. He turned. 67. You got up. 68. He played. 69. We all woke up. 70. They all stayed. 71. You all rejoiced. 72. We both sat. 73. You all slept. 74. They all jumped. 75. We both ran away. 76. They both turned. 77. You both sat. 78. They all played. Example The King laughed = Narinda/Narinda) Hasia/Hasta/ Narindu/Narindo Hasiu/Hasio (C-1) Use the following Masculine Nouns in the Nominative Singular or the Nominative Plural and change the verbs given in brackets into Past Participles, and then make sentences by adding any one suffix of the Absolutive or Infinitive to the Verbs given in the middle. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns and Past Participles. 1. Kukkura ....Bukka (Accha) 2. Putta ....Biha (Kanda) 3. Gantha ....Jala (Nassa) 4. Mitta ....Harisa (Jiva) 5. Potta. .....Nacca (Uttha) 6. Rayana ....Pada (Tutta) 7. Janera ....Jagara (Dula) 8. Karaha .... Thakka (Nacca) 9. Duha ....Gala (Nassa) 10. Vaya .... Tutta (Gala) Example Kukkura/Kukkura/ Kukkuru/Kukkuro Bukki Acchia/Acchia/ Acchiu/Acchio Apabhramsa Exercise Book 81

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(C-2) Use the following Neuter Nouns in the Nominative Singular or the Nominative Plural and change the verbs given in brackets into Past Participles, and then make sentences by adding any one suffix of the Absolutive or Infinitive to the Verbs given in the middle. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns and Past Participles. 1. Vimana....Udda(Thambha) 2. Sasana ....Pasara (Vadaha) 3. Lakkuda ....Nassa (Jala) 4. Nayarajana....Kudda (Pala) 5. Sutta .....Gala (Tutta) 6. Potala ....Ludha (Pada) 7. Ghaya ....Cua (Pasara) 8. Bhaya .... Khaya (Pala) 9. Bia .... Uga (Vaddha) 10. Rina ....Ghata (Nassa) Example - Vimana/Vimana/ Vimanu Udaiu Thambhia/Thambhia/ Thambhiu (C-3) Use the following Feminine Nouns in the Nominative Singular or the Nominative Plural and change the verbs given in brackets into Past Participles, and then make sentences by adding any one suffix of the Absolutive or Infinitive to the Verbs given in the middle. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns and Past Participles. 1. Siya.... Thakka (Lotta) 2. Dhua .... Biha (Kanda) 3. Sasa .... Nacca (Thakka) 4. Mahila.... Dara (Pala) 5. Tanay...... Rusa (Ruva) 6. Jaa ....Uvasama (Uvavisa) 7. Tanha ....Ghata (Nassa) 8. Jhumpada ....Vasa (Hava) 9. Pasamsa ..... Vaddha(Pasara) 10. Kanna ....Kudda (Utara) Example Siya/Siya Thakkiu Lottia/Lottia. (C-4) Use the following Personal Pronoun in the Nominative Singular or the Nominative Plural and change the verbs given in brackets into Past Participles, and then make sentences by adding any one suffix of the Absolutive or 82 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book

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Infinitive to the Verbs given in the middle. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns and Past Participles. 1. Ta....Nacca (Thakka) 2. Amha .... Dara (Pala) 3. Tumha ....Ucchaha (Ujjama) 4. Ta.... Khela (Saya) 5. Ta... Mara (Kulla) 6. Amha .... Cirava (Utara) 7. Tumha .... Thakka (Ghuma) 8. Ta ....Kanda (Muccha) 9. Amha ....Harisa (Kila) 10. Ta ....Kalaha (Lajja) Example - Te avi Thakkia/Thakkia Point out the suffix, Number, Gender and Original Verb in the following Past Participles. 1. Hasia 4. Thaao 7. Laggia 10. Sukkiao 13. Galia 16. Naccia 19. Lukkiao 22. Hoaim 25. Jujjhiaim 28. Ujjamia 2. Viasialm 5. Bihiau 8. Cukkia 11. Kheliai 14. Nassiaim 17. Jiviau 20. Jaggiau 23. Sayia 26. Ghumia 29. Lajjiau 3. Utthiau 6. Thambhiao 9. Kuddiu 12. Uvasamiao 15. Harisia 18. Acchiair 21. Jagaria 24. Utariao 27. Dariais 30. Bhidiau Example Hasia Original Gender Number Suffix Verb Hasa Mas./ Singular/ a Neuter/ Plural Feminine Viasa Neuter Plural a Viasiain Apabhrarsa Exercise Book 83

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Exercise 19 (A-1) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative Singular. 1. Hasa 3. Saya 5. Rusa 2. Dara 4. Nacca 6. Lajja Example - Verb Present Participle Hasa Hasanta According to a-ending Masculine Nouns Nominative Singular Hasanta/Hasanta/Hasantu/ Hasanto Hasamana/Hasamana/Hasamanu/ Hasamano Hasamana (A-2) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative Plural. 1. Hasa 3. Khaya 5. Soha 2. Nacca 4. Jala 6. Uvasama Example - Verb Present Participle According to a-ending Masculine Nouns Nominative Plural Hasanta/Hasanta Hasamana/Hasamana Hasa Hasanta Hasamana Note : In order to solve the above exercise 19, study lesson 42 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". 84 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(A-3) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative Singular. 1. Vaddha 3. Gunja 5. Jagara Example - Verb Vaddha Vaddhanta Present Participle Example - 1. Viasa 3. Thambha 5. Udda Vaddhamanu (A-4) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative Plural. Verb Present Vaddhamana Vaddhamana/Vaddhamana/ Participle Viasa Viasanta 2. Viasa 4. Kudda 6. Utara According to a-ending Neuter Nouns Nominative Singular Vaddhanta/Vaddhanta/ Viasamana Vaddhantu 2. Ho 4. Tutta 6. Dara According to a-ending Neuter Nouns Nominative Plural Viasanta/Viasanta/ Viasantaim/Viasantaim Viasamana/Viasamana/ Viasamanaim/Viasamanaim (A-5) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle. Afterwards, change them into the Feminine by making Apabhramsa Exercise Book 85

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them a-ending. Thereafter add the suffixes of the a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative Singular. 1. Nacca 3. Lajja 5. Bhida 2. Uttha 4. Hasa 6. Ruva Example * Verb Present Participle a-ending Form Nacca Naccanta Naccamana Nacca Naccanta According to a-ending Feminine Nouns Nominative Singular Naccanta/Naccanta Naccamana/ Naccamana Naccanta Naccamana Naccant (A-6) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle. Afterwards, change them into the Feminine by making them a-ending. Thereafter add the suffixes of the aending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative Plural. 1. Saya 3. Biha 5. Certha 2. Jagga 4. Thambha 6. Harisa Example - Verb Present Participle a-ending Form Saya Sayanta Sayanta According to a-ending Feminine Nouns Nominative Plural Sayanta/Sayanta/ Sayantau/Sayantau/ Sayantao/Sayantao Sayamana/ Sayamana/ Sayamanau/ Sayamanau/ Sayamanao/ Sayamanao Sayamana Sayamana 86 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book

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(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Make Present Participle from the suffixes of a-ending Nouns (Mas. and Neu.) and those of a-ending Nouns (Fem.) in accordance with the Gender and Number of the Nouns and Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives. 1. The embarrassing son sits. 2. The barking dog runs away. 3. The trembling demons sit. 4. The fearing child weeps. 5. The burning fire vanishes. 6. Dancing camels tire. 7. Increasing moral conduct blossoms. 8. The burning wood disappears. 9. Increasing detachment shines. 10. The enthusing mother sits. 11. Increasing reputation shines. 12. The grieving women go round. 13. Increasing faith shines. 14. Vanishing Karmas separate. 15. Embarrassing, he hides. 16. Playing, I rejoice. 17. Dancing, you tire. 18. Weeping, you all quarrel. 19. Playing, we all rejoice. 20. Quarrelling, you all fight. 21. The Laughing man should live. 22. The rejoicing father should endeavour. 23. The enthusing child should play. 24. The enthusing women should endeavour. 25. The calming down girl sits, 26. Rejoicing, you should play. 27. Rejoicing, I should dance. 28. Laughing, you all sit. 29. Running away, we all should play. 30. The succeeding truth will shine. 31. Increasing education will spread. 32. Dancing girls will tire. 33. Falling jewels will break. 34. Endeavouring men will jump. 35. The sitting grandson will turn. 36. The jumping demons will die. 37. Laughing, I shall live. 38. Jumping, you will tire. 39. Rejoicing, she will dance. 40. Endeavouring, we all shall wake up. 41. Calming down, they all will sit. 42. Fearing, you all hide. 43. Dropping clarified butter fell. 44. The endeavouring grandfather sat. 45. The endeavouring friend rejoiced. 46. The fighting grandsons trembled. 47. The whining son sat. 48. Dropping water dried up. 49. The floundering demon died. 50. The coveting citizen lived. 51. The rejoicing daughter got up. 52. Burning grass disappeared. 53. Playing, I rejoiced. 54. Fearing, she wept. 55. Grieving, we sat. 56. Stopping, they all came down. 57. Calming down, they all sat. 58. Jumping, we all tired. Apabhramsa Exercise Book 87

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Example The embarrassing = Putta/Putta/ Lajjanta/Lajjanta/ son sits Puttu/Putto Lajjantu/Lajjanto Acchai/ Acchei/ Acchae. (C-1) For making sentences use the following Nouns and Pronouns as subjects in the Nominative Singular or Plural Number, and choose any one Verb from the Verbs given in brackets for changing it to Present Participle and add suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. 1. Karaha .... Nacca, Thakka) 2. Veragga.... (Vaddha, Soha) 3. Jhumpala.... (Pada, Nassa) 4. Ta.... (Dara, Pala) 5. Amha .....(Kila, Harisa) 6. Tumha.... (Ucchaha, Cettha) Example * (The dancing camel tires) Karaha/Karaha Naccanta/Naccanta Karahu/Karaho Naccantu/Naccanto Thakkai/Thakkei/ Thakkae (C-2) For making sentences use the following Nouns and Pronouns as subjects in the Nominative Singular or Plural Number, and choose any one Verb from the Verbs given in brackets for changing it to Present Participle and add suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. 1. Rajja .... (Vaddha, Pasara) 2. Mahila.... (Ucchaha, Cettha) 3. Balaa.... (Ucchaha, Khela) 4. Tumha.... (Hasa, Accha) 5. Amha .....(Pala, Khela) 6. Ta .... (Uvasama, Baisa) Example - (The increasing kingdom should spread.) Rajja/Rajja/ Vaddhanta/Vaddhanta/ Rajju Vaddhantu Pasarau/ Pasareu (C-3) For making sentences use the following Nouns and Pronouns as subjects in the Nominative Singular or Plural Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Number, and choose any one Verb from the Verbs given in brackets for changing it to Present Participle and add suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. 1. Sacca .... (Sijjha, Soha) 2. Rakkhasa....(Kulla, Mara) 3. Kanna .... (Nacca, Thakka) 4. Ta.... (Uvasama, Accha) 5. Tumha.....(Dara, Lukka) 6. Amha .... (Cettha, Jagara) Example - (The succeeding truth will shine.) Sacca/Sacca Sijjhanta/Sijjhantal Saccu Sijjhantu Sohesai/Sohesael Sohihii/Sohihie. (C-4) For making sentences use the following Nouns and Pronouns as subjects in the Nominative Singular or Plural Number, and choose any one Verb from the Verbs given in brackets for changing it to Present Participle and add suffixes of the Past Participle for expressing the purport of the Past Tense to the other Verb. 1. Potta .... (Jujjha, Kampa) 2. Putta.... (Gadayada, Baisa) 3. Suya .... (Harisa, Uttha) 4. Ta.... (Dara, Kanda) 5. Tumha.....(Khijja, Uvavisa) 6. Amha .... (Kudda, Thakka) Example - (The trembling grandson fought.) Potta/Pottal Kampanta/Kampanta/ Jujjhia/Jujjhia/ Pottu/Potto Kampantu/Kampanto Jujjhiu/Jujjhio. (D) Point out the suffix, Number, Gender and Original Verb in the following Present Participles. 1. Hasanta 2. Viasamana 4. Kuddantau 5. Ramantao 7. Citthantu 8. Ciravamana 10. Chuttanto 11. Jagaranta 13. Thambhamanaim 14. Utarantair Apabhraisa Exercise Book 3. Vaddhantaim 6. Gunjamanu 9. Phuranta 12. Ghatamano 15. Khasanta 89

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16. Galayadamanaim 17.Lajjamanu 18. Darantu 19. Utthanta 20. Thakkantais Example - Hasanta Original Gender Number Suffix Verb Hasa Mas./ Singular/ nta Neuter/ Plural Feminine 90 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(A-1) Write the inflected forms of a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 1. Narinda 4. Mitta 7. Rakkhasa Example - a-ending Masculine Noun Narinda 1. Kamala 4. Khetta 7. Lakkuda Example - a-ending Neuter Noun Exercise 20 Kamala 2. Karaha 5. Paramesara 8. Janera Instrumental Singular Narindem/ Narindena/ Narindenam (A-2) Write the inflected forms of a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 2. Rajja 5. Vattha 8. Naha 3. Divayara 6. Gantha 9. Meha Instrumental Singular Kamalem/ Kamalena/ Kamalenam Instrumental Plural Narindahim/ Narindahim/ Narindehim 3. Pottala 6. Kamma 9. Nana Instrumental Plural (A-3) Write the inflected forms of a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Instrumental Singular and Plural. Kamalahim/ Kamalahim/ Kamalehim Note : In order to solve the above exercise 19, study lesson 44 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhramsa Exercise Book 91

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Example - a-ending Feminine Noun Sasa 1. Sasa 4. Kaha 7. Mahila Verb Hasa 1. Amha 3. Ta Example - 92 (A-4) Write the inflected forms of Personal Pronoun in the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 1. Hasa 4. Pada 7. Khela 10. Saya 2. Maya 5. Kanna 8. Parikkha Instrumental Singular Sasae/Sasae (B) Change the following Verbs into Past Participles. Write their Nominative Neuter Singular forms. 2. Tumha 4. Ta 2. Lajja 5. Ghuma 8. Kulla 11. Biha 3. Jara 6. Jhumpada 9. Soha Past Participle Hasia/ Hasiya Instrumental Plural Sasahim/Sasahim 3. Thakka 6. Ucchala 9. Jujjha 12. Pasara Neuter Nominative Singular (C) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. For making sentences use Instrumental Singular or Plural in accordance with the Number (Singular or Plural) of Nouns and Personal Pronouns. Use the Past Participle of the Neuter Gender in the Nominative Singular for expressing the purport of the Past Tense. Hasia/Hasia/Hasiu Hasiya/Hasiya/Hasiyu Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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1. The king laughed. 2. The dog barked. 3. The citizen woke up. 4. Grandson danced. 5. The girl danced. 6. The friend rejoiced. 7. The demons died. 8. The examination occurred. 9. Daughter coughed. 10. The ocean dried up. 11. The aircraft flied. 12. The small bundle fell down. 13. The lion roared. 14. Mother rejoiced. 15. Wife feared. 16. The camel sat. 17. The son slept. 18. The cloth dried up. 19. He tired. 20. You delayed. 21. I sat. 22. Kings laughed. 23. Friends rejoiced. 24. Demons died. 25. Daughter coughed. 26. Lions roared. 27. Mothers rejoiced. 28. Camels sat. 29. Sons sat. 30. Dogs barked. 31. Citizens woke up. 32. Girls danced. 33. Oceans dried up. 34. Wells dried up. 35. Jewels shine. 36. States fought. 37. Women calmed down. 38. Aircraft flied. 39. Girls hided. 40. Citizens grieved. 41. Mothers rejoiced. 42. Kings appeared. 43. Children played. 44. You all feared. 45. They tired. 46. We sat. 47. You all delayed. 48. They (women) slept. 49. We went round. Example * The King laughed - Narindem/Narindena/ Narindenam Hasia/Hasia/ Hasiu. Kings laughed = Narindahim/Narindahim) Narindehim Hasia/Hasia/ Hasiu. (D) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. For expressing the purport of the Past Tense use the Past Participle in Active Voice and Impersonal form. Write all the alternatives. Active Voice Impersonal form This does not exist in english. 1. The friend rejoiced. 2. The king laughed. 3. The demon jumped. 4. Daughter coughed. 5. Grandson Jumped. 6. Mothers rejoiced. Apabhrarsa Exercise Book 93

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7. The dog barked. 8. Wife feared. 9. Son slept. 10. The citizen woke up. 11. The camel sat. 12. Water dropped. 13. Disgrace spread. 14. The fire burned. 15. Reputation decreased. 16. Pleasure vanished. 17. The aircraft flied. 18. The small bundle fell down 19. The cloth dried up. 20. The book burned. 21. Girls danced. 22. Clouds thundered. 23. Oceans dried up. 24. Jewels shined 25. The Woman calmed down. Example : Active Voice - The friend - rejoiced Mitta/Mitta/Mittu/Mitto Harisia/Harisia/ Harisiu/Harisio. Impersonal Form The friend : rejoiced Mitter/Mittena/Mittenam Harisia/Harisia/Harisiu. 94 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 21 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of Noun Forms, Pronoun Forms, Verbal Forms and Participle Forms. 1. The king laughs. 2. Kings laughed. 3. The king will laugh. 4. The King laughed. 5. The king laughed (Impersonal form). 6. Child sit. 7. Children sat. 8. Children will sit. 9. The child sat. 10. The child sat (Impersonal form). 11. The aircraft flies. 12. Aircrafts flied. 13. The aircraft will fly. 14. The aircraft flied. 15. The Aircraft flied (Impersonal form). 16. The citizen appeared. 17. Citizens appeared (Impersonal form). 18. The citizen will appear. 19. Citizens appeared. 20. Citizens appeared (Impersonal form). 21. Mother rejoices. 22. Mother should rejoice. 23. Mother will rejoice. 24. Mother rejoiced. 25. Mother rejoiced (Impersonal form). 26. Girls hide. 27. Girls hided. 28. Girls will hide. 29. Girls hided (Impersonal form). 30. He wakes up. 31. He should wake up. 32. He will wake up. 33. He woke up. 34. He woke up (Impersonal form). 35. You all stop. 36. You all should stop. 37. You all will stop. 38. You all stopped. 39. You all stopped (Impersonal form). 40. I stay. 41. I should stay. 42. I shall stay. 43. I stayed. 44. I stayed (Impersonal form). 45. They all come down. 46. They all should come down. 47. They all will come down. 48. They all came down. 49. They all came down (Impersonal form). 50. Sita gets up to sleep. 51. Sita should get up to sleep. 52. Sita will get up to sleep. 53. Sita got up to sleep. 54. Sita got up to sleep (Impersonal form). 55. You get up to dance. 56. You should get up to dance. 57. You will get to dance. 58. You got up to dance. 59. You got up to dance (Impersonal form). Example The King laughs = Narinda/Narinda/ Hasai/Hasei/ Narindu/Narindo Hasae. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 21, study lessons 1 to 44 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhramsa Exercise Book 95

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(B) In the following Noun forms and Personal Pronoun forms point out the Original word, Person, Number, Case and Gender in each of the following. Write the Suffixes of Noun forms. 1. Narindu 2. Pottahim 3. Narem 4. Vimanu 5. Rajjaim 6. Veragga 7. Kamalau 8. Tanayae 9. Sasahim 10. Gangao 11. Karaho 12. Ganthenam 13. Rahunandanehim 14. Divayaru 15. Kuva 16. Nayarajana 17. Chikka 18. Bhoyanahim 19. Kammen 20. Nanena 21. So 22. Taim 23. Tau 24. Amhe 25. Maim 26. Tumhehim 27. Ta 28. Tena 29. Tahirn 30. Amhaim Number Case Gender Suffix Example Original Person Word Narindu Narinda Third Person Singular Nominative Mas. u (C) In the following Participles point out Original Verb, suffix and the name of the Participle. Wherever possible write Case, Number and Gender of the Participle. 1. Hasiu 4. Rusia 7. Sayia 10. Acchanta 2. Naccanta 5. Lukkanto 8. Lajjiaim 11. Padantau 13. Ghumanta 14. Bhidiu 3. Jivio 6. Jaggamano 9. Daramanaim 12. Utthantu 15. Nijjharia 18. Pasaramana 21. Jalanahar 24. Kandevi 27. Hasanaham 30. Jaggeppi 16. Jalanta 17.Sukkantaim 19. Bukkamanaim 20. Kandanta 22. Sohanahim 23. Pasarivi 25. Tuttana 26. Viasevam 28. Phurevinu 29. Nacci 96 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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Example - Original Verb Suffix Case Number Hasir Gender Name of the Participle Absolutive Mas. Past Neu. Participle Hasiu Hasiu Hasan lu Hasa Hasa Nominative Singular Nominative Singular Mas. Naccanta Nacca nta Nominative Singular Mas. Neu. Femi. Present Participle Apabhramba Exercise Book 97

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Exercise 22 (A-1) Make the obligatory and Potential Participles by adding the suffix "avva" to the following Verbs. Write their inflected forms in Nominative Singular Neuter Gender. 1. Hasa 3. Kalaha 5. Ghuma 2. Lajja 4. Accha 6. Cettha Example Obligatory and Verb Potential Participles Obligatory and Potential Participles (Inflected form) Nominative Singular Neuter Gender Hasiavva/Hasiavva/Hasiavvu Haseavva/Haseavva/Haseavvu Hasa Hasiavva Haseavva (A-2) Make the obligatory and Potential Participles by adding the suffix "ievvaum, evvaum and eva" to the following Verbs. Write their inflected forms in Nominative Singular Neuter Gender. (There is no need of inflection in them). 1. Hasa 3. Thambha 5. Jagara 2. Uvasama 4. Kudda 6. Thakka Example Obligatory and Potential Participles (un Inflected form) Verb Hasa Hasievvaurn/Hasevvaum/Haseva Note : In order to solve the above exercise 22, study lesson 48 of "Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition". 98 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. For making these sentences use Instrumental Singular or Plural in Nouns and Personal Pronouns and for expressing the purport of the Imperative use the inflected and uninflected forms of the Obligatory and Potential Participle. 1. The king should laugh. 2. The friend should rejoice. 3. Son should sleep. 4. King should laugh. 5. Friends should endeavour. 6. Sons should sleep. 7. The kingdom should fight. 8. The aircraft should fly. 9. Kingdoms should fight. 10. Aircrafts should fly. 11. Mother should rejoice. 12. The girl should hide. 13. Mother should rejoice. 14. Girls should hide. 15. He should play. 16. You should laugh. 17. I should endeavour. 18. She should dance. 19. We should endeavour. 20. They all should rejoice. Example The king should laugh Narindem/Narindena/ Narindenam 1. Narinda (Hasa) 3. Sasa (Jagga) 5. Potta (Kulla) Apabhramsa Exercise Book = (a) (b) Hasiavva/Hasiavva/ Hasiavvu Haseavva/Haseavva/ (C) In the following Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences by adding the Inflected and Uninflected suffixes of Obligatory and Potential Participle to the Verbs. Haseavvu. (Inflected form) Hasievvaum/Hasevvaum/ Haseva. (Uninflected form) 2. Kamala (Viasa) 4. Amha (Lukka) 6. Vimana (Udda) 99

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7. Maya (Harisa) 9. Ta (Nacca) Example Kamalem/Kamalena/ Kamalenam (The lotus should bloom) 100 1. Hasiavva 4. Dareavva 7. Padeavvu 10. Ucchaliavva 13. Mareavva 16. Jujjheavvu 19. Rusiavva Example - Hasiavva Hasa 8. Tumha (Ujjama) 10. Rajja (Jujjha) (a) (b) (D) In the following Obligatory and Potential Participles point out the Original Verb, Number, Case and Suffix. In each of the following also tell whether the suffixes are inflected or Uninflected. Original Number Case Verb Viasiavva/Viasiavva/ Viasiavvu Viaseavva/Viaseavva/ Viaseavvu. (Inflected form) Viasievvaum/Viasevvaum/ Viaseva. (Uninflected form) 2. Lajjievvaum 3. Ruvevvaum 5. Thakkiavva 6. Accheva 8. Utthiavvu 9. Ghumeavva 11. Ujjamievvaum 1 2. Kampevvaum 14. Kheliavva 15. Kulleva 17. Sayiavvu 18. Nacceavva 20. Lukkievvaum 21. Viasevvaum Suffix Singular Nominative avva Inflected/ Uninflected Forms Inflected Apabhramhsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 23 (A-1) Change the following Verbs into the Impersonal form. Add the suffixes of the third Person Singular to them in all the Tenses. (Present, Imperative and Future) 1. Hasa 2. Nacca 3. Lukka 4. Gala 5. Harisa 6. Ullasa Example - Future Impersonal Present Imperative form Hasijja/ Hasijjai/Hasiyai Hasijjau/ Hasiya Hasijjae/Hasiyae Hasiyau Hasa Hasesai/etc. (B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraisa. For making sentences use Nouns and the Personal Pronouns in the Instrumental Singular or Plural. For expressing the different Tenses add the suffixes of the Impersonal form to the Verbs and thereafter add the suffixes of the third Person Singular concerning a particular Tense. 1. The king laughs. 2. The lotus blooms. 3. Sister wakes up. 4. I dance. 5. You jump. 6. He gets up. 7. She rejoices. 8. Kings rejoice. 9. Lotuses bloom. 10. Sisters wake up. 11. We danced. 12. You all jumped. 13. They get up. 14. They rejoice. 15. Son should play. 16. The citizen should appear. 17. Mother should sit. 18. I should sleep. 19. You should endeavour. 20. He should jumped. 21. She should hide. 22. Sons should play. 23. The citizen should appear. 24. Mothers should sit. 25. We should sleep. 26. You both Note : In order to solve the above exercise 23, study lesson 46 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book 101

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should endeavour. 27. They should jump. 28. They (Fem.) Should jump. 29. The Dog will bark. 30. The aircraft will fly. 31. The girl will covet. 32. He should leap. 33. She will grieve. 34. You will delay. 35. I shall come down. 36. Dogs will bark. 37. The aircraft will fly. 38. Girls will covet. 39. They will leap. 40. We all will come down. 41. They will grieve. 42. You all will delay. Example : The king laughs - Narindem/Narindena/ Narindenam Hasijjai/Hasivai/ Hasijjae/Hasiyae Kings laugh - Narindahim/Narindahim/ Hasijjai/Hasiyai/ Narindehim Hasijjae/Hasiyae (C) In the following Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Make sentences of Impersonal form in accordance with the Tenses as directed and use Nouns or Personal Pronouns in Singular and Plural Number. 1. Narinda (Hasa) Pre. 2. Kukkura (Bukka) Pre. 3. Mitta (Harisa) Imp. 4. Siha (Gajja) Imp. 5. Janera (Accha) Imp. 6. Divayara (Uga) Fu. 7. Kamala (Viasa) Pre. 8. Sila (Phura) Imp. 9. Rajja (Ujjama) Imp. 10. Vimana (Udda) Fu. 11. Siya (Hasa) Pre 12. Sasa (Jagga) Pre. 13. Maya (Harisa) Imp. 14. Mahila (Uvasama) Imp. 15. Amha (Kulla) Pre. 16. Amha (Khela) Pre. 17. Tumha (Harisa) Imp. 18. Tumhe (Ujjama) Imp. 19. Ta (Uvavisa) Fu. 20. Ta (Nacca) Imp. Example - (The king laughs) Narinder/Narindena/ Hasijjai/Hasiyai/Hasijjael Narindenar Hasiyae 102 Apabhramba Exercise Book

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(D) In the following Impersonal forms pick out the Original Verb, Person, Number, Suffix and the Tense. 1. Hasijjai 3. Khayesai 5. Lobhijjau 7. Kullijjae 9. Ruvijjae 2. Galijjau 4. Kilijjai 6. Vasihie 8. Acchijjau 10. Bhidihii Example Number Suffix Tense Impersonal Form Original Verb Personal Pronoun Hasiijai Hasa Third Singular ijja Present Apabhraisa Exercise Book 103

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(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of the suffixes of Noun forms, Verb forms and Participle forms. For constructing the Impersonal form of the imperative, use both the imperative Verbal form and the obligatory and Potential Participle. Active Voice 1. Children play. 2. Children laughed. 3. Children should play. 4. Children will play. 5. Mother rejoices. 6. Mother rejoiced. 7. Mother should rejoice. 8. Mother will rejoice. 9. I sleep. 10. I slept. 11. I should sleep. 12. I shall sleep. Exercise 24 Example (Chidren should Play) 104 Balaehim (i) Balaahim/Balaahim/Balaehim Khelijjau (ii) Balaahim/Balaahim/ (a) Kheliavva/Kheliavva/Kheliavvu/ Kheleavva/Kheleavva/Kheleavvu (b) Kheleva/Khelevvaum/Khelievvaum Impersonal form The Impersonal form does not exist in english. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 24, study lessons 41 to 48 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhramhsa Exercise Book

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(B) In the following Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Make sentences both in active voice and Impersonal form according to the Tenses as directed and use Nouns or Personal Pronouns in Singular or Plural Number. 1. Vimana (Udda) Pre. 2. Kanna (Lukka) Past. 3. Rajja (Jujjha) Fu. 4. Kukkura (Bukka) Pre. 5. Ta (Nacca) Past. 6. Saddha (Vaddha) Imp. 7. Maya (Harisa) Imp. 8. Tumha (Thakka) Pre. 9. Ta (Nha) Past. 10. Suya (Khela) Pre. Example 1. Vimana/Vimana/ Vimanu Vduai/Uddei/Uddae (Active Voice) 2. Vimanen/Vimanena/ Vimanenar Uddijjai/Uddiyai (Impersonal form) (C) The following sentences are given in the Active Voice. Turn them from the Active Voice to the impersonal form. 1. Maula/Maula/Maulu/Maulo 2. Mitta/Mitta Harisantu/Harisentu. 3. Nara/Nara Ujjamesahim/Ujjamesanti/ Ujjamihihim/Ujjamihinti Jalahim/Jalanti/ Jalante/Jalire. 4. Lakkuda/Lakkuda/ Lakkudaim/Lakkudaim 5. Vattha/Vattha/ Vatthais/Vatthair Sukkia/Sukkia/ Sukkialm/Sukkiaim. 6. Haum 7. Tuhum Thaui/Thini. Lukkahi/Lukkasi/ Lukkase/Lukkesi. Apabhraisa Exercise Book 105

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8. So Nhai. 9. Haun Naccamu/Naccemu. 10. Ta Naccia/Naccial Nacciau/Nacciau/ Nacciao/Nacciao Example Active Voice Maula/Maulu/ Utthau/ Maula/Maulo Uttheu Impersonal form (i) Mauler/Maulena/ Utthijjau/Utthiyau Maulenar (i) Mauler/Maulena/ Utthiavva/Utthiavva/Utthiavvu/ Maulenam Uttheavva/Uttheavva/Uttheavvu/ Uttheva/Ufthevvaus/Utthievvaui (D) The following sentences are given in the Impersonal form. Turn them from the Impersonal form to the Active Voice. 1. Kukkures/Kukkurena/ Kukkurenai Bukkijjai/Bukkijjael Bukkiyai/Bukkiyae 2. Pottahim/Pottahim/ Pottehim Sayijjai/Sayijjael Sayiyai/Sayiyae 3. Narahim/Narahim/ Narehim Ujjamesai/Ujjamesael Ujjamihii/Ujjamihie 4. Mittahim/Mittahim/ Mittehim Harista/Harisia/ Harisiu 5. Lakkudahim/Lakkudahim/ Jalia/Jalia/Jaliu Lakkudehim 6. Paim/Taim Utthijjai/Utthijjael Utthiyai/Utthiyae 106 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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7. Mair Kullijjai/Kullijjael Kulliyai/Kulliyae 8. Paim/Taim Naccijjau/Nacciyau Uvasamijjau/Uvasamiyau 9. Tern/Tema/Tenan 10. Maim Lukkia/Lukkla/Lukkiu Example Kukkurer/ Kukkurena/ Kukkurenarn Kukkura/Kukkura/ Kukkuru/Kukkuro Bukkijjai/ Bukkiyai/ Bukkijjael Bukkiyae Bukkai/ Bukkei/ Bukkae Apabhraisa Exercise Book 107

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(A-1) Change the following a-ending Masculine Nouns into the Accusative Singular and Plural. 1. Narinda 4. Nara 7. Rakkhasa 10. Siha Example - Narinda Example - 108 Noun Bhoyana Exercise 25 1. Bhoyana 4. Nana 7. Khetta 10. Rajja Accusative Singular 2. Kukkura 5. Vaya 8. Salila 11. Karaha Narinda/Narinda/ Narindu (A-2) Change the following a-ending Neuter Nouns into the Accusative Singular and Plural. 2. Vimana 5. Sutta 8. Suha 11. Asana Accusative Singular 3. Janera 6. Meha 9. Divayara 12. Maula Bhoyana/Bhoyana/ Bhoyanu Accusative Plural Narinda/Narinda 3. Kamma 6. Vattha 9. Nayarajana 12. Khira Accusative Plural Note : In order to solve the above exercise 25, study lesson 50-51 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Bhoyana/Bhoyana/ Bhoyanaim/Bhoyanaim Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(A-3) Change the following a-ending Feminine Nouns into the Accusative Singular and Plural. 1. Maya 4. Kaha 7. Kanna 10. Siya 2. Kamala 5. Saria 8. Pasamsa 11. Tanha 3. Nammaya 6. Guha 9. Nisa 12. Meha Example * Noun Maya Accusative Singular Maya/Maya Accusative Plural Maya/Maya/Mayau/Mayau/ Mayao/Mayao (A-4) Change the following Personal Pronoun into the Accusative Singular and Plural. 1. Amha 2. Tumha 3. Ta (Masculine) 4. Ta (Neuter) 5. Ta (Feminine) Example Noun Amha Accusative Singular Maim Accusative Plural Amhe/Amhair (B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs. 1. The king salutes God. 2. The camel grazes grass. 3. Son salutes the mother. 4. You bring me up. 5. Father should protect the son. 6. The king should know the states. 7. Daughter should understand education. 8. You protect me. 9. Grandfather will nurture the grandson. 10. The Citizen will hear the song. 11. Mother will proctect the daughter. 12. She brings him up. 13. Ram salutes the Gods. 14. The government nurtures the states. 15. Sisters hear Apabhramsa Exercise Book 109

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the stories. 16. She protects us. 17. The king should observe the vows. 18. Son should understand pleasures. 19. Daughter should listen to the instructions. 20. You should protect them. 21. She knows you. 22. Sita will observe the vows. 23. They will protect the humen beings. 24. Camels will graze the rice. 25. Daughter will salute them. 26. Grandson will salute them. 27. They nurture us. 28. Hanumana salutes Rama. 29. Hanumana protects Sita. 30. Mother should protect the daughters. 31. Rama understands Hanumana. 32. Father-in-law eats food. 33. Grandfather understands religious books. 34. Citizens should protect the jewels. 35. The friend will listen to the story. 36. Grandfather will nurture grnadsons. 37. The king knows the citizens. 38. The state protects the king. 39. Sita will listen to the story. 40. I salute you. 41. The king should salute the mother. 42. God should protect us. 43. Daughter will eat food. 44. Sita knows Hanumana. 45. Clouds nurture human beings. 46. You should know sufferings. 47. I should salute them. 48. They know us. 49. The demon eats children. 50. You should protect them. Eaxmple - The king salutes God 110 = Narinda/Narinda/ Narindu/Narindo 1. Karaha, Tina (Cara) Pre. 2. Siya, Hanuvanta (Jana) Pre. 3. Amha, Ta (Panama) Imp. (C) In the following Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Transitive Verbs in brackets are given. In the middle Nouns and Personal Pronouns are given. Make sentences by converting them into the Accusative Singular or Plural and by use the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs. Paramesara/ Paramesara/ Paramesaru Panamai/ Panamei/ Panamae Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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4. Nayarajana, Rayana (Rakkha) Imp. 5. Potta, Ta (Panama) Fu. 6. Mitta, Kaha (Suna) Fu. 7. Sasura, Bhoyana (Kha) Pre. 8. Ta, Amha (Jana) Pre. 9. Tumha, Dukkha (Jana) Imp. 10. Suya, Sikkha (Suna) Imp. 11. Maya, Vaya (Pala) Fu. 12. Tanaya, Bhoyana (Kha) Fu. 13. Ta, Nara (Rakkha) Fu. 14. Ta (Pala) Imp. 15. Amha, Tumha (Panama) Imp. 16. Narinda, Paramesara (Panama) Imp. 17. Tumha, Amha (Jana) Fu. 18. Balaa, Gana (Suna) Fu. 19. Putta, Maya (Panama) Pre. 20. Janera, Putta (Rakkha) Imp. Eaxmple - Karaha/Karaha/ Karahu/Karaho 1. Maya 4. Amhaim 7. Sasau (D) In the following Nouns and Personal Pronouns with Case endings are given. Point out the Original word, Gender, Number and Case in each of the following. Write the suffixes of inflected Nouns. Apabhramsa Exercise Book Tina/Tina/ Tinu Carai/Carei/ Carae. 2. Narindu 5. Paim 8. Karaha 3. Bhoyana 6. Vimanaim 9. Maim 111

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10. Sokkha 13. Ta 16. Rajju 19. Ta 112 Example - Maya Maya 11. Maula 14. Taim 17. Kamala 20. Haum Original Gender Number Case Word 12. Ahilasao 15. Pottu 18. Tam 21.Amhaim Suffix Feminine Singular, Nominative 0 Accusative Plural Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 26 Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs. 1. I worship God. 2. Moral conduct withholds disgrace. 3. You taste milk. 4. Wife will wash cloths. 5. Girls uncover the small pitcher of water. 6. Hanumana helps Rama. 7. You chew food. 8. Dogs uproot the rice. 9. Human beings should renounce addiction. 10. Sisters will grind rice. 11. Desire withholds sleep. 12. Gambling stigmatise the human being. 13. He should pick the seeds. 14. Husband's brother will see the lions. 15. We thresh rice. 16. Grandfather calls the grandsons. 17. You call them. 18. They will cut the small bundle. 19. They both dig the field. 20. Women will carry the vows. 21. Sisters should see the daughters. 22. We shall worship the Ganges. 23. You both peel the wood. 24. They should renounce wine. 25. Daughters should wash cloths. 26. Husband's sisters partake of food. 27. Demons cheat children. 28. The child plucks the lotus flower. 29. The Demon will cheat children. 30. Clarified butter oils food. 31. I shall pour clarified butter. 32. Sisters should renounce sleep. 33. Father-in-law blames the wife. 34. The king discovers the jewels. 35. You should see the clouds. 36. Daughter will break the thread. 37. The citizen cheats the child. 38. Maternal uncle touches the books. 39. Praise affects the mind. 40. He should discover pleasure. 41. Children see the aircraft. 42. You should pour the clarified butter. 43. Suffering withholds pleasure. 44. You should touch water. 45. I shall saw the forest. 46. You should partake of food. 47. Hunger withholds thirst. 48. We should dig the pit. 49. Mother should touch the son. 50. Wisdom manifests knowledge. 51. He shall tear the cloths. 52. The king should Note : In order to solve the above exercise 26, study 52 lesson of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhramsa Exercise Book 113

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renounce pride. 53. The demon will stop the dog. 54. Son should saw grass. 55. The truth shall manifest moral conduct. 56. Son should renounce addiction. 57. You should renounce wine. 58. He grinds the seeds. 59. I call the daughter. 60. The woman covers the pit. Example 114 : I worship God = Haum Paramesara/Paramesara/Paramesaru Accaum/ Accami/Accami/Accemi. Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 27 (A-1) Change the following i-ending and i-ending Masculine Nouns into the Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 1. Sami 2. Muni 3. Kesari 4. Giri 5. Risi 6. Gamani Example : Singular Plural Sami Nominative Sami/Sami Sami/Sami Accusative Sami/Sami Sami/Sami Instrumental Samiem/Samier/ Samihim/Samihim Samim/Samir/ Samina/Samina/ Saminarn/Saminam (A-2) Change the following i-ending Neuter Nouns into the Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 1. Dahi 2. Acchi 3. Atthi 4. Vari Example Singular Plural Dahi Nominative Dahi/Dahi Dahi/Dahi/ Dahiim/Dahiim Accusative Dahi/Dahi Dahi/Dahi/ Dahiim/Dahiim Instrumental Dahim/Dahirn/ Dahihim/Dahihim Dahier/Dahiem/ Dahina/Dahina/ Dahinam/Dahinam Note : In order to solve the above exercise 27, study lessons 54 to 60 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhraisa Exercise Book 115

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(A-3) Change the following i-ending and i-ending Feminine Nouns into the Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 1. Bhatti 2. Ratti 3. Thui 4. Mani 5. Dhii Example - Bhatti Nominative Accusative Instrumental 116 1. Jantu 3. Maccu 5. Riu 7. Khalapu Example - Jantu Nominative Accusative Instrumental 6. Samini 7. Itthi 8. Paramesari 9. Nari 10. Putti (A-4) Change the following u-ending and u-ending Masculine Nouns into the Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural. Singular Bhatti/Bhatti Bhatti/Bhatti/Bhattiu/ Bhattiu/Bhattio/Bhattio Bhatti/Bhatti/Bhattiu/ Bhattiu/Bhattio/Bhattio Bhattie/Bhattie Bhattihim/Bhattihim Bhatti/Bhatti Plural 2. Bindu 4. Sattu 6. Guru 8. Sayambhu Singular Jantu/Jantu Jantu/Jantu Jantuem/Jantuem Jantum/Jantum/ Jantuna/Jantuna/ Jantunam/Jantunam Plural Jantu/Jantu Jantu/Jantu Jantuhim/Jantuhim Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(A-5) Change the following u-ending Neuter Nouns into the Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 1. Mahu 2. Assu 3. Vatthu 4. Janu 5. Au Example Singular Mahu/Mahu Mahu Nominative Plural Mahu/Mahu/ Mahuim/Mahuirn Mahu/Mahu/ Mahuim/Mahuim Mahuhim/Mahuhim Accusative Mahum/Mahui Instrumental Mahur/Mahur Mahuem/Mahues/ Mahuna/Mahuna/ Mahunar/Mahunarn (A-6) Change the following u-ending and u-ending Feminine Nouns into the Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 1. Dhenu 6. Sasu 2. Hanu 7. Kandu 3. Rajju 8. Bahu 4. Sassu 9. Camu 5. Tanu 10, Jambu Example - Dhenu Nominative Accusative Singular Plural Dhenu/Dhenu Dhenu/Dhenu/Dhenuu/ Dhenuu/Dhenuo/Dhenuo Dhenu/Dhenu Dhenu/Dhenu/Dhenuu/ Dhenuu/Dhenuo/Dhenuo Dhenue/ Dhenuhim/Dhenuhim Dhenue Instrumental Apabhrarsa Exercise Book 117

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(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Verbal forms. Exercise 28 1. The master rejoice. 2. Saints will sit. 3. The Secretary should endeavour. 4. The enemy fought. 5. The village headman sits. 6. Curd drops. 7. Eyes ached. 8. The bone will dry up. 9. Water should trickle. 10. Devotion should increase. 11. Satisfaction will occur. 12. Jewels fall. 13. Prosperity increased. 14. Daughters play. 15. The wealth should increase. 16. Women will endeavour. 17. Maternal aunt tired. 18. The sari dries up. 19. Sister danced. 20. Mother will tire. 21. Grandmother should sit. 22. Drops will fall. 23. Radiance should bloom. 24. The guru should rejoice. 25. The enemy fight. 26. Father laughed. 27. Honey drops down. 28. Tears will drop down. 29. The knee tired. 30. Age should increased. 31. Things shine. 32. Cows run away. 33. Small spoon broke. 34. Mother-in-law should sit. 35. Daughter-in-law endeavours. Example : The Master rejoice = Sami/Sami Harisai/Harisei/Harisae. (B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Verbal forms. 1. The master partakes of food. 2. The saint should drink water. 3. The poet will observe vows. 4. The village headman loves them. 5. Eyes see the human being. 6. I should eat curd. 7. The dog will eat bones. 8. Saints drink water. 9. Human being should devotion. 10. The earth will emanate jewel. 11. Mothers will wash saris. 12. Sister should worship god. 13. Human being should renounce prosperity. 14. Maternal aunt loves the daughter. 118 Note : In order to solve the above exercise 28, study lessons 54 and 58 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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15. Father blames the son. 16. Saint should renounce pride. 17. God will protect you. 18. Raghu helps us. 19. The Cleaner of granary digs the pit. 20. Sayambhu salutes Rama. 21. Son eats honey. 22. Son should touch the knee. 23. You withhold the tears. 24. He will search the things. 25. The cow breaks the tree of Jamuna. 26. Daughter-in-law will serve the mother-in-law. 27. The army will kill the beings. 28. Sister thieves the rope. 29. Son dirts the cloth. 30. The elephant will drink water. Example : The master partakes of food. Apabhramsa Exercise Book = Sami/ Bhoyana/ Sami Bhoyana/ Bhoyanu. Jemai/ Jemei/ Jemae 119

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Exercise 29 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbal forms. 1. The master calls me. 2. I am called by the master. 3. The saint sees us. 4. We are seen by the saint. 5. The enemy will kill you. 6. You will be killed by the enemy. 7. The king should salute the saint. 8. The saint should be saluted by the king. 9. The mortifier will narrate the story. 10. The story will be narrated by the mortifier. 11. Brother forgets me. 12. I am forgotton by (my) brother. 13. The commander should salute the master. 14. The master should be saluted by the commander. 15. Mother will thresh rice. 16. Rice will be threshed by (my) mother. 17. You call me. 18. I am called by you. 19. We shall remember you. 20. You will be remembered by us. 21. He should renounce prosperity. 22. Prosperity should be renounce by him. 23. Mothers love sons. 24. Sons are loved by mothers. 25. The serpent stings the child. 26. The child is stung by the serpent. 27. Sister serves the woman saint. 28. The woman saint is served by (my) sister. 29. He prays them. 30. They are prayed by him. Example :1. The master calls me. - Sami/Sami Maim Kokai/Kokei/Kokae. 2. I am called - Samier/Samier/ Kokijjaum/ by the master Samim/Samim) Haun Kokijjami/ Samina/Samina/ Kokijjami/ Saminam/Saminam Kokijjemi. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 29, study lessons 53-54 of "Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition". 120 Apabhraiba Exercise Book

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(B) In the following Nouns and Personal Pronouns are given in the beginning. For making use of them as subjects change them to the Nominative Singular or Plural. In the middle also Nouns and Personal Pronouns are given. Change them to the Accusative Singular or Plural. In the brackets the Transitive Verbs are given. Make Sentences in the Active Voice and the Passive Voice according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs. 1. Bhai ....... Amha (Koka) Pre. 2. Amha ....... Sahu (Nama) Fu. 3. Kai ..... Gana (Ga) Imp. 4. Manti ....... Naravai (Nama) Fu. 5. Tumha ..... Ta (Thuna) Imp. 6. Ari ....... Amha (Hana) Pre. 7. Amha ....... Tavassi (Sumara) Pre. 8. Tumha ....... Lakkuda (Ranga) Imp. 9. Jamau ....... Bhoyana (Khada) Fu. 10. Pahu ...... Amha (Peccha) Pre. Example : Brother calls me. 1. Bhai/Bhai Maim Kokai/Kokei/Kokae (Active Voice) I am called by (my) brother. 2. Bhaim/Bhaim/Bhaies/Bhaiem/Bhaina/Bhaina/Bhainam/ Bhainam Haum Kokijjaus/Kokiyaum (Passive Voice) (C) in the following inflected Nouns are given. Point out the Original word, Gender, Number, Case and suffix in each of the following. Apabhraria Exercise Book 121

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1. Samiem 4. Atthina 7. Tatti 10. Pahu 13. Vatthulm 16. Sassuu 19. Vaum 122 Example - Samiem Sami 2. Kaihim 5. Bhattiu 8. Lacchie 11. Sahu 14. Amsuem 17. Tanue 20. Bahinie Original Gender Number Case Word 3. Variim 6. Bhattio 9. Sattuhim 12. Mahuhim 15. Puttie 18. Camuhim 21. Rahunandanem Suffix Masculine Singular Instrumental em Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 30 (A-1) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. For expressing the purport of Past Tense use the Past Participle. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Participle. 1. The commander was killed by the enemy. 2. Cloths were torn by the child. 3. Milk was drunk by (my) brothers. 4. Karmas were bound by beings. 5. Songs were sung by the poet. 6. The thread was cut by the master. 7. Education was held by the saint. 8. Wisdom was known by saints. 9. Food was eaten by the citizen. 10. Demons were killed by Rama. 11. The wealth was desired by (my) daughter. 12. The story was told by the saint. 13. Aircrafts were seen by me. 14. Detachment was desired by him. 15. Addictions were described by you. 16. Water was drunk by us. 17. Compassion was produced by them. 18. The order was obeyed by him. 19. The saint was prayed by the teacher. 20. The hut was seen by (my) son-in-law. Example : The Commander = Sattum/Sattur/ was killed Sattuer/Sattues/ Senkvail by the enemy Sattuna/Sattuna/ Senavai Sattunai/Sattunam Hania/Hania/ Haniu/Hanio. (A-2) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramba. For expressing the Purport of Imperative use the Obligatory and Potential Participle. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Participles. 1. The tree should be irrigated by (my) brother. 2. The saint Note : In order to solve the above exercise 30 study lessons 56-61 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhraisa Exercise Book 123

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should be called by Raghupati. 3. Songs should be sung by poets. 4. The lion should be killed by the elephant. 5. The sun should be saluted by the saint. 6. Curd should be eaten by me. 7. Water should be drunk by us. 8. Bones should be thrown by them. 9. Fields should be irrigated by you. 10. Age should be seen by him. 11. Prosperity should be obtained by you. 12. Satisfaction should be demanded by him. 13. Jewels should be carried by the earth. 14. Saris should be bought by (my) maternal aunt. 15. Devotion should be done by the woman. 16. The thread should be braided by you. 17. The cow should be nurtured by him. 18. The tree of Jamuna should be irrigated by us. 19. Daughter-in-laws should be loved by mother-in-laws. 20. Grass should be burnt by you. Example :The tree = Bhaim/Bhaim/ should be Bhaier/Bhaiern/ irrigated by Bhaina/Bhaina/ (my )brother Bhainam/Bhainam Taru Sinciavva/Sinciavval Sinciavvu/Sinciavvo/ Sinceva /Sincevvaum/ Sincievvaur. (B-1) In the following Nouns and Transitive Verbs in brackets are given. Change the Nouns given in the middle into the Nominative Singular or Plural and make sentences in the Passive Voice representing the Past Tense. 1. Rahunandana .... Rakkhasa (Hana) 2. Sami ....Bhoyana (Khada) 3. Kai ....Vaya (Pala) 4. Sasa .... Tumha (Ladda) 5. Mitta ....Amha (Vaddhava) 6. Bhai....Amha (Pukkara) 7. Ta ....Dhana (Magga) 8. Amha .... Ta (Nirakkha) 9. Tumha .... Amha (Bandha) 10. Muni ....Tumha (Pesa) Example :- Demons were killed by Raghunandana. Rahunandanes/ Rakkhasa/ Hania/ Rahunandanena/ Rakkhasa Hania. Rahunandanena 124 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book

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(B-2) In the following Nouns and Transitive Verbs in brackets are given. Change the Nouns given in the middle into the Nominative Singular or Plural and make sentences in the Passive Voice representing the Imperative. 2. Ta .... Lakkuda (Ranga) 1. Rahuvai .... Sahu (Koka) 3. Amha ....Dukkha (Bhula) 5. Jogi ....Agama (Padha) 4. Maheli ....Paramesara (Thuna) 7. Tumha ....Rajju (Guntha) 6. Tavassi.....Amha (Sumara) 8. Ta ....Amha (Ladda) 10. Risi ....Divayara (Vanda) 9. Amha .... Vari (Piba) Example :- The saint should be called by Raghupati. Rahuvaien Sahu Kokiavva/Kokiavva/ Kokiavvu/Kokiavvo (C) In the following inflected Nouns and Participles are given. Pick out the Original word, Gender, Number, Case and Suffix and tell also the name of the Participle. 1. Kokio 2. Dekhia 3. Suniau 4. Kiniavvu 5. Rakkhiavva 6. Labhievvaui 7. Jhaeavva 8. Pibiavva 9. Ganeavvaim 10. Pecchevvaun 11. Dharia 12. Paliau 13. Pesiu 14. Dharevvaum 15. Cakkhiavvao 16. Manievvaum 17. Bahuu 18. Dhenuo 19. Samiem 20. Munihim 21. Gamanihis 22. Sahur 23. Vimanaim 24. Silena 25. Acchina 26. Guruhim 27. Putto 28. Bujjhiavva 29. Ganievvaum 30. Samihim Apabhraisa Exercise Book 125

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Example - Original Gender Word Number Case Suffix Name of the Participle Kokio Koka Masculine Singular Nominative a Past Participle 126 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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Exercise 31 Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write any one alternative of Inflected Nouns, Participles and Verbs. 1. Saluting Raghupati, the master gets up. 2. Serving the village headman, he will tire. 3. Tasting honey, they covet. 4. Loving (her) daughter, mother will rejoice. 5. Singing the song, (my) daughter should dance. 6. Irrigating the field, (my) father will tire. 7. Praying God, you should salute him. 8. Beating (her) son, sister grieves. 9. Sending (her) son, she weeps. 10. We should all get up for praying God. 11. You will endeavour for getting satisfaction. 12. The lion kills the child for eating. 13. Father enthuses to congratulate (her) daughter. 14. They should endeavour to tie the rope. 15. The woman gets up to see the cow. 16. She will go to purchase things. 17. The commander runs to kill the enemy. 18. Grandfather goes to congratulate (his) grandson. 19. You should get up to listen to the story. 20. I endeavour to chew food. 21. Having saluted Raghupati, the master rejoices. 22. Having greeted the teacher, the poet sits. 23. Having done devotion, you live. 24. Having obtained satisfaction, you will rejoice. 25. Having seen the cows, they get up. 26. Having saluted God, saints meditate. 27. Having thieved the jewel, (my) brother runs away. 28. Having remembered God, the king should sleep. 29. Having oppressed the child, the demon jumps. 30. Having broken the rope into pieces, (my) son throws it. Example : Saluting Raghupati, the master gets up = Sami Rahuvai Vandanto Utthai. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 31 study lesson 63 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhraisa Exercise Book 127

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Exercise 32 Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of Dative and Genitive Cases used in the following sentences. 1. My son desires pleasure. 2. Son of the king will salute Rama. 3. The pleasure of son becomes the pleasure of the father. 4. Your mother should listen to the story. 5. My daughter will desire pleasure. 6. Brother of the master will salute God. 7. You should drink the water of the Narmada. 8. My teacher meditates God. 9. Enemies of kings worry to fight. 10. My maternal aunts purchase Saris. 11. Their daughters rejoice. 12. My Husband's sister describes him. 13. He remembers the song of the poet. 14. Sister of maternal uncle should listen to the story. 15. My friend should demand the small bundle for him. 16. The enemy of brother will kill (his) son. 17. His eyes ache. 18. Son of maternal aunt should purchase book for (her) sister. 19. Son of the king serves the mortifier. 20. Daughter of (her) brother should pray God. 21. Sister of the commander will send honey for (her) maternal uncle. 22. Daughter of maternal uncle worships God to get prosperity. 23. Your son should endeavour for spiritual attainment. 24. You should purchase food for the saint. 25. Grandmother obtains things for (her) grandson. 26. His sister should hide. 27. Daughter of the husband's sisters will sleep. 28. Son of the maternal aunt will help him. 29. Your son should forgive my son. 30. Your brothers will count the saints. 31. God should protect your son. 32. The tree of Jamuna increases. 33. He digs the pit for the elephant. 34. Motherin-law loves her daughter-in-law. 35. He partakes of food for satisfaction. 36. You should obtain the cloths for human beings. 37. Son of the minister should salute the king. 38. The pleasure of Note : In order to solve the above exercise 32 study lessons 65 to 68 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". 128 Apabhrasa Exercise Book

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Rama is my pleasure. 39. Mother of Sita will listen to the story. 40. The Government of the state will protect him. 41. Brothers of the masters salute him. 42. Teachers of poets see us. 43. His teacher partakes of food. 44. He reads his book for the examination. 45. My son will laugh for pleasure. 46. Son of the king should demand the small bundle for Rama. 47. He drinks the water of the Narmada for the body. 48. His mother will bring you up. 49. I shall listen to the story of the Ganges. 50. His son should go to home. Example : My son desires pleasure Mahul Putto Majjhu Suhu/ Sokkhu Icchai. Mais Apabhraisa Exercise Book 129

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(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all alternatives of Ablative Case used in the following sentences. Example : Exercise 33 1 The child is afraid of the serpent. 2 Food grows from the field. 3 He is afraid of the cow. 4 The Jamuna falls from the tree of Jamuna. 5 Having feared, (my) son will run away from the lion. 6. The child falls from the mountain. 7. The Ganges comes down from the mountain. 8. He should be afraid of me. 9. He will read the book from you. 10. The tree grows from the seed. 11. The son hides from father. 12. We are afraid of fathers. 13. They hide from the women. 14. They are afraid of the master. 15. You should learn through the saint. 16. The leaf falls from the tree. 17. You should be afraid of the king. 18. Children are afraid of the elephant. 19. The minister is afraid of the king. 20. Water drops from the small water pitcher. 21. (My) Maternal uncle will be afraid of the serpent. 130 The child is afraid = of the serpent (B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all alternatives of Locative Case used in the following sentences. Balaa Sappahe/Sappahu Darai. 1. Clouds thunder in the sky. 2. Water will dry up in the Naramada. 3. Sita listens to the story in the house. 4. He sits on the small bundle. 5. The speech will tire in the old age. 6. The wealth increases in the kingdom of Rama. 7. His mother brings up (her) daughter in the house. 8. Having laughed, you should dance in the house. 9. She faints in the examination. 10. You should tie the cow in the Note : In order to solve the above exercise 33 study lessons 70 to 76 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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field. 11. Daughters will see the moon in the sky. 12. They throw things in the field. 13. You jumped in the ocean for bathing. 14. The dog digs the pit in the forest. 15. The serpent moves on the tree. 16. (My) Father prays God in the house. 17. (My) Maternal uncle salutes the (goddess) of wealth in the evening. 18. He bathes in the Yamuna. 19. Having burned, the things will disappear in the hut. Example : Clouds thunder - Nahi/Nahe Meha Gajjahim in the sky. (C) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraisa. Write all alternatives of Vocative Case used in the following sentences. (1) Oh master ! you should protect us. (2) Oh king ! there is no pleasure in your kingdom. (3) Oh friend ! you should come to my house. (4) Oh mother! you should bring up children. (5) Oh sita ! suffering will be in the forest. (6) Oh son ! you should speak the truth. (7) Oh young woman ! you should laugh. (8) Chilren ! you all should read the book. (9) Friends ! you all should be afraid of the state. (10) Saints ! you should observe self-control. Example : Sami Tuhus Amhair Oh master! you should protect us Rakkhi/Rakkhe/Rakkhu/ Rakkhahi/Rakkhehi/Rakkha/ Rakkhasu/Rakkhesu. Apabhraisa Exercise Book 131

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Exercise 34 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraisa. Make sentences by changing the Verbs to causative forms. 1. He causes the aircraft to fly in the sky. 2. The king should make the government spread in the state. 3. The man causes the grass to grow. 4. The commander will cause the army to hide. 5. You cause detachment to increase in old age. 6. The saint causes the man to wake up. 7. Mother causes (her) daughter to stop for dancing. 8. She causes me to laugh. 9. I cause him to wake up. 10. You cause him to hide. 11. They cause them to dance. 12. Citizen cause rice to grow in the field. 13. The demon cause the child to die. 14. Maternal aunt causes (her) daughter to jump in the ocean. 15. Grandmother causes (her) grandson to bathe. 16. Maternal uncle causes (his) daughter to stay. 17. (My) Father should cause (his) daughter to sleep. 18. Demons cause the child to fear. 19. Grandmother makes children eat. 20. The saint makes the king sit. Example : So Nahi/Nahe Vimanu Oddai/Uddavai. He causes the = aircraft to fly in the sky (B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Make sentences by adding the causative suffixes of the Passive Voice. 1. The aircraft is caused to fly by him in the sky. 2. The government is caused to spread by the king in the state. 3. Grass is made to grow by him. 4. The army is caused to hide by the commander. Note : In order to solve the above exercise 34 study lesson 77 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". 132 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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5. Detachment is caused to increase by you in the old age. 6. The man is caused to live by the saint. 7. (Her) Daughter is made to dance by the mother. 8. I am made to laugh by him. 9. He is caused to wake up by me. 10. He is made to hide by you. 11. They are caused to dance by them. 12. Rice is caused to grow in the field by the citizen. 13. The child is made to die by the demon. 14. (My) Daughter is caused to stay by (her) maternal uncle. 15. Grandson is made to bathe by (his) grandfather. 16. (My) Son is caused to partake of food by (his) father. 17. The child is made to get up by the demons. 18. The child is made to laugh by (his) grandfather. 19. The king is caused to sit by the saint. 20. He is caused to sink in the ocean by the enemy. Example : - Tena Nahi Uddavijjai. The aircraft is caused to fly by him in the sky Vimana/ Vimana/ Vimanu _ (C) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write any one alternative of the inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns, Verbs and Participle. 1. He was made to laugh by me. 2. I was made to hide by you. 3. Son was caused to laugh by father. 4. Daughter was caused to dance by maternal aunt. 5. Things were made to purchase by us. 6. Causing him to laugh, he plays. 7. Causing the enemy to run away, you tire. 8. Causing me to fear, (my) son hides. 9. Causing (his) sister to weep, the child runs away. 10. Causing (my) mother to stay, (her) maternal uncle rejoices. 11. He should be made to laugh by you. 12. Education should be made to spread by the teacher. 13. The body should be mortified by (my) sister. 14. He should be caused to meditate by the ascetic. 15. Thing should be caused to hide by them. 16. Having caused to laugh, you live. 17. Having caused (her) daughter to dance, (her) mother rejoices. 18. Having caused men to meditate the saint sits. 19. Having caused him to wake up, she runs away. 20. Having caused him to Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book 133

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partake of food, they rejoice. 21. He causes him to wake up for making him laugh. 22. He tells him for making him run away. 23. The ascetic sits for causing him to meditate. 24. Mother gets up for making daughter dance. 25. Grandmother endeavours for causing grandson to sleep. 26. Causing him to laugh, he plays. 27. Causing him to run away, you tire. 28. Causing him to fear, son hides. 29. Causing him to weep, the child runs away, 30. Causing him to stay, maternal uncle rejoices. Example : * Maim So He was made to laugh by me Hasavia/Hasavia/ Hasaviu/Hasavio. 134 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 35 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa by adding the Retainer of Innate meaning suffixes (Svarthika Suffixes) to the Nouns. 1. The lotus blooms. 2. The human being rejoices. 3. The ascetic suits me. 4. Son will honour (his) father. 5. The commander should conquer the enemy. 6. The child tastes honey. 7. The soul enlightens the mind. 8. The king reproaches the minister. 9. Mother loves (her) son. 10. Father remembers (his) son. 11. The elephant will eat grass. 12. Men pray the teacher. 13. The teacher salutes God. 14. (My) Son-in-law should partake of food. 15. The tree falls. 16. The bow shines. 17. The jewel breaks. 18. The house suits me. 19. Maternal aunt should sit. 20. Sister should get up. Example : The lotus blooms - Kamalaa/Kamalaqaa/Kamalada Viasai. (B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. 1. This man laughs. 2. These men laugh. 3. He reads this book. 4. They read these books. 5. I live for it. 6. She lives for these. 7. I observe this vow. 8. What do you do? 9. The man who tires, sleeps. 10. He who sleeps, laughs. 11. Whose body tires, his old age increases. 12. Whom I call, you are that. 13. The wood on which you sit, is mine. 14. Whose son is he? 15. Which work do you perform? 16. Who dances? 17. By what does he drink water? 18. For whom do you live? 19. Which kingdom do you protect? 20. In which house does he live? Note : In order to solve the above exercise 35 study lessons 78 to 80 of "Apabhraisa Grammar and Composition". Apabhramsa Exercise Book 135

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Example : This man laughs Eho Nara Hasai. (C) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Make sentences by using Indeclinables. 1. As long as you read (for that time) I shall love you. 2. As long as you wake up (for that time) I see picture. 3. Where your village is, there is my house. 4. Wherever you go, there you will rejoice. 5. The way in which he desires pleasure likewise I desire pleasure. 6. The way in which you play likewise I shall play. 7. Where does the minister live? 8. Where do they sleep? 9. I sleep here. 10. Today the saint will come here. 11. Do not jump. 12. The child does not get up. 13. Mother does not tire. 14. If you say then I go to the village. 15. If you will say, then I shall eat food. 16. The way in which you play by engaging mind, in the same way you also read. 17. The way in which mother bring up (her) son, in the same way the king nurtures the state. 18. The way in which you sing, likewise you also dance. 19. Do not sit in this way. 20. You should not drink wine. 21. The enemy fought, so he died. 22. So long as he speaks the truth, (for that time) he rejoices. 23. You should not go home without (your) son. 24. You should dance, he will also dance. Example : 136 H As long as you read (for that time) I shall love you = Jama Tuhum Padhesahi Tama Haum Paim Laddesaum. Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 36 Verbal forms of irregular Passive Voice: The Verbal form which is constructed by adding ijja or iya suffix to the Transitive Verbs in Apabhrarsa is known as regular Verbal form of the Passive Voice. As, kara + ijja - karijja, kara + iya = kariya, are the regular Verbal forms of the Passive Voice, since they are constructed by adding ijja or iya to the verb Kara. By adding the suffixes of Tense, Person and Number to the above constructed Verbal forms, the regular Passive Voice of that Tense, Person and Number will result, as, Karijjai or Kariyai = Present Tense, Third Person, Singular Number. On the contrary, the Verbal form which is obtained without adding ijja or iya to the Transitive Verbs and in which the suffixes of Tense, Person and Number are inherently present, is known as the irregular Verbal form of the Passive Voice, as, .... 1. Kirai, Disai etc. - Verbal form of the Irregular Passive Voice (Present Tense, Third Person, Singular Number) 2. Thuvvahi, Vuccahi etc. - Verbal form of the Irregular Passive Voice (Present Tense, Second Person, Singular Number) In these the Original form of the Verb cannot be separated. They are required to be known form the existing uses in literature. The following Verbal forms of the irregular Passive Voice are compiled. Present Tense Third Person Singular Number 1. Adhappai = is begun. Kirai * Is done. 3. Khammai : Is dug. Gammai * Is gone. Gheppai = Is adopted. 6. Cimmai Is gathered. N n t wo 1. "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition". Lesson 53. Apabhraisa Exercise Book 137

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Is gathered. Is touched. 7. Civvai 8. Chippai Jivvai 10. Dajjhai Najjal 12. Navvai Thuvvai Is conquered. Is burnt. Is known. Is known. Is prayed. Is milked. Is seen. Is purified. Is tied. 14. Dubbhai 15. = Is told. = * Disai 16. Puvvai 17. Bajjhai 18. Bhannai 19. Bhujjai 20. Rubbhai 21. Ruvvai 22. Labbhai 23. Luccai 24. Luvvai 25. Libbhai 26. Vuccai 27. Vilippai 28. Vidhappai 29. Sisai 30. Sampajjai 31. Suvvai 32. Sippai 33. Hammai 34. Hirai is experienced. Is withheld. Is wept. Is obtained. Is cut. Is cut. Is licked. Is told. Is smeared. Is earned. Is said. Is obtained. Is heared. is irrigated. is killed. Is kidnapped. - : * = = * 138 Apabhraia Exercise Book

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Present Tense Second Person Singular Number 1. 2. Thuvvahi Disahi Dhuvvahi Vuccahi Suvvahi = = . Are prayed. Are seen. Are fanned. Are said. Are heard. 4. 5. - Translate the following sentences of the Passive Voice into Apabhramsa. In the translation use the irregular Verbal forms of the Passive Voice. 1. The prayer is begun by me. 2. The vow is observed by that woman. 3. The pit is dug by both brothers. 4. The song is heard by the girls. 5. Education is adopted by us through the teacher. 6. The wealth is gathered by the commander. 7. The water of ocean is touched by the child. 8. The village is conquered by the king. 9. My house is burnt by them. 10. Suffering of the world is known by the ascetic. 11. Sister goes to the house for partaking of the food. 12. The Agama is known by the saints. 13. The desire of (her) son is known by the mother. 14. The saint is prayed by women. 15. The cow is milked by him. 16. The splendour of the state is seen by the king. 17. My house is purified by the ascetic. 18. The cow is tied by me with the rope. 19. The rule of the vow is told by the woman saint. 20. Prosperity is experienced by the kings. 21. Running away, son is withheld by (her) mother. 22. Suffering is wept by (my) maternal aunt. 23. Knowledge is obtained by maternal uncle. 24. The tree of Jamuna is cut by him. 25. The honey is licked by the child. 26. The cloth is cut by the woman. 27. The wealth is obtained by you. 28. The story is begun by the saint. 29. The hut is smeared by the woman. 30. The wealth is earned by (my) son. 31. Suffering of the world is told by the saint. 32. The jewel is obtained by the mistress. 33. Praise is done by your daughter. 34. The tree is irrigated by (my) daughter. 35. The enemy Apabhramsa Exercise Book 139

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is killed by the commander. 36. The son of the king is kidnapped by the minister. 37. Oh God! You are prayed by human beings. 38. Rejoicing you are seen by me. 39. You are fanned by the mother-in-law. 40. You are seen by them. 41. You are heard by the king. Example : The Prayer is begun by me - Maim Thui Adhappai. 140 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 37 Irregular Past Participle: For expressing the Past Tense in Apabhrarsa, the Past Participle is used. For this a or ya suffix is added to the Verbs' as, Hasa + a/ya = Hasia/Hasiya = Laughed Tha + a/ya : Thao/Thaya - Stayed Jha + a/ya : Jhaa/Jhaya - Meditated etc. In this way the Past Participles which are formed by adding to by adding a or ya to the Verbs are known as the Regular Past Participles. In these, the original form of the Verb can be understood by separating the suffix from them. In the Masculine Gender the inflection of these will be according to Deva, in the Neuter Gender the inflection will be according to Kamala and in the Feminine Gender the inflection will be according to Kaha. On the contrary, the Past Participles which are obtained without adding a or ya suffix to the Verbs are know as Irregular Past Participles. In these, the original form of the Verb can not be understood by separating the suffix from them, as, Vutta - Told, Dittha Seen, Dinna : Given etc. All these are the Irregular Past Participles. From these the Verbs can not be separated. The inflection of these will be according to Deva in Masculine Gender, will be according to Kamala in Neuter Gender, and will be according to Kaha in the Feminine Gender. The Past Participles (regular or irregular) constructed from the Transitive Verbs are used only in the Passive Voice. Only those Past 1 "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition" lessons 41 and 56 Apabhraisa Exercise Book 141

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Participles which are Constructed from the Verbs denoting movement are used both in the Passive Voice and the Active Voice. The Past Participles (regular or irregular) constructed from the Intransitive Verbs are used in the Active Voice and in the Impersonal form. The Irregular Past Participles are required to be known from the existing uses in literature. Here a few Irregular Past Participles without any suffix are compiled. 1. Irregular Past Participles Constructed from the Transitive Verbs. Use Past Participle Meaning in Passive Vocie 1. Dittha 2. Sampunna Was seen in the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was completed, In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was fulfilled Was eaten, In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was consumed 3. Khaddha Was given In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was kept In the three Gender and Two Numbers. 4. Dinna 5. Nihiya 6. Pavanna 7. Chuddha 8. Daddha 9. Vutta Was obtained in the three Gender and Two Numbers. In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was placed, Was put Was burned In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was set on fire Was told In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was described Was narrated Was distressed in the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was done In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was cut In the three Gender and Two Numbers Was killed in the three Gender and Two Numbers. 10. Dummiya 11. Kia 12. Lua 13. Haya 14. Niya Was taken away in the three Gender and Two Numbers. 142 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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2. Irregular Past Participles Constructed from the Verbs indicating mobility. Past Meaning Use Meaning Use Participle in Active in Passive Voice Voice 1. Gaya/Gaa Went In the three Gone In the three Gender and Gender and Two Numbers Two Numbers 2. Patta Reached In the three Reached In the three Gender and Gender and Two Numbers Two Numbers 3. Irregular Past Participles Constructed from Intransitive Verbs. Past Meaning Use Meaning Use Participle in the in the Active Impersonal Voice Form 1. Mua Died In the three Died In the Neuter Gender and Singular Two Numbers Number 2. Thia Stayed In the three Stayed In the Neuter Gender and Singular Two Numbers Number 3. Santuttha Rejoiced in the three Rejoiced In the Neuter Gender and Singular Two Numbers Number 4. Nattha Disappeared in the three Disappeared in the Neuter Gender and Singular Two Numbers Number 5. Sutta Slept Slept In the three Gender and Two Numbers In the Neuter Singular Number Apabhraisa Exercise Book 143

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6. Baddha Tied 7. Bhiya 144 (2) (3) (4) Feared In the three Gender and Two Numbers (1-A) Write all the alternatives of irregular Past Participles constructed from the Transitive Verbs. Use in the Passive Voice Kia = Was/Were done (1) In the three Gender and Two Numbers Maulem/ Maulena/ Maulenam The Tied Pride was done by the maternal uncle - Gavva/Gavva/ Kia/Kia/ Gavvu/Gavvo Kiu/Kio Vows were observed by the sister - Sasae/ Kia/ Sasae Kia Feared Vaya/ Vaya Narindem/ Narindena/ Narindenam government was ruled by the king - Sasana/ Kia/ Sasana/ Kia/ Sasanu Kiu Samiem/Samiem/ Samim/Samim/ Samina/Samina/ Saminam/Saminam In the Neuter Singular Number In the Neuter Singular Number Different actions were done by the master Kamma/ Kamma/ Kammaim/ Kammaim Kia Kia Kiaim Kiaim Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(5) Examination was held by the teacher - Kia Guruem/Guruem/ Gurum/Gurum! Guruna/Guruna) Gurunam/Gurunam Parikkha/ Parikkha Kia (6) Desires were done by the young lady - Juvaiel Juvaie Ahilasa/Ahilasa/ Ahilasau/Ahilasau/ Ahilasao/Ahilasao Kia/Kia/ Kiau/Kiau/ Kiao/Kiao (2-A) Write all the alternatives of irregular Past Participles constructed from Verbs indicating mobility. Use in the Active Voice Gaya/Gaa - Went (1) The Son came to the house - Putta/Putta Ghara/Ghara/ Gaya/Gaya/ Puttu/Putto Gharu Gayu/Gayo Gaa/Gaa/ Gau/Gao (2) Grandsons went to the house - Potta/Potta Ghara/Ghara/ Gaya/Gaya/ Gharu Gaa/Gaa (3 ) The Aircraft went to the forest - Vimana/ Vimana/ Vimanu Vana/ Vana/ Vanu Gaya/Gaya/Gayu/ Gaa/Gaa/Gau Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book 145

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(4) The citizen went to the house - Nayarajana/ Ghara/ Nayarajana/ Ghara/ Nayarajanaim/ Gharu Nayarajanaim Gaya/Gaya/ Gayaim/Gayaim/ Gaa/Gaal Gaaim/Gajim (5) The girl went to the house - Kanna/Kanna Ghara/Ghara/ Gaya/Gaya! Gharu Gaa/Gaa (6) Daughters went to the house - Suya/Suya/ Ghara/ Gaya/Gaya/Gayau/ Suyau/Suyau/ Ghara/ Gayau/Gayao/Gayao/ Suyao/Suyao Gharu Gaa/Gaa/Gaau/Gaau/ Gaao/Gaao (2-B) In the literature the use of Passive Voice of Verbs indicating mobility is found in very small number. So here only one example is being given. Use in the Passive Voice (This does not exist in English) (1) The son went to the house - Puttem/ Puttena/ Puttenam Ghara/Ghara/ Gaya/Gaya/ Gharu/Gharo Gayu/Gayo/ Gaa/Gaa/Gau/Gao (3-A) Write all the Irregular Past Participles constructed from the Intransitive Verbs. Use in the Active Voice Mua - Died (1) The enemy died - Sattu/Sattu Mua/Mua/Muu/Muo 146 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(2) Enemies died - Sattu/Sattu Mua/Mua (3) The citizen died - Nayarajana/Nayarajana/Nayarajanu Mua/Mua/ Muu (4) Citizens died - Nayarajana/Nayarajana/ Nayarajanaim/Nayarajanaim Mua/Mua/ Muaim/Mukim (5) The daughter died - Suya/Suga Mua/Mua (6) Sisters died - Sasa/Sasa/Sasaul Sasau/Sasao/Sasao Mua/Mua/Muau/Muau/ Muao/Muao. (3-B) Use in the Impersonal Form. (This does not exist in English) Mua = Died (1) The enemy died - Sattues/Sattuem/ Sattur/Sattum/ Sattuna/Sattuna/ Sattunam/Sattunam Mua/Mua/Muu (2) Enemies died - Sattuhim/Sattuhim Mua/Mua/Muu Apabhraisa Exercise Book 147

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(3) The citizen died - Nayarajanes/ Nayarajanena) Nayarajanenam Mua/Mua/Muu (4) Citizens died - Nayarajanahim/ Nayarajanahim/ Nayarajanehim Mua/Mua/Muu (5) The daughter died - Suyae/Suyae Mua/Mua/Muu (6) Daughters died - Suyahim/Suyahim Mua/Mua/Muu (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. For making sentences use Irregular Past Participles constructed from the Transitive Verbs. 1. The elephant was given by the king for the commander. 2. Religious books were given by the saint for the father. 3. The wealth was given by the mother for the daughter. 4. Clothes were given by the mother for the daughter. 5. The jewel was given by the king for the commander. 6. Cows were given by the master for the brother. 7. The book was kept in the house by the maternal uncle. 8. Religious books were kept in the house by Hari. 9. The wealth was kept in the pitcher by the grandfather. 10. Small bundles were kept in the field by the grandmother. 11. The sari was kept on the tree by the maternal aunt. 12. The pitcher was kept in the field by women. 13. Water was obtained by mortifiers. 14. Books were obtained by the maternal uncle. 15. Food was obtained by the young lady. 16. Lotuses were obtained by children. 17. Prosperity was 148 Apabhrainsa Exercise Book

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obtained by the king. 18. The jewel was obtained by the sister. 19. The bow was put on the earth by the master. 20. The jewel was thrown in the ocean by the king. 21. The wealth was thrown in the well by women. 22. Sticks were thrown in the field by human beings. 23. The rope was put in the field by the maternal aunt. 24. Jewels were placed in the pitcher by the young lady. 25. The cloth was burned by the son. 26. Houses were burned by the minister. 27. The small bundle was burned by the maternal uncle. 28. Kingdoms were set on fire by the king. 29. The rope was burned by the daughter. 30. Huts were burned by enemies. 31. Suffering was told by the mother. 32. Religious books were described by the saint. 33. The truth was told by the maternal uncle. 34. Pleasures were told by sisters. 35. Story was narrated by the mother. 36. Stories were narrated by the mother. 37. The minister was distressed by the king. 39. The citizen was distressed by the enemy. 40. Citizens were distressed by the minister. 41. The daughter was distressed by the sister. 4 2. Daughters were distressed by the sister. 43. The serpent was seen by the maternal uncle. 44. Serpents were seen by the maternal uncle. 45. The aircraft was seen by the child. 46. Aircrafts were seen by children. 47. The cave was seen by the mother. 48. Caves were seen by the mother. 49. The rule was completed by the saint. 50. Rules were completed by the saints. 51. Action was completed by the human being. 52. Actions were completed by human beings. 53. The desire of the daughter was fulfilled by mother. 54. The desires of the daughter were fulfilled by mother. 55. The cow was eaten by the lion. 56. Cows were eaten by the lion. 57. Jamuna was eaten by the son. 58. Jamunas were eaten by sons. 59. Curd was consumed by the daughter. 60. Bones were eaten by the dog. 61. The tree was sawed by the maternal uncle. 62. Trees were sawed by maternal uncles. 63. The paper was cut by the son. 64. Papers were cut by the son. 65. The knee of the enemy was cut by the commander. 66. The knees of the enemies were cut by the commander. 67. The elephant was killed by the king. 68. Elephants were killed by the king. 69. The citizen was killed by the commander. 70. Citizens were killed by the Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book 149

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commander. 71. The sister of the king was killed by the enemy. 72. The sisters of the king were killed by the enemy. 73. The son was taken away by the minister. 74. Sons were taken away by the minister. 75. The citizen was taken away by the king. 76. Citizens were taken away by the king. 77. The daughter was taken by the maternal aunt. 78. Daughters were taken away by the maternal aunt. Example : The elephant was given by - Narindena Senavai Hatthi Dinna. the king for the commander (B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. For making sentences write all the alternatives of irregular Past Participles constructed from the Verbs indicating mobility. 1. The son went to the house. 2. Sons went to the house. 3. The son went. 4. The mother reached the field. 5. Mothers reached the field. 6. The mother reached the field. (Impersonal form) Example : The son went to : Putta Ghara the house Gaya/Gaya/Gayu/Gayo/ Gaa/Gaa/Gau/Gao. (C) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all alternatives of irregular Past Participles constructed from the Intransitive Verbs. 1. The son rejoiced. 2. Sons rejoiced. 3. The citizen rejoiced. 4. Citizens rejoiced. 5. The mother rejoiced. 6. Mothers rejoiced. 7. The village disappeared. 8. Villages disappeared. 9. The aircraft disappeared. 10. Aircrafts disappeared. 11. The enemy died. 12. Enemies died. 13. The citizen died. 14. Citizens died. 15. The daughter died. 16. Daughters died. 17. The maternal uncle stayed. 18. Maternal uncles stayed. 19. The citizen stayed. 20. Citizens 150 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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stayed. 21. The woman stayed. 22. Women stayed. 23. The camel slept. 24. Camels slept. 25. The citizen slept. 26. Citizens slept. 27. The sister slept. 28. Sisters slept. 29. The grandson feared. 30. Grandsons feared. 31. The citizen feared. 32. Citizens feared. 33. The girl feared. 34. Girls feared. Impersonal form: 35. Enemy died. 36. Daughters rejoiced. 37. Enemies died. 38. The maternal uncle stayed. 39. Women stayed. 40. Karmas disappeared. 41. Sisters slept. 42. Grandsons feared. 43. Girls feared. Example : The son rejoiced = Putta Santuttha/Santuttha/ Santutxhu/Santuttho. Apabhramsa Exercise Book 151

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Absolutive Adjective Adverbs Causative Verbs Feminine Gender Future Tense Impersonal Form Imperative Indeclinable Infinitive Intransitive Verbs Irregular Obligatory and Potential Participle Passive Voice Past Participle Past Tense Present Tense Present Participle Pronoun Apabhramsa Exercise Book Exercise 38 Abbreviations = Abs. = - Adj. Adv. Cau. = Fem. = Fu. = H = = Imp. = Ind. = Inf. = Intr. = Irre. = OPP. Pro. Pronominal Adjective = Pro. Adj. Retainer of Innate = Rim. Meaning Suffixes (Svarthika Suffixes) Transitive Verb Imp. F. = Pass. = PAP. = PAT. = PT. = PP. = = Tr. 153

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Indicative of Original Word. *[0+() +()] + Sign is indicative of joining together of words. *[0-(- 0] - Sign is indicative of compounding of words *[{() - () - () } Adj.) The entire unit in this type of brackets is indicative of Adjective. * Where only number 1/1, 2/1 etc. are written outside brackets the word inside the bracket is indicative of noun. * Where Passive Voice, Participle etc. are not according the rules of Apabhraisa Grammar, there irre. is also written outside the bracket. 1/1 Intra. or Tr. 1/2 2/1 Intra. or Tr. Intra. or Tr. Intra. or Intra. or Tr. First Person/Singular First Person/Plural Second Person/Singular Second Person/Plural Third Person/Singular 212 3/1 3/2 Intra. or Tr. Third Person/Plural 1/1 1/2 Nominative Case/Singular Number Nominative Case/Plural Number Accusative Case/Singular Number 2/1 2/2 Accusative Case/Plural Number 154 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book

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3/1 Instrumental Case/Singular Number 3/2 Instrumental Case/Plural Number 4/1 Dative Case/Singular Number 4/2 Dative Case/Plural Number 5/1 5/2 Ablative Case/Singular Number Ablative Case/Plural Number Genitive Case/Singular Number Genitive Case/Plural Number 6/1 6/2 7/1 Locative Case/Singular Number Locative Case/Plural Number 7/2 8/1 Vocative Case/Singular Number 8/2 Vocative Case/Plural Number Method of Grammatical-analysis Noun Narindasu (Narinda) 4/1 Pronoun Tena (Ta) 3/1 Pro. Pronominal Adjective Savvu (Savva) 2/1 Pro. Adj. Verb Hosai (Ho) Fu. 3/1 Intr. (Nisuna+evi) Abs. Absolutive Nisunevi Infinitive Hasana (Hasa+ana) Inf. Present Participle Joyantu (Joya+nta) PP. 1/1 Past Participle Mariu (Mara - Maria) PAP. 1/1 Adjective Samaggala (Samaggala) 2/1 Adj. Apabhrarsa Exercise Book 155

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Impersonal Form Passive Voice Causative Retainer of Innate Meaning Suffixes (Svarthika Suffixes) Indeclinable Adverbs Irregular Past Participle Irregular Passive Voice Example 156 Panaveppinu Tena Vi Vuttu Ema Gaya Diyaha Jovvanu Lhasiu Deva Naccijjai Vilasijjai Darisavami Jambuu Vinu Avasem Mukku Labbhai (Nacca+ijja) PT. Imp.f. 3/1 Intr. (Vilasa+ijja) PT. Pass. 3/1 Tr. (Darisa+ava) Cau. PT. 1/1 Tr. 1. Panaveppinu Tena Vi Vuttu Ema, Gaya Diyaha Jovvanu Lhasiu Deva. (Jambua) 1/1 a. Rim. Ind. (Avasa) 3/1 Adv. (Mukka) PAP. 1/1 Irre. (Labbhai) PT. Pass. 3/1 Tr. Irre. (Panava+Eppinu) Abs. (Ta) 3/1 Pro. Ind. (Vutta) PAP. 1/1 Irre. Ind. (Gaya) PAP.1/2 Irre. (Diyaha) 1/2 (Jovvana) 1/1 (Lhasa) PAP.1/1 (Deva) 8/1 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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2. Danu Kupattaham Dosadai Bollijjai Na Hu Bhanti. Danu (Dana) 1/1 Kupattaham (Kupatta) 4/2 Dosadai (Dosa+Ada) 1/1 'Ada' Rim. Ind. Bollijjai (Bolla) PT.Pass.3/1 Tr. Na Ind. Bhanti. (Bhanti) 1/1 Ind. Hu 3. Tam Nisunevi Valena Pajampiu, Bharahaho Sayalu Vi Rajju Samappiu. Tam Nisunevi Valena Pajampiu Bharahaho Sayalu Vi Rajju Samappiu (Ta) 2/1 Pro. (Nisuna + Evi) Abs. (Vala) 3/1 (Pajampa-Pajampia) PA.P. 1/1 (Bharaha) 4/1 (Sayala) 1/1 Adj. Ind. (Rajja) 1/1 (Samappa-Samappia) PAP. 1/1 Apabhramsa Exercise Book 157

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Exercise 39 Amangaliya Purisaho Kaha1 Ekkahim Nayari Ekku Amangaliu Muddhu Purisu Asi. So Erisu Atthi Jo Ko Vi Pabhaye Taho Muha Pasei, So Bhoyanu Pi Na Lahei. Paura Vi Paccuse Kayavi Taho Muhu Na Pikkhahim. Naravaiem Vi Amangaliya Purisaho Vatta Sunia. Parikkhevam Narindem Egaya Pabhayakale So Ahuu, Tasu Muhu Ditthu. Jaiyahum Rau Bhoyana Uvavisai, Kavalu Ca Muhi Pakkhivai, Taiyahum Ahili Nayare Akamha Paracakka Bhayem Halabolu Jau. Tavehim Naravai Vi Bhoyanu Cayevi Sahasa Utthevinu Sasennu Nayarahe Bahim Niggau. Bhaya Karanu Adatthuna Punu Paccha Agau. Samanu Narindu Cintei Imaho Amangaliyaho Saruvu Maim Paccakkhu Ditthu, Tao Eho Hantavvo. Evam Cinteppi Amangaliya Kokavieppinu Vahevam Candalasu Appei. Jaiyahum Eho Ruvantu, Sakammu Nindantu Candalem Saha Gacchantu Atthi, Taiyahum Ekku Karuniu Buddhinihanu Vahahe Neijjamanu Tam Datthunam Karanu Nai Tasu Rakkhanasu Kanni Kimpi Kaheppinu Uvaya Dansei. Harisantu Javehim Vahassu Thambhi Thaviu Tavehim Candalu Tam Pucchai - Jivanu Vina Tau Kavi Iccha Hoi, Taya Maggiyavva. So Kahei - Mahu Narinda Muha Dansana Iccha Atthi. Taya So Narinda Samivam Aniu. Narindu Tam Pucchai - Ethu Agamana Kim Paoyanu? 1. This story has been translated from Prakrta into Apabhramsa. In fact, the prose does not exist in Apabhramsa. 158 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 39 The story of an inauspicious man or human being. There was an inauspicious foolish man in a certain city. He was such that any body who looks at his face in the morning did not get even food. The resident of city never looked at his face in the morning. The matter concerning the inauspicious man was heard by the king. Once he was called by the king in the morning for verification. His face was seen by the king. As soon as the king sat for taking food and put the morsel of food in his mouth, all of a sudden there occurred a noise in the whole city, on account of the fear of attack by the enemy. Then even the king, leaving the food and getting up immediately, went outside the city with an army. He came back because of not seeing any danger. The egoistic king thought - the nature of this inauspicious man has (now) been witnessed by me. So he should be killed. Having thought in this way and having called the inauspicious man, the king handed him over to an outcaste for being killed. Weeping and criticizing his own action when he was going with the outcaste, then knowing the reason, one kind and an intelligent person having seen him for being killed spoke to him in the ear some method for his protection. He rejoiced. When he was asked to stand on the pillar of killing then the outcaste asked him : If you have any desire except the protection of life, it should be demanded. He said, my desire is to see the face of the king, then he was brought before the king. The king asked what is the purpose of your coming here. Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book 159

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So Kahei He Narindu ! Paccuse Mahu Muhassu Dansanem Bhoyanu Na Lahijjai. Parantu Tumhaham Muha Pekkhanem Majjhu Vahu Bhavesai, Taiyahum Paura Kim Kahesanti/Kahesahim. Mahu Muhahe Sirimantaham Muha Damsanu Kerisu Phalau Jai? Nayara Vi Pabhae Tumhaham Muha Kaham Pasihire? Evam Tasu Vayana Juttie Santutthu Narindu. So Vahaesu Nisehevi Paritosiu Ca Dayavi Harisiu So Amangaliu Vi Santussiu. 160 Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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He said - Oh! King by seeing my face food was not eaten by you, but seeing your face, I shall be killed. What will be the residents of the city express? What (horrible) consequence comes into being by my seeing your face and your seeing my face when compared. (If this is the case) how the residents of the city will look at your face in the morning. In this way the king was satisfied by the argument of his expression. Having nullified the order for his killing and having awarded him, the king rejoiced. (By this) that inauspicious man was also satisfied. Apabhraria Exercise Book 161

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Grammatical Analysis of the Story : of the Story: Amangaliya Purisaho Kaha

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Amangaliya Purisaho Kaha (Amangaliya) 6/1 Adj. Amangaliya Purisaho (Purisa) 6/1 Kaha Ekkahim Nayari Ekku Amangaliu Muddhu Purisu (Kaha) 1/1 (Ekka) 7/1 Pro. Adj. (Nayara) 7/1 (Ekka) 1/1 Pro. Adj. (Amangalia) 1/1 Adj. (Muddha) 1/1 Adj. (Purisa) 1/1 (Asa) PAT. 3/1 Intr. (Ta) 1/1 Pro. (Erisa) 1/1 Adj. (Asa) PT. 3/1 Intr. (Ja) 1/1 Pro. (Ka) 1/1 Pro. Asi So Erisu Atthi Jo Ko Ind. Vi Pabhaye (Pabhaya) 7/1 (Ta) 6/1 Pro. Taho Muha (Muha) 2/1 Pasei So (Pasa) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Ta) 1/1 Pro. (Bhoyana) 2/1 Ind. Bhoyanu Pi Na Ind. Lahei (Laha) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Paura) 1/2 Paura Apabhrarsa Exercise Book 165

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Vi Ind. Paccuse (Paccusa) 7/1 Kayavi Ind. Taho Muhu Na Pikkhahim Naravaiem (Ta) 6/1 Pro. (Muha) 2/1 Ind. (Pikkha) PT. 3/2 Tr. (Naravai) 3/1 Ind. (Amangaliya) 6/1 Adj. (Purisa) 6/1 (Vata) 1/1 (Suna) PAP.1/1 Vi Amangaliya Purisaho Vatta Sunia Parikkhevam (Parikkha) Inf. Narinder (Narinda) 3/1 Egaya Ind. Pabhayakale So Ahuu Tasu Muhu Ditthu (Pabhayakala) 7/1 (Ta) 1/1 Pro (Ahua) PAP. 1/1 Irre. (Ta) 6/1 Pro. (Muha) 1/1 (Dittha) PAP. 1/1 Irre. Ind. (Raa) 1/1 (Bhoyana) 4/1 (Uvavisa) PT. 3/1 Intr. (Kavala) 2/1 Jaiyahum Rau Bhoyana Uvavisai Kavalu ca Ind. 166 Apabhrarsa Exercise Book

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Muhi (Muha) 7/1 Pakkhivai Taiyahur Ahili Nayare Akamha (Pakkhiva) PT. 3/1 Tr. Ind. (Ahila) 7/1 Adj. (Nayara) 7/1 Ind. (Paracakka) 6/1 (Bhaya) 3/1 (Halabola) 1/1 (Jaa) PAP.1/1 Irre. Paracakka Bhayem Halabolu Jau Tavehim Ind. Naravai Vi Bhoyanu Cayevi Sahasa (Naravai) 1/1 Ind. (Bhoyana) 2/1 (Caya) Abs. Ind. (Uttha) Abs. (Sasenna) 1/1 Adj. (Nayara) 5/1 Ind. (Niggaa) PAP. 1/1 Irre. Utthevinu Sasennu Nayarahe Bahir Niggau Bhaya Karanu Adatthuna Punu (Bhaya) 6/1 (Karana) 2/1 Abs. Irre. Ind. Ind. (Agaa) PAP. 1/1 Irre. Paccha Agau Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book 167

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168 Samanu Narindu Cintei Imaho Amangaliyaho Saruvu Maim Paccakkhu Ditthu Tao Eho Hantavvo Evam Cinteppi Amangaliya Kokavieppinu Vahevam Candalasu Appei Jaiyahum Eho Ruvantu Sakammu Nindantu Candalem Saha Gacchantu Atthi (Samana) 1/1 Adj. (Narinda) 1/1 (Cinta) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Ima) 6/1 Pro. Adj. (Amangaliya) 6/1 Adj. (Saruva) 1/1 (Amha) 3/1 Pro. (Paccakkha) 1/1 Adj. (Dittha) PAP. 1/1 Irre. Ind. (Eta) 1/1 Pro. (Hantavva) OPP. 1/1 Irre. Ind. (Cinta) Abs. (Amangaliya) 2/1 (Koka+Avi) Cau. Abs. (Vaha) Inf. (Candala) 4/1 (Appa) PT. 3/1 Tr. Ind. (Eta) 1/1 Pro. (Ruva) PP.1/1 [(Sa)-(Kamma)2/1] (Ninda) PP. 1/1 (Candala) 3/1 Ind. (Gaccha) PP. 1/1 (Asa) PT. 3/1 Intr. Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Taiyahum Ekku Karuniu Buddhinihanu Vahahe Neijjamanu Tam Datthunam Karanu Nai Tasu Rakkhanasu Kanni Kimpi Kaheppinu Uvaya Dansei Harisantu Javehim Vahassu Thambhi Thaviu Tavehim Candalu Tam Pucchai Jivanu Vina Apabhramsa Exercise Book Ind. (Ekka) 1/1 Pro. Adj. (Karunia) 1/1 Adj. (Buddhinihana) 1/1 Adj. (Vaha) 4/1 (Ni) Pass. PP. 1/1 (Ta) 2/1 Pro. Abs. Irre. (Karana) 2/1 (Na) Abs. (Ta) 6/1 Pro. (Rakkhana) 4/1 (Kanna) 7/1 Ind. (Kaha) Abs. (Uvaya) 2/1 (Dansa) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Harisa) PP. 1/1 Ind. (Vaha) 6/1 (Thambha) 7/1 (Thava) PAP. 1/1 Ind. (Candala) 1/1 (Ta) 2/1 Pro. (Puccha) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Jivana) 2/1 Ind. 169

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Tau Kavi (Tumha) 6/1 Pro. [(Ka) 1/1 Pro. ] Vi (Ind.) Iccha Hoi Taya Maggiyavva So Kahei Mahu Narinda Muha Dansana Iccha Atthi (Iccha) 1/1 (Ho) PT. 3/1 Intr. Ind. (Magga) OPP. 1/1 (Ta) 1/1 Pro. (Kaha) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Amha) 6/1 Pro. (Narinda) 6/1 (Muha) 6/1 (Dansana) 6/1 (Iccha) 1/1 (Asa) PT. 3/1 Intr. Ind. (Ta) 1/1 Pro. (Narinda) 6/1 (Samiva) 1/1 Adj. (Ania) PAP. 1/1 Irre. (Narinda) 1/1 (Ta) 2/1 Pro. (Puccha) PT. 3/1 Tr. Ind. (Agamana) 4/1 (Kim) 1/1 Pro. (Paoyana) 1/1 Taya So Narinda Samivam Aniu Narindu Tam Pucchai Etthu Agamana Kim Paoyanu 170 Apabhraiba Exercise Book

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So Kahei He Narindu Paccuse Mahu Muhassu Darsanem (Ta) 1/1 Pro (Kaha) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Narinda) 8/1 (Paccusa) 7/1 (Amha) 6/1 Pro. (Muha) 6/1 (Damsana) 3/1 (Bhoyana) 1/1 Ind. (Laha) PT. Pass.3/1 Tr. Ind. (Tumha) 6/2 Pro. (Muha) 2/1 (Pekkhana) 3/1 Bhoyanu Na Lahijjai Parantu Tumhaham Muha Pekkhanem Majjhu (Amha) 6/1 Pro. Vahu (Vaha) 1/1 Bhavesai (Bhava) Fu. 3/1 Intr. Taiyahum Paura Ind. (Paura) 1/2 (Kim) 1/1 Pro. (Kaha) Fu. 3/2 Tr. Kim Kahesanti/ Kahesahim Mahu (Amha) 6/1 Pro. Muhahe (Muha) 5/1 Sirimantaham (Sirimanta) 6/2 Muha (Muha) 1/1 (Darsana) 1/1 Damsanu Apabhraisa Exercise Book 171

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Kerisu Phalau (Kerisa) 2/1 Adj. (Phalaa) 2/1 'A' Rim. (Ja) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Nayara) 1/2 Jai Nayara Vi Ind. Pabhae (Pabhaa) 7/1 Tumhahar Muha (Tumha) 6/2 (Muha) 2/1 Ind. (Pasa) Fu. 3/2 Tr. Kaham Pasihire Evas Ind. Tasu Vayana Juttie Santutthu Narindu (Ta) 6/1 Pro. (Vayana) 6/1 (Jutti) 3/1 (Santuttha) PAP. 1/1 Irre. (Narinda) 1/1 (Ta) 1/1 Pro. [(Vaha)+ (Aesu)] [(Vaha) - (Aesa) 2/1] (Niseha) Abs. (Paritosia) 2/1 So Vahaesu Nisehevi Paritosiu Ca Ind. Dayavi Harisiu So Amangaliu (Da) Abs. (Harisa) PAP. 1/1 (Ta) 1/1 Pro. (Amangalia) 1/1 Adj. Ind. (Santussa) PAP. 1/1 Vi Santussiu 172 Apabhraisa Exercise Book

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