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Exercise 37
Irregular Past Participle:
For expressing the Past Tense in Apabhrarśa, the Past Participle is used. For this a or ya suffix is added to the Verbs' as,
Hasa + a/ya = Hasia/Hasiya = Laughed Thả + a/ya : Thảo/Thảya - Stayed Jhå + a/ya : Jhaa/Jhaya - Meditated etc.
In this way the Past Participles which are formed by adding to by adding a or ya to the Verbs are known as the Regular Past Participles. In these, the original form of the Verb can be understood by separating the suffix from them. In the Masculine Gender the inflection of these will be according to Deva, in the Neuter Gender the inflection will be according to Kamala and in the Feminine Gender the inflection will be according to Kaha.
On the contrary, the Past Participles which are obtained without adding a or ya suffix to the Verbs are know as Irregular Past Participles. In these, the original form of the Verb can not be understood by separating the suffix from them, as,
Vutta - Told, Dittha Seen, Diņņa : Given etc.
All these are the Irregular Past Participles. From these the Verbs can not be separated. The inflection of these will be according to Deva in Masculine Gender, will be according to Kamala in Neuter Gender, and will be according to Kahā in the Feminine Gender.
The Past Participles (regular or irregular) constructed from the Transitive Verbs are used only in the Passive Voice. Only those Past
1 “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition” lessons 41 and 56
Apabhraíša Exercise Book
141
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