Apbhramsa Exercise Book

Author(s): Kamalchand Sogani
Publisher: Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006535/1

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Apabhramsa Exercise Book (English Translation of the Author's Book in Hindi
“Apabhramsa Abhyāsa Saurabha')
Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani
ungestattet जैनविद्या संस्थान श्री महावीरजी
Apabhraíśa Sahitya Academy
Jaina Vidya Saṁsthāna Digambara Jaina Atiśaya Kșetra Śri Mahaviraji
Rajasthan
En Education International

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Apabhramsa Exercise Book (English Translation of the Author's Book in Hindi
"Apabhraíśa Abhyāsa Saurabha')
Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani (Former Professor of Philosophy M.L. Sukhadia University
Udaipur)
माइजोगी जानी जैन विद्या संस्थान भी महावीरजी
Apabhraíśa Sahitya Academy
Jaina Vidya Samsthana Digambara Jaina Atiśaya Kşetra Śrī Mahaviraji
Rajasthan

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Publisher : Apabhramsa Sahitya Academy (Jaina Vidyā Sarnsthana) Digambara Jaina Atiśaya Kșetra Sri Mahaviraji Śrī Mahāvīraji - 322 220 (Rajasthan)
Copies From:
Jaina Vidya Saṁsthāna Śrī Mahaviraji - 322 220 (Rajasthan) Telephone : 07469-2224323 Sahitya Vikraya Kendra Digambara Jaina Nasiyam Bhattārakaji Savai Ramasimha Road, Jaipur - 302 004 Tel.: 0141-2385247
All rights reserved
First Edition : 2006
Price : Rs. 4007 - US$ 20
Computer Typesetting : Shyam Agarwal A-336, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur - 302 017 (Rajasthan) Ph.: 0141-2524138
Printed at : Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd. M.I. Road, Jaipur - 302 001 Telephone : 0141-2373822, 2362468
Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book

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Contents
Exercise
Subject
Page No.
Basic book for solving
Exercises
No.
Prelusive
Dedication
Introduction
Present Tense
Imperative
Intransitive Verbs
Reviewal
13
Reviewal
17
Apabhraíśa Grammar and Composition Lessons 1 to 8 Apabhrarśa Grammar and Composition Lessons 9 to 16 Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition Lesson 17 Apabhraísa Grammar and Composition Lessons 1 to 17 Apabhraísa Grammar and Composition Lessons 1 to 17 Apabhraíša Grammar and Composition Lessons 18 to 25 Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition Lessons 1 to 25 Apabhraísa Grammar and Composition Lesson 27 Apabhraṁsa Grammar and Composition Lesson 28
Future Tense
19
Reviewal
23
Absolutive
27
Infinitive
31
Apabhraría Exercise Book

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Exercise Subject
No.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
iv
Reviewal
a-ending
Masculine Nouns
(Singular Number)
a-ending
Masculine Nouns
(Plural Number)
a-ending
Neuter Nouns
(Singular Number)
a-ending
Neuter Nouns
(Plural Number)
ȧ-ending
Feminine Nouns
(Singular Number)
ȧ-ending
Feminine Nouns
(Plural Number)
Reviewal
Past Participle (Active Voice)
Present Participle
Past Participle (Impersonal Form)

Basic book for solving Exercises
Apabhraṁśa Grammar and
Composition
Lessons 27-28
Apabhraṁśa Grammar and
Composition
Lessons 29-30
Apabhramsa Grammar and
Composition
Lesson 31
Apabhraṁśa Grammar and
Composition
Lessons 33-34
Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition
Lesson 35
Apabhraṁśa Grammar and Composition
Lessons 37-38
Apabhraṁśa Grammar and Composition
Lesson 39
Apabhraṁśa Grammar and Composition
Lessons 29 to 39
Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition
Lesson 41
Apabhraṁśa Grammar and
Composition
Lesson 42
Apabhraṁśa Grammar and
Composition
Lesson 44

Page No.
35
39
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
84
91
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Subject
Page No.
Exercise No.
Basic book for solving
Exercises
21.
Reviewal
95
Apabhraísa Grammar and Composition Lessons 1 to 44
22.
98
23.
101
24.
104
Obligatory and Apabhraíśa Grammar and Potential Participle Composition
Lesson 48 Intransitive Verbs Apabhraísa Grammar and (Impersonal Form) Composition
Lesson 46 Reviewal
Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition
Lessons 41 to 48 Nouns
Apabhraísa Grammar and Accusative Case Composition (Singular & Plural) Lessons 50-51 Transitive Verbs Apabhraísa Grammar and
Composition Lesson 52
25.
108
26.
113
27.
115
Nouns (i, i-ending and u, ú - ending Mas. Neu. and Fem.)
Apabhraría Grammar and Composition Lessons 54 to 60
28.
Nouns
118
Apabhraíśa Grammar and Composition Lessons 54 and 58
29.
120
Nouns,
Apabhraíśa Grammar and Transitive Verbs Composition
Lessons 53-54 Participles,
Apabhraría Grammar and Passive Voice Composition (Instrumental Case) Lessons 56 to 61
30.
123
Apabhraíša Exercise Book

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Exercise
No.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
vi
Subject
Different Participles (with object in the Accusative Case)
Nouns, Dative Case,
Genitive Case (Singular & Plural)
Nouns, Ablative Case,
Locative Case
(Singular & Plural)
Causative Suffixes
Retainer of Innate Meaning Suffixes
(Svarthika Suffixes)
Different Pronouns &
Indeclinables
Irregular
Passive Voice
Irregular
Past Participle
Abbreviations and
Method of
Grammatical
Analysis
Basic book for solving Page No. Exercises
Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition
Lesson 63

Apabhraṁśa Grammar and Composition
Lessons 65 to 68
Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition
Lessons 70 to 76
Apabhraṁśa Grammar and Composition
Lesson 77
Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition
Lessons 78 to 80
Apabhramsa Story and Its English Translation (Amangaliya Purisaho Kahǎ)
Grammatical Analysis of the Story (Amangaliya Purisaho Kaha)

127
128
130
132
135
137
141
152
158
163
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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अ
a
०
ओ औ
SM
च्
C
t
त्
t
FP
प्
p
य्
y
श्
आ
m
10
au
(Anusvāra)
i

ख्
kh
छू
ch
for £
th
थ्
th
फ्
ph
र्
r
ष्
$
Apabhramsa Exercise Book
Diacritical Marks
i
Vowels
उ
u
ग्
g
Consonants
ज्
j
द्
ब्
ल्
1
ऊ
स्
S
ū
: (Visarga) b

ऋ
r
घ्
gh
झ्
jh
for €
dh
ध्
dh
भु
bh
व्
V
res
ह्
e
ऐ
ai
ر -
ǹ
श
ञ्
ñ
5 C
ण्
n
न्
n
FE
म्
m
vii

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Prelusive We feel great pleasure in placing “Apabhrarśa Exercise Book’ in the hands of the readers. In fact, this book is the English translation of 'Apabhraíśa Abhyāsa Saurabha' published in 1996 by the Apabhrarśa Sāhitya Academy, Jaipur.
It goes without saying that “Apabhraíśa” language is one of the richest Indo-Aryan languages. It has come to us through Prakrta, the most ancient and sacred language of India. The early Vedic literature is not averse to Prāksta expressions, which indicate its ancient character. It is incontrovertible that Praksta was the mother-tongue of Mahāvīra and Buddha, who used this language as the medium of their sermons. Prāksta, the flowing language gave rise to Apabhraíśa in course of time.
Like Prāksta, Apabhramśa is the language of the masses. Its vast literature in varied literary forms contributes to the dignity and excellence of the cultural heritage of Indian tradition. Svayambhū, Pușpadanta, Dhanapāla, Vira, Nayanandi, Kanakamara, Joindu, Rămasimha, Hemacandra, Raidhū, etc. are the celebrated literary personalities of Apabhraíśa language.
In the 6th century A.D., it was the lingua franca of Northern India. From East to West and Kaśmir (North) to Mahārāştra (South), it has served the need of literary world as also of the common men. It is to the credit of Prāksta language that it has given rise to Apabhraíśa language from which the modern Indian languages like Sindhi, Pañjābi, Marathi, Bengali, Gujarāti, Kaśmiri, Maithili, Rajasthānī, Udiyā etc. have grown. Even the national language Hindi owes its origin to Prākṣta and Apabhramśa. Most of the literary tendencies in Hindi literature flow from the glorious tradition of Prákyta and Apabhraṁsa language. Thus the relation between Prāksta-Apabhraíśa and Hindi is very intimate. In consequence, the proper understanding of Prākyta and Apabhraíša
Apabhraṁša Exercise Book

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language and literature is indispensible for comprehending the development of Hindi literature rightly and adequately.
Recognising the importance of Prāksta and Apabhramsa languages in the cultural history of India, the Managing Committee of Digambara Jaina Atiśaya Kșetra, Śrī Mahāvīraji established Apabhraṁsa Sahitya Academy in 1988, which runs correspondence courses for teaching Prākrta and Apabhramśa languages. The Academy has published books for the implementation of these courses. Books on Prāksta Grammar and Composition , Prāksta Exercises, Apabhraíśa Grammar and Composition, Apabhraíśa Exercises have been published for those desirous of learning Prāksta and Apabhraíśa languages through Hindi medium. For teaching Apabhrarśa language to the English knowing people, our new publication, 'Apabhraṁsa Exercise Book' which is the English translation of 'Apabhraṁsa Abhyāsa Saurabha' in Hindi will facilitate the learning of Apabhraíśa to the students of English language. 'Apabhraíśa Grammar and Composition', 'Praksta Grammar and Composition', *Prāksta Exercise Book' have already been published.
We offer our thanks to the learned researchers of the Saṁsthāna (Institute) specially Smt. Sima Dhingra and to M/s Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd. for organising the publication of the book.
Naresh Kumar Sethi Narendra Patni Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani President
Secretary
Samyojaka Managing Committee
Jaina Vidya Sarnsthana Samiti Digambara Jaina Atisaya Kşetra
Jaipur Sri Mahāvīraji
20 July, 2006
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Dedicated
To
Dr. A.N. Upadhye And
Dr. Hiralal Jain

Page #13

Page #14

Introduction
Relating to Apabhramsa language, the following should be understood.
L
Vowels
अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए, 317
ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, o
a,

क,
Alphabets of Apabhramsa
ལ ཤྩ མ རྞ ཨ
ka,
ca,
འཱུ ཾ ོ- ིི ོ འཱུ
ța,
ta,
प,
pa,
य,
ya,
Apabhramsa Exercise Book
ख, ग,
kha, ga,
छ, ज, झ,
cha, ja, jha,
3, द,
tha, da, dha,
द, ध.
tha, da, dha,
10
थ,
ܕ
फ,
र.
Consonants
घ, ङ
gha, na
#
(Anusvāra)
स, ह
sa, ha
*
o
ब,
भ,
म
pha, ba, bha, ma
ल,
ra, la,
व
to
225
va
ञ
ña
ण
na
न
na
ṁ,
m
It may be noted here that in Apabhraṁśa the use of ǹa and ña is not found in non-conjunct form. In Hemacandra Apabhraṁśa Grammar the use of ǹa and ña in conjunct form is traceable. The use of na is seen in conjunct and non-conjunct form. The alternative of ǹa, ña, na in conjunct form is ṁ.
(Anunāsika)

xiii

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Number:
Gender:
In Apabhramśa language, there are only two numbers :
1. Singular
2. Plural
Person :
In Apabhramsa language, there are three Genders :
1. Masculine Gender
2. Feminine Gender
3. Neuter Gender
Case:
Verb:
In Apabhramsa language, there are only three Persons :
1. First Person
2. Second Person
3. Third Person
xiv
In Apabhramśa language, there are eight Cases :
1. Nominative Case
3. Instrumental Case
5. Ablative Case
7. Locative Case
Tense:
In Apabhramsa language, there are only two kinds of Verbs: 2. Intransitive
1.Transitive
Words:
2. Accusative Case
4. Dative Case
6. Genitive Case
8. Vocative Case
In Apabhraṁśa language, there are four type of Tenses :
1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense
4. Imperative
In Apabhramsa language, four kinds of Words are in use :
1. a-ending
2. i-i-ending
3. ǎ- ending
4. u-ú-ending

Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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The Vocalic sounds of the Devanagari Syllabary in combination with the
consonants of the syllabary
कि
की
के
को
का kā
ki
ki
kha
ख kha
खा khá
खि khi
खी khi
खु khu
खू khu
खे khe
खो kho
गा
गो
गे ge
gå
gi
gu
घ gha
घा ghẻ
घि ghi
घी ghi
घु ghu
घू phủ
घे ghe
घो gho
Apabhramśa Exercise Book
XV

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ङ na
ङा nå
ङि ङी ñiñi
ङ nu
डू nu
डे ne
को no
الي 2
चू
cli
cha
छ cha
छा cha
छि chi
छी chi
छु chu
छू chủ
छे che
छो cho
ज
जा
जि
जी
जु
जू
जे
जो
झा झिझी jhả jhi jhi
झु jhu
झू jhů
झे jhe
झो jho
jha
XVI
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

Page #18

অ
ña
ट
ţa
ho
tha
da
ढ
dha
ञ
ña
ड
ਨ
ठा
tha thå
da
ढ
ञा
ट
टा
ța ță ți ți
dha
ñā

ञि
ñi
Apabhramsa Exercise Book
डि
श्री
ठि
ਠੀ
thi thi
e ap
12
ढा
dha dhi
डा
dā di ḍī
छठ.
ढी
dhi
ञ
ทัน
G01
thu
ञ्
nū
F3G
टु
tu tū te

106
thu
त्रे
दु
दू
dhu dhū
ñe
t
ठे
the
न
डु
डो
du ḍū de do
७
ञो
ño
dhe
टो
to
ठो
tho
ढो
dho
xvii

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na
ण
णे
णो
णा ņā
णि ņi
णी ņi
णू nu
ņe
त ta
ता ta
ति ti
ती ti
तु tu
तू tū
ते te
तो to
tha
थ tha
था thả
थि thi
थी thi
थु thu
थू thu
थे the
थो tho
द da
दा
दि u di
दी di
दु du
दू
दे de
दो do
I
d
d
ú
dha
ध dha
धा dhã
धि dhi
धी धु dhidhu
धू dhủ
धे dhe
धो dho
xviii
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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न na
ना नि nani
नी ni
नु nu
नू nů
ने ne
नो no
प pa
पा på
पि पी पु पू पे pipi pupů pe
फ pha
फा phủ
फि phi
फी phi
फु phu
फू phu
फे phe
फो pho
ब ba
बा ba
बि bi
बी bi
बु बू bubů
बे be
बो bo
भ भाभि भी भु भूमे भो bha bha bhi bhi bhu bhủ bhe bho
म ma
मा मि मी मु मू मे मो. má mi mi mu mů me mo
ma
må
mi
mi
mu
mů
me
mo
Apabhransa Exercise Book
xix

Page #21

य ya
या ya
यि yi
यी yi
यु yu
यू yü
ये ye
यो yo
।
रि
re
लि
लो
la lililu
-
le
lo
व
العو
वि
vu
کی
स sa
सा så
सि si
सी si
सु su
सू s u
से se
सो so
ह ha
हा hà
हि hi
ही hi
हु hu
हु hu
हे he
हो ho
Apabhraísa Exercise Book

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Exercise 1
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraíśa. Write all
the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms. 1. He laughs. 2. They both dance. 3. You hide. 4. I sulk. 5. They both wake up. 6. We all sleep. 7. You all live. 8. They all stay. 9. I bathe. 10. She becomes. 11. You both laugh. 12. We all dance. 13. They all hide. 14. You sulk. 15. I wake up. 16. He sleeps. 17. They all live. 18. I stay. 19. They bathe. 20. You all become. 21. You dance. 22. They all laugh. 23. She hides. 24. They all sulk. 25. You wake up. 26. You all sleep. 27. I live, 28. We all stay. 29. She bathes. 30. They both become. 31. I laugh. 32. You all dance. 33. We hide . 34. She sulks. 35. We all wake up. 36. I sleep. 37. She lives. 38. You stay. 39. We both bathe. 40. I become. 41. You laugh. 42. He dances. 43. I hide. 44. We all sulk. 45. You both wake up. 46. They all sleep. 47. We both live. 48. She stays. 49. You all stay. 50. You bathe. 51. We laugh. 52. I dance. 53. You both hide. 54. You all sulk. 55. She wakes up. 56. you sleep. 57. You live. 58. You both stay. 59. You both bathe. 60. We all become.
Example :He laughs = So Hasai/Hasei/Hasae
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 1, study lessons 1 to 8 of “Apabhrarśa Grammar and Composition".
Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book

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(B) Write the inflected Personal Pronouns in agreement with the
Number of the following Verbal forms.
1. Naccahim 2. Jaggaum
4.
Rūsai
5.
Thaum
7.
Lukkahu 8.
Nhāhum
10. Jaggasi 11.
Sayae
13.
Naccamo 14.
Rūsaha
16.
Nhamo 17.
Sayāmi
19.
Lukkei 20.
Thai
22.
Jivitthā 23.
25.
Naccemi 26.
28.
Jivei
29.
31.
Jaggire 32.
34.
Lukkasi 35.
37. Jaggamo 38.
40.
Hasahim 41.
43.
Homa 44.
46.
Nhāhu 47.
49.
Lukkamu 50.
52.
Hohim 53.
55.
Sayei 56.
58. Sayante 59.
******
2
******
......
......
......
******
......
......
......
......
******

......
******
..............
................
******
.............
******
******
......
3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
18.
21.
Jaggante 24.
Rūsesi
27.
Hohi
30.
Rūsami
33.
Naccase
36.
Rūsahu
39.
Lukkitthä
42.
Rūsahi
45.
Naccai
48.
Sayahu
51.
Naccante 54.
Nhāitthả
57.
Thāhim
60.
******

......
******
......
******
******
******
......
Examples: -
1.Ta/Te Naccahim. 2. Haum Jaggaum. 3. Tuhum Sayahi.
Sayahi
Hasahur
Jivami
Homi
Lukkanti
Jivase
Hasamu
Nhâmu
Sayaum
Sayahum
Hasahi
Sayai
Jivamu
Thasi
Jivahim
Hasae
Jagganti
Nhaha
Rúsanti
Jivaha
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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(C) Write all the alternative forms of the Present Tense of Verbs given in brackets in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns.
1. Amhe (Hasa)
3. So (Nacca)
5. Tumhe (Lukka)
7. Amhair (Jiva)
9. Tā (Tha)
11. Amhe (Lukka)
13. Haum (Nacca)
15. Tuhum (Jiva)
17. Tā (Ho)
19. Te (Lukka)
21. Amhe (Nacca)
23. So (Jiva)
25. Amhaim (Ho)
27. Tumhaim (Hasa)
29. Te (Saya)
Example: -
Amhe
Hasahum/Hasama/Hasamo/Hasamu.
(D) Point out the Person, Number and Original Verb in the following Verbal forms of the Present Tense.
2. Sayahi
3. Rūsai
5. Sayitthā
6. Jivae
8. Lukkanti
9. Hasasi
12. Sayase
15. Jaggesi
1. Naccahim
4. Jaggemi
7. Rūsaum
2. Tuhum (Saya)
4. Haum (Rusa)
6. Te (Jagga)
8. Să (Nhâ)
10. Tumhaim (Ho)
12. Tā (Rusa)
14. So (Jagga)
16. Amhaim (Nhā)
18. Tumhaim (Saya)
20. Tumhe (Rusa)
22. Haum (Jagga)
24. Tuhum (Nha)
26. Tā (Nhȧ)
28. Te (Tha)
30. Tumhe (Hasa)
10. Thai
13. Jivahu
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

11. Nhãmu
14. Rúsante

3

Page #25

16. Jivase
19. Hohl
22. Nhămi
25. Rūsahim
28. Lukkire
Example -
4
17. Lukkami
20. Naccae
23. Hasahu
26. Naccasi
29. Hosi
Person
Naccahim Third Person

18. Hasei
21. Jivāmi
24. Thāhum
27. Hasaha
30. Thāmu
Number
Plural
(E) Write forms of the Personal Pronoun expressed by the
following.
1. First Person Nominative Plural
2. Second Person Nominative Plural
3. Third Person Nominative Plural (Masculine)
4. First Person Nominative Singular
5. Third Person Nominative Singular (Masculine)
6. Second Person Nominative Singular
7. Third Person Nominative Plural (Feminine)
8. Third Person Nominative Singular (Feminine)
Example -
First Person Nominative Plural Amhe/Amhaim
Original
Verb

Nacca
Apabhramhsa Exercise Book

Page #26

(F) Point out the Person, Case, Number and Gender in the
following Personal Pronouns.
1. Amhe
2. Te
3. Tumhe
5. Tuhur
4. Amhair 7. Haur 10. Sa
6. Tã 9. So
8. Tumhair
Example -
Person Case Amhe First Person Nominative
Number Gender Plural All the three
Genders
Apabhramba Exercise Book

Page #27

Exercise 2 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraíša. Write all
the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms. 1. They both should/may dance. 2. We all should/may sleep. 3. He should/may laugh. 4. You all should/may live. 5.I should/ may sulk. 6. You should/may hide. 7. They both should/may wake up. 8. They all should/may stay. 9. He should/may become. 10. You both should/may laugh. 11. We all should/may dance, 12. I should/may bathe. 13. You should/may sulk. 14. They all should/may hide. 15. He should/may sleep. 16. I should/may wake up. 17. They all should/may live. 18. He should/may bathe. 19. I should/may stay. 20. You all should/may become. 21. They all should/may laugh. 22. You should/may dance. 23. He should/ may hide. 24. You should/may wake up. 25. They all should/may sulk. 26. I should/may wake up. 27. You all should/may sleep. 28. We all should/may stay. 29. They all should/may become. 30. They both should/may stay. 31. I should/may laugh. 32. You both should/may dance. 33. We all should/may hide . 34. She should/may sulk. 35. We all should/may wake up. 36. I should/ may sleep. 37. She should/may live. 38. You should/may stay. 39. We all should/may bathe. 40. I should/may become. 41. He should/may dance. 42. You should/may laugh. 43. I should/may hide. 44. They all should/may sleep. 45. We all should/may laugh. 46. You both should/may wake up. 47. They all should/may sulk. 48. She should/may stay. 49. You all should/may stay. 50. You should/may bathe. 51. We both should/may sulk. 52. You all should/may hide. 53. I should/may dance. 54. You all should/ may sulk. 55. He should/may wake up 56. He should/may sleep. 57. You should/may live. 58. You both should/may stay. 59. You all should/may bathe. 60. We all should/may become. Example:
They both should/may dance. = Te/Tā Ņaccantu/Naccentu. Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 2, study lessons 9 to 16 of “Apabhraísa Grammar and Composition".
6
Apabhraísa Exercise Book

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(B) Write the inflected Personal Pronouns in agreement with the
Number of the following Verbal forms.
fiifiiiiiiiiiiiiii
1. ...... Hasi 4. ...... Sayasu
7. ...... Jivantu 10. ...... Jagga 13. ...... Sayentu 16. ...... Rüsahi 19. ...... Lukkemo 22....... Sayemu 25....... Rúsamo 28. ...... Sayaha 31...... Sayamo 34. ...... Nhāhi 37 ....... Hosu 40....... Nhantu
Nhaha Homu
Jaggamu 52. ...... Hasasu 55. ...... Lukki 58. ...... Rūsa
2. ...... Jaggeu 5. ...... Naccamo 8. ...... Hasemu 11. .....Thāmu 14..... Ņhái 17....... Jivau 20. ...... Ņhāmu 23. ...... Jivehi 26...... Thảu 29. ...... Naccantu 32. ...... Thaha 35. ..Thãi 38. ..... .Nacceu 41. ..... Sayi 44. ..... Jiva 47...... Thamo 50. ..... Sayeu 53. ..... Nhāu 56. ..... Thāhi 59. ..... Hontu
3....... Hou 6. ...... Rusaha
9. ...... Lukkeha 12....... Naccasu 15. ...... Hasamo 18. ...... Hoe 21. ...... Jaggae 24. ...... Lukkau 27.... Jaggemo 30. ...... Homo 33. ...... Lukka
....... Rūsamu 39. ...... Jaggantu ...... Hasaha
Lukkemu ...... Nacci ...... Jivu
Rūsentu ...... Thậsu ...... Sayu
Examples :1. Tuhu Hasi.
2. So/Să Jaggeu.
3. So/Sá Hou.
(C) Write all the alternative forms of the Imperative of Verbs given
in brackets in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns. 1. Tuhum (Saya) 2. Haum (Rüsa) 3. Tumhe (Lukka) 4. Amhe (Hasa) 5. So (Nacca) 6. Amhair (Jiva) 7. Te (Jagga) 8. Sā (Nha)
9. Tumhaim (Ho) 10. Tā (Thá) 11. Tumhe (Hasa) 12. Amhe (Lukka) 13. Te (Saya) 14. Haum (Nacca) 15. Tā (Rúsa)
Apabhramba Exercise Book
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16. So (Jagga)
19. Tā (Ho)
22. Amhe (Nacca)
25. So (Jiva)
28. Te (Thȧ)
Example: -
Tuhum
1. Jivemu
4. Rūsamo
7. Lukkentu
10. Nhai
13. Lukke
(D) Point out the Person, Number, Original Verb and suffix in the following verbal forms of the Imperative.
16. Hou
19. Sayeha
22. Hosu
25. Hoha
28. Sayasu
8
Example.
17. Tuhum (Jiva) 20. Tumhaim (Saya) 23. Tumhe (Rūsa) 26. Tuhum (Nha)
29. Tumhaim (Hasa) 30. Tā (Tha)

Sayi/Saye/Sayu/Saya/ Sayahi/Sayehi/Sayasu/Sayesu.
18. Amhaim (Nhā) 21. Te (Lukka) 24. Haum (Jagga) 27. Amhaim (Ho)
3. Sayi
6. Naccaha
9. Hasahi
11. Jaggamo
12. Sayeu
14. Naccemo
15. Rūsesu
17. Hasantu
18. Jiva
20. Rüsentu
21. Lukkeha
23. Thāmo
24. Naccehi
26. Nhậe
27. Hasamu
29. Thântu→Thantu 30. Jaggu
Person
2. Jaggau
5. Thāhi
8. Homu
Number
Jivemu First Person Singular
Original Suffix
Verb
Jiva

Mu
Apabhramhsa Exercise Book

Page #30

Exercise 3
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Write all
the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms. 1. I clash. 2. He quarrels. 3. You tire. 4. They flounder. 5.You all embarrass. 6. We all fall. 7. They both weep. 8. You both fear. 9. We both tremble. 10. I die. 11. They fight. 12. He faints. 13. You jump. 14. We all endeavour. 15. They both play. 16. You all wake up. 17. We both go round. 18. They all leap. 19. You all rejoice. 20. She sits. 21. I tire. 22. They all fight. 23. We all fear. 24. You tremble. 25. They both embarrass. 26. You both endeavour. 27. We both sit. 28. You all quarrel. 29. We all faint. 30. I flounder. 31. You should embarrass. 32. I may sit. 33. He may fear. 34. You both may clash. 35. We both should play. 36. They both should get up. 37. You all should leap. 38. We all should go round. 39. They all should jump. 40. You should endeavour. 41. He may tire. 42. I may fall. 43. You all may flounder. 44. We both should endeavour. 45. They all should rejoice. 46. You both may faint. 47. They both may tremble. 48. We all may die. 49. He should play. 50. You all should fight. 51. He may sit. 52. You both should get up. 53. I should jump. 54. We all should rejoice. 55. You all should endeavour. 56. They both should leap. 57. We both may clash. 58. You both should embarrass. 59. They all may fear. 60. He should go round.
Example :I clash - Hau
Bhidaum/Bhidami/Bhidami/Bhidemi.
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 3, study lesson 17 of “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition”.
Apabhraría Exercise Book

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(B) Write the inflected Personal Pronouns in agreement with the
Number of the following Verbal forms.
2. .....
1. ..... Lajjahur 2. ...... Ruvittha 3....... Darahi 4. ...... Kalahai 5. ...... Thakkau ..... Acchahim
7. ...... Pademu 8 . ...... Utthahu 9. ...... Tadaphadasi 10. ...... Ghumei 11. ..... Bhidami ...... Ucchalanti 13. ...... Ujjamama 14. ...... Ullasaha 15....... Karpae 16. ...... Marami 17....... Khelante ...... Kullamo 19. ...... Jujjhaha 20...... Mucchase 21. ...... Lajjahim
Acchahur 23. ...... Thakkittha 24....... Ruvauí 25. ...... Kalahahi 26..... Darai 27.... Padama 28. ...... Utthanti 29....... Tadaphadami 30....... Ghumemo 31. ...... Mucchamu 32....... Jujjhi 33....... Kullau 34. ...... Khelamo 35. ...... Maraha 36....... Kampantu 37 ....... Ullasemu 3 8....... Ujjame 39. ...... Ucchaleu 40....... Bhidāmo 41....... Ghumeha 42....... Tadaphadentu 43. ...... Utthu 44....... Padamu ...... Acchau 46...... Thakka 47....... Kalahaha ....... Darantu 49. ...... Ruvamo 50....... Lajjahi 51. ...... Bhidemu 52. ...... Kalaheu 53. ...... Jujjheha 54....... Ullasentu 55. ...... Khelahi 56....... Darāmo 57........ Ghumasu 58. ...... Tadaphadamu 59....... Lajjaha 60...... Daresu
Example: - 1. Amhe/Amhaim
Lajjahur
2. Tumhe/Tumhaim
Ruvittha.
3.Tuhum Darahi
-
(C) Write all the alternative forms of the Present Tense and the
Imperative of Verbs given in brackets in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns. Present Tense
Imperative 1. Amhe (Jujjha)
16. Tuhum (Ucchala) 2. So (Kulla)
17. Hauṁ (Ruva)
10
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3. Tumhe (Khela) 4. Amhaiṁ (Lajja) 5. Tā (Pada) 6. Amhe (Taďaphaļa) 7. Haum (Ruva) 8. Tuhur (Mara)
9. Tá (Kalaha) 10. Te (Dara) 11. Amhe (Ujjama) 12. So (Kampa) 13. Amhaiṁ (Bhida) 14. Tumhaiṁ (Muccha) 16. Te (Ucchala)
18. Te (Dara) 19. Så (Kalaha) 20. Tumhaiṁ (Thakka) 21. Tá (Accha) 22. So (Uttha) 23. Amhaim (Taďaphada) 24. Tumhaim (Ghuma) 25. Tumhe (Ujjama) 26. Hauṁ (Ullasa)
27. Tuhum (Karpa)
28. Tā (Khela) 29. Te (Kulla) 30. Tumhe (Jujjha)
Example: - Present Tense Amhe Jujjhahum/Jujjhamu/Jujjhama/Jujjhamo.
Imperative Tuhur Ucchali/Ucchale/Ucchalu/Ucchala/Ucchalahi/
Ucchalehi/ Ucchalasu/Ucchalesu.
(D) Point out the Person, Number, Original Verb, Suffix and Tense
in the following Verbal forms.
2. Kalahahus
3. Thakkai
1. Darahi 4. Acchahu 7. Ucchalasi 10. Khelaha 13. Mucchesi 16. Ghumantu
5. Tadaphadau
8. Ullasamo 11. Kullami 14. Lajjamu 17. Padamu
6. Bhidahim 9. Kampei 12. Jujjhanti 15. Ruvae 18. Ujjamaha
Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book

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19. Lajjau 22. Mucchentu
20. Kullamo 23. Lajjemo
21. Lajji 24. Ujjamesi.
Example -
Person
Tense
Number Original Suffix
Verb Singular Dara
Darahi
Second Person
Present, Imperative
Plural
Kalaha
hur
Present
Kalahahum First
Person
12
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

Page #34

Exercise 4
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁśa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms.
1. You both should rejoice. 2. They all weep. 3. I sit. 4. We both fear. 5. He laughs. 6. You all should sleep. 7. They all embarrass. 8. You flounder. 9. I wake up. 10. We all should stay. 11. She trembles. 12. You should bathe. 13. You all should dance. 14. We both become. 15. They both die. 16. You should go round. 17. He stays. 18. I sulk. 19. We all should endeavour. 20. You all should play. 21. He should hide. 22. They all live. 23. You jump. 24. I should leap. 25. We all should sleep. 26. You both tire. 27. He should get up. 28. They both quarrel. 29. I fight. 30. We both faint. 31. He quarrels. 32. We all should stay. 33. You all weep. 34. They all should sit. 35. We both should wake up. 36. They all fear. 37. I should laugh. 38. He falls. 39. You embarrass. 40. You should jump. 41. They both flounder. 42. I bathe. 43. You all clash. 44. You all should laugh. 45. She dies. 46. They all may become. 47. She dances. 48. I go round. 49. You should endeavour. 50. She plays. 51. You all should hide. 52. They all faint. 53. He should rejoice. 54. You all should get up. 55. I should jump. 56. They all quarrel. 57. We both should live. 58. You all should sit. 59. We all rejoice. 60. They all should go round.
Example: -
You both should rejoice = Tumhe/Tumhaim
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 4, study lessons 1 to 17 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

Ullasaha/
Ullaseha.

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Page #35

(B) Write the Personal Pronouns in agreement with the Number
of the following Verbal forms.
1.
40.
43.
46.
4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
19.
22.
25.
28.
Kampei
31.
Saye
34. . Thai
......
37
Hasāmo
Lajjaha
Khelai
Jivasi
2.
Kalahi
5. Utthentu
8.
Ullaseha
11.
Hohum
Darami
14.
Nhahi
Jaggittha 17.
Ucchalāmi 20.
23.
......
14
Jujjhahu
Thakkamo 26.
29.
32.
35.
38.
41.
Bhidaum
44.
Jujjhire
47.
49. Nhāmi
50.
...... Lukkamu
52. 53. 55. Ghumemo 56.
58. Bhidittha 59. Hasesu
Lajjai
Khela
1. Amhe (Hasa) (Pre.)
2. So (Kulla) (Imp.)
*******
*******

......
******
Examples:
1. Amhe/Amhaim Hasāmo.
......
3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
18.
Ghumi
Kalahanti Sayama 21. Lukkau Ujjamentu 24.
Pademi
27.
.Rūsasu
30.
Kulleu
33.
Jaggamu 36.
Utthaha
39.
Padae
******
******
......
Naccamu
Thămu
Ruvaum
Acchahi
Mucchae
Hou
42. Acchantu
Tadaphadei 45. Kampaha Ujjamu 48....... Ullasahum
Ucchaleu
Thakkahi 54.
Mucchasi 57.
Taḍaphaḍase
Bhidasi
Marante
Hasemu
Nacchahim
51. Jivaha
Darentu
Kalahai
60. Rūsemo
......
(C) Write all the alternative forms of the Present Tense (Pre.) and the Imperative (Imp.) of Verbs given in brackets as directed in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns.

2. Tuhum Kalahi.
16. So (Ruva) (Pre.)
17. Haum (Lukka) (Imp.)
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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3. Tuhum (Ujjama) (Imp.) 4. Te (Bhida) (Imp.) 5. Hauṁ (Kampa) (Pre.) 6. Tumhe (Jiva) (Imp.) 7. Tumhaiṁ (Thå) (Imp.) 8. Să (Ņacca) (Pre.)
9. Amhais (Ullasa) (Imp.) 10. Tă (Lajja) (Pre.) 11. So (Tadaphada) (Pre.) 12. Tuhuṁ (Saya) (Imp.) 13. Tumhe (Kalaha) (Pre.) 14. Te (Ucchala) (Pre.) 15. Să (Uttha) (Imp.)
18. Tumhaim (Ho) (Imp.) 19. Amhe (Khela) (Pre.) 20. Tuhuṁ (Ņha) (Pre.) 21. Te (Ghuma) (Imp.) 22. Tá (Rúsa) (Pre.) 23. So (Mara) (Pre.) 24. Amhais (Jagga) (Imp.) 25. Să (Dara) (Pre.) 26. Tuhum (Thakka) (Pre.) 27. Te (Accha) (Imp.) 28. Tumhe (Pada) (Pre.) 29. Haum (Jujjha) (Imp.) 30. Tuhuṁ (Muccha) (Pre.)
Example:
Amhe Hasahuṁ/Hasamu/ Hasama/Hasamo.
(D) Point out the Person, Number, Original Verb, Suffix and Tense
in the following Verbal forms.
1. Hasahur 4. Ghumaum 7. Ullasantu 10. Jivau 13. Jujjhahim 16. Kampasi 19. Ujjamesu 22. Ucchalitthā 26. Homa 28. Tadaphadei
2. Acchahi 5. Urthu 8. Lajjamo 11. Padami 14. Thasu 17. Tadaphadae 20. Mucchesi 23. Naccanti 26. Ruvante 29. Naccamu
3. Lajjai 6. Khelaha 9. Lukki 12. Jaggahu 15. Rūsemi 18. Sayeha 21. Kullamo 24. Ņhāire 27. Lukka 30. Lajjau.
Apabhramsa Exercise Book
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Page #37

Example -
Person
Tense
Number Original Suffix
Verb
Hasahuṁ
Plural
Hasa
hur
Present
First Person
16
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

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Exercise 5
(A) Correct the following sentences representing the Present Tense. Write all the alternatives of the correct Verbal form of the Present Tense according to the Personal Pronoun.
1. Haum Rūsahim.
3. So Thāmi.
2. Tuhum Hasaum. 5. Tumhe Hasahim.
6. Te Thamo.
4. Amhe Hasaha. 7. Tả Thái.
8. Tumhaim Thakkahi. 9. Te Marai.
10. Haum Lajjamo.
11. Tuhum Paḍitthā.
13. Amhaim Utthase. 14. Så Ghumanti.
Example:
Haum
Rūsaum/Rusami/Rūsāmi/Rusemi.
(B) Correct the following sentences representing the Present Tense. Write all the alternatives of the correct Personal Pronoun in agreement with the Verbal forms of the Present Tense.
1. Haum Lajjahuṁ. 2. Amhe Ruvaum. 4. So Darahu. 5. Tā Padamo.
7. Amhaim Ucchalahi. 8. Hauṁ Kampitthā. 10. Tumhe Marai. 11. Tumhe Thāsi. 14. Amhe Hohu.
13. Tumhe Nhāmu.
Example : - Amhe/Amhaim
Apabhramsa Exercise Book
12. So Khelanti. 15. Tuhum Thai.
Lajjahuṁ.

Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 5, study lessons 1 to 17 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
3. Tumhe Ruvami. 6. Tumhaim Utthai.
9. Tuhum Marante. 12. Haum Kullahim. 15. Tuhum Mucchei.

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(C) Correct the following sentences representing the Imperative.
Write all the alternatives of the correct Verbal form of the Imperative in agreement with the Personal Pronoun.
1. Haum Padau. 2. Tuhum Ruvamo. 3. So Thakki. 4. Amhe Hasahi. 5. Tumhaim Darantu. 6. Amhaim Kampaha.
7. Să Ghumi. 8. Ta Khelamo. 9. Te Marahi. 10. Haus Ullasa. 11. Tuhum Kullemo. 12. Tumhe Mucchasu. 13. Te Bhidau. 14. Amhais Jujjhentu. 15. Tumhaiṁ Thāmo.
Example: - Hauí Padamu/Pademu.
(D) Correct the following sentences representing the Imperative.
Write all the alternatives of the correct Personal Pronoun in agreement with the Verbal forms of the Imperative.
1. Haus Lajjamo. 4. Tumhe Daramo.
7. So Utthaha. 10. Tumhe Hasa. 13. Te Homo.
2. Tuhum Ruvau. 3. Amhe Haseha. 5. Tumhais Lukkemo.6. Te Acchau. 8. Tá Hoha.
9. Amhain Thantu. 11. Amhe Padasu. 12. So Hoha. 14. Haur Lukki. 15. Haur Tadaphada.
Example: - Amhe/Amhais
Lajjamo.
18
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

Page #40

Exercise 6
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Write all
the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms.
1. You will dance. 2. We both shall live. 3. He will stay. 4. I shall hide. 5. You all shall sleep. 6. They all shall sulk. 7. She will laugh. 8. You will become. 9. We all shall wake up. 10. He will bathe. 11. I shall live. 12. You all will dance. 13. They all will stay. 14. We all shall hide. 15. She will sleep. 16. You will sulk. 17. I shall laugh. 18. You all will become. 19. They all will wake up. 20. We all shall bathe. 21. She will dance. 22. You both will live. 23. I shall stay. 24. He will hide. 25. We all shall sleep. 26. You all will sulk. 27. They all will laugh. 28. I shall become. 29. She will wake up. 30. You will bathe. 31. He will sit. 32. We shall embarrass. 33. They will fight. 34. I shall fall. 35. You will play. 36. You all will jump. 37. She will get up. 38. We all shall leap. 39. They all will rejoice. 40. I shall endeavour. 41. You will tire. 42. She will go round. 43. You all will fear. 44. He will flounder. 45. They all will weep. 46. I shall rejoice. 47. They all will clash. 48. They both will tremble. 49. He will die. 50. I shall fight. 51. You will sit. 52. He will embarrass. 53. We all shall fight. 54. You all will fall. 55. I shall play, 56. They all will jump. 57. You will jump. 58. We both shall get up. 59. He will rejoice. 60. You all will endeavour.
Example: - You will dance. = Tuhum
Naccesahi/Ņaccesasi/Ņaccesase/ Naccihihi/Ņaccihisi/Ņaccihise.
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 6, study lessons 18 to 25 of "Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition".
Apabhrarhsa Exercise Book
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(B) Write all the alternative of the Personal Pronouns in
agreement with the following Verbal forms.
1. ...... Hasesahi 2. ....... Lajjesahur 3. ..... Khelesai 4. ...... Jivesaur 5. ...... Daresahu 6. ...... Jaggesahim
...... Ucchalesahi 8. ...... Jujjhesamo ...... Thakkesae ... Kampesami 11. ...... Sayesaha ...... Thāsahim
.... Lajjihihi 14. ..... Khelesamu 15. ...... Bhidihihi ...... Jujjhihiur 17. ..... Nhāhihu 18. ...... Lukkesanti
...... Ghumihise 20. ...... Bhidesama 21. ...... Kullihie 22. ...... Utthihimi
Ullasesaitthā 24. ...... Hohihi 25. ...... Nhāsai 26. ..... Kalahihihur 27. ...... Sayesai
. Ujjamesauṁ 29. ..... Padihiha 30. ...... Rūsihinti ...... Kullesami 32. ...... Jaggesahi 33. ...... Utthihimo ...... Padesae 35. ..Tadaphadesami 36. ...... Ujjamesami
...... Ucchalesae 38. ...... Thakkihihi 39. ..... Mucchesahur 40. ...... Hasesahim 41. ...... Naccesahu 42. ...... Thāhisi
...... Ruvihihuṁ 44. ...... Acchihii 45. ...... Mucchihium ...... Ghumesaha 47. .Tadaphadesahi 48. ...... Bhidesasi
...... Marihimu 50. ...... Hasihie 51. ...... Naccesami 52. ..... Hohinti 53. ...... Acchihihu 54. ...... Kampihisi 55. ..... Ullasihima 56. ...... Jivihie 57. ...... Darihium 58. ...... Kalahesahu 59. ...... Rüsesahim 60. ...... Nhāsami
Examples :1. Tuhum Hasesahi.
2. Amhe/Amhaim
Lajjesahuí.
(C) Write all the alternative forms of the Future Tense of Verbs
given in brackets in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns. 1. Amhe (Hasa)
2. So (Kulla) 3. Tuhum (Ujjama)
4. Te (Bhida) 5. Hauí (Kampa)
6. Tumhe (Jiva)
20
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7. Tumhaim (Tha)
9. Amhaim (Ullasa)
11. So (Taḍaphaḍa)
13. Tumhe (Kalaha)
15. Sā (Uttha)
17. Haum (Lukka)
19. Amhe (Khela)
21. Te (Ghuma)
23. So (Mara)
25. Să (Dara)
27. Te (Accha)
29. Haum (Jujjha)
Example: - Amhe
Hasesahum/Hasesamo/Hasesamu/Hasesama/ Hasihihum/Hasihimo/Hasihimu/Hasihima.
(D) Pick out the Person, Number, Original Verb, Suffix and Tense
in the following Verbal forms.
1. Ghumesaum
4. Hasesahum 7. Lukkesasi 10. Padesami 13. Thāsahi 16. Taḍaphaḍihii 19. Mucchihihu 22. Naccihinti 25. Ruvihimo 28. Kalahihisi
8. Să (Nacca)
10. Tā (Lajja)
12. Tuhum (Saya)
14. Te (Ucchala)
16. So (Ruva)
18. Tumhair (Ho)
20. Tuhum (Nhā)
22. Tā (Rūsa)
24. Amhaim (Jagga)
26. Tuhum (Thakka)
28. Tumhe (Paḍa)
30. Tuhum (Muccha)
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

2. Lajjesai
5. Acchesahi
8. Khelesami
11. Jaggesaha 14. Rūsesamo
17. Sayesaitthä 20. Kullihium 23. Nhāsaha 26. Lukkihitthā 29. Bhiḍihihum
3. Ullasesahim
6. Uṭṭhesahu
9. Jivesae
12. Jujjhesanti 15. Kampihihim
18. Ujjamesamu 21. Ucchalihihum 24. Hosami
27. Darihima 30. Thähii

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Example -
Person
Tense
Number Original Suffix
Verb Singular Ghuma Saur
Ghumesaur
Future
First Person
22
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Exercise 7
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Write all
the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns and the Verbal forms.
1. I should/may laugh. 2. I jump. 3. I shall endeavour. 4. You both should/may sit. 5. You all may tremble. 6. You all should live. 7. He should stay. 8. She dances. 9. He should rejoice. 10. We all should sleep. 11. We all embarrass. 12. We all shall hide. 13. You should leap. 14. You flounder. 15. You quarrel. 16. They all should get up. 17. They all weep. 18. They all may become. 19. I should play. 20. I bathe. 21. I shall go round. 22. You all should wake up. 23. You all sulk. 24. You all will die. 25. He should wake up. 26. She fears. 27. He will tire. 28. We all should sit. 29. We all fall. 30. We all faint. 31. I shall laugh. 32. I may jump. 33. You all will sit. 34. They all tremble. 35. He should live. 36. You should stay. 37. They all should dance. 38. You all should rejoice. 39. We all shall sleep. 40. They all will embarrass. 41. I may hide. 42. He flounders. 43. They both quarrel. 44. You may get up. 45. She weeps. 46. We all shall become. 47. You all should play. 48. They all should bathe. 49. I should go round. 50. You wake up. 51. She sulks. 52. They both die. 53. I will fear. 54. You all tire. 55. I shall sit. 56. They all fall. 57. She faints. 58. You endeavour. 59. He should dance. 60. We both shall endeavour.
Example : I should/ may laugh - Hauṁ
Hasamu/Hasemu.
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 7, study lessons 1 to 25 of "Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition".
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(B) Write all the alternative of the Personal Pronouns in
agreement with the following Verbal forms.
1. ......
14. ......
Hosahim ....... Ullasesai ...... Ruvahim
Naccai Utthantu
Thāu 19. ...... Ullaseha
Jiveu
Kullemu ...... Thakkesae 31. ...... Padesama 34. ...... Nhằmi 37. ..... Jaggaha 40.......
Naccihii 43. ...... Padante
...... Darihimi
...... Ghumasu 52. ...... Hohihuń 55. ...... Uttha 58. ...... Lukkemu
2. ...... Kalahahi 3. ..... Lukkesahuń 5. ...... Jīvesahu 6. ...... Ujjamesauń 8. ..... Tadaphadasi 9. ...... Lajjahur ...... Kampahu 12. ...... Kullaum
Ucchali 15. ...... Sayamo ...... Acchai 18. ...... Hasamu ...... Naccentu 21. ...... Thāu
...... Kampanti ...... Acchesaha 26. ...... Hasesami 27. ...... Mucchamo 29. ...... Maresaitthā 30. ..... Ghumihium 32. ...... Darei 33. ...... Rūsittha 35. ...... Archămo 36. ...... Jaggeu 38. ...... Khelamu 39. ...... Ujjamihihuṁ
...... Mucchae 42. ...... Ujjame
...... Acchihium 45. ..... Thakkitthā 47. ...... Marire 48. ...... Rūsae 50. ...... Nhantu 51. ...... Khelaha 53. ...... Ruvei 54. ...... Ujjamu 56. ...... Kalahante 57. ..... Tadaphadae 59. ...... Lajjesanti 60. ...... Sayihima
Example: - 1. Te/Tà Hosahiṁ. 2. Tuhum
Kalahahi.
(C) Write all the alternative forms of the Present Tense (Pre.),
the Imperative (Imp.) and the Future Tense (Fu.) of Verbs given in brackets as directed in agreement with the following Personal Pronouns. 1. Amhe (Hasa) (Pre.) 2. Tuhum (Muccha) (Fu.) 3. Hauṁ (Jujjha) (Imp.) 4. Tumhe (Pada) (Pre.)
24
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5. Te (Accha) (Imp.) 7. Să (Dara) (Pre.)
9. So (Mara) (Fu.) 11. Te (Ghuma) (Imp.) 13. Amhe (Khela) (Imp.) 15. Haum (Lukka) (Fu.) 17. Sā (Uttha) (Irnp.) 19. Tumhe (Khela) (Pre.) 21. So (Tadaphada) (Fu.) 23. Amhaim (Ullasa) (Imp.) 25. Tumhaim (Țhä) (Pre.) 27. Haum (Kampa) (Fu.) 29. Tuhuṁ (Ujjama) (Imp.)
6. Tuhuṁ (Thakka) (Fu.) 8. Amhaiṁ (Jagga) (Imp.) 10. Tá (Rusa) (Pre.) 12. Tuhuṁ (Ņha) (Fu.) 14. Tumhaiṁ (Ho) (Imp.) 16. So (Ruva) (Pre.) 18. Te (Ucchala) (Fu.) 20. Tuhum (Saya) (Imp.) 22. Tá (Lajja) (Pre.) 24. Så (Ņacca) (Fu.) 26. Tumhe (Jiva) (Imp.) 28. Te (Bhida) (Pre.) 30. So (Kulla) (Fu.)
Example:Amhe Hasahuṁ/Hasamu/Hasama/Hasamo.
(D) Point out the Person, Number, Original Verb, Suffix and Tense
in the following Verbal forms.
3. Ujjamesahi 6. Kampesahu 9. Jujjhesahu
1. Kullamo 4. Sayeha
7. Rúsemi 10. Jaggahu 13. Lukki 16. Khelaha 19. Lajjai 22. Lajjau
2. Mucchesi 5. Tadaphadae 8. Thasu 11. Padami 14. Lajjamo 17. Utthu
12. Jivesai
15. Ullasesahi 18. Ghumesaur 21. Hasesanti
20. Acchahi
23. Naccanti
24. Nhāhihu
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27. Lukkesamo
25. Homa 28. Tadaphadei
26. Ruvante 29. Naccihihis
30. Lajjase
Example
Person
Tense
Number Original Suffix
Verb Plural Kulla
Kullamo
mo
First Person
Present, Imperative
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Exercise 8
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all
the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns, Absolutives and the Verbal forms. 1. Having wept, he sleeps. 2. Having leaped, you jump. 3. Having played, I shall rejoice. 4. Having quarrelled, they hide. 5. Having danced, she tires. 6. Having feared, we weep. 7. Having trembled, they all die. 8. Having fallen, you get up. 9. Having laughed, I live. 10. Having floundered, he dies. 11. Having jumped, they both die. 12. Having clashed, you both weep. 13. Having embarrassed, she dances. 14. Having gone round, you should sleep. 15. Having tired, we all sould sleep. 16. Having endeavoured, they will leap. 17. Having slept, I shall get up. 18. Having quarrelled, he falls. 19. Having rejoiced, you all should play. 20. Having wept, she faints. 21. Having sat, they both will get up. 22. Having rejoiced, I shall go round. 23. Having fainted, he dies. 24. Having stayed, you sit. 25. Having lived, they all rejoice. 26. Having bathed, he/ she should sleep. 27. Having rejoiced, you may play. 28. Having hided, she weeps. 29. Having laughed, you live. 30. Having endeavoured, he dances. Example :: Having wept, he sleeps - So Ruvi/Ruviu/Ruvivi/Ruvavi/
Ruvevi/Ruveviņu/Ruveppi/ Ruveppiņu Sayai/Sayei/Sayae.
(B) Make sentences by using the following Absolutives. By using
your desired Personal Pronoun write all the alternatives of Verbal forms given in brackets in accordance with the Tenses as directed. 1. Haseppiņu (Jiva) Pre. 2. Uttheppi (Khela) Imp. 3. Jujjhi (Mara) Fu.
4. Ucchaliu (Kulla) Imp. Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 8, study lesson 27 of “Apabhraṁsa Grammar and Composition".
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5. Lukkevi (Ruva) Pre. 7. Ghumeviņu (Saya) Imp. 9. Darivi (Ruva) Pre. 11. Sayavi (Uṭṭha) Fu. 13. Ruviu (Muccha) Fu. 15. Kheli (Ullasa) Pre. 17. Tadaphadavi (Mara) Fu. 19. Jivevi (Ullasa) Pre. 21. Bhideviņu (Ruva) Fu. 23. Kullevi (Mara) Pre.
25. Nacciu (Ullasa) Fu. 27. Ullaseppi (Ujjama) Imp. 29. Lajji (Hasa) Pre.
Example: -
Să Haseppiņu jivai/jivei/jivae
(C) (i). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Absolutive to it. And make sentences by including the Absolutive and by adding the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives.
1. So (Dara, Ruva) 3. Te (Taḍaphaḍa, Mara) 5. Amhe (Jiva, Ullasa)
7. Tuhum (Paḍa, Uttha) 9. Tå (Lajja, Nacca)
6. Ujjamevi (Ucchala) Fu. 8. Kalaheppi (Lukka) Pre. 10. Ullasi (Khela) Imp. 12. Nhaeppi (Saya) Imp. 14. Thaiu (Accha) Imp. 16. Padavi (Ruva) Pre. 18. Thakkivi (Saya) Imp. 20. Lajjavi (Ullasa) Pre. 22. Jaggivi (Uttha) Imp. 24. Mucchi (Paḍa) Pre. 26. Rūsivi (Saya) Pre. 28. Kampeppiņu (Pada) Pre. 30. Daravi (Jagga) Pre.
Example : - So
28

2. Haum (Hasa, Jiva) 4. So (Jujjha, Pada) 6. Tumhe (Bhida, Ruva) 8. Să (Muccha, Mara) 10. So (Nacca, Thakka)
(C) (ii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Absolutive to it. And make sentences
Apabhramsa Exercise Book
dari/dariu/darivi/ḍaravi/ḍarevi/ dareviņu/ḍareppi/ḍareppiņu Ruvai/Ruvei/Ruvae.

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by including the Absolutive and by adding the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives.
1. Tuhum (Ucchala, Kulla) 3. Haum (Thã, Accha) 5. Tuhum (Ghuma, Saya) 7. Haum (Khela, Saya) 9. Tumhe (Khela, Accha)
Example: -
Ucchali/Ucchaliu/Ucchalivi/
Kulli/Kulle/Kullu/Kulla/
Tuhum Ucchalavi/Ucchalevi/Ucchaleviņu/ Kullahi/Kullehi/Kullasu/
Ucchaleppi/Ucchaleppinu
1. Haum (Khela, Ullasa) 3. Tā (Lajja, Nacca) 5. Amhaim (Accha, Uttha) 7. Haum (Saya, Uttha) 9. Te (Ujjama, Khela)
(C) (iii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Absolutive to it. And make sentences by including the Absolutive and by adding the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives
Example : - Haum
2. Tumhe (Ullasa, Khela) 4. So (Nhã, Saya) 6. Te (Ujjama, Kulla)
8. Tā (Ullasa, Jiva) 10. So (Ujjama, Khela)
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

Kullesu
Kheli/Kheliu/Khelivi/
Khelavi/Khelevi/ Kheleviņu/Kheleppi/ Kheleppinu
2. Te (Ujjama, Ucchala) 4. So (Muccha, Mara) 6. Tumhe (Ghuma, Ullasa) 8. Să (Hasa, Nacca) 10. Tuhum (Ucchala, Kulla)
Ullasesaum/Ullasesami/ Ullasihium/Ullasihimi

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(D) Point out the Original Verbs and Suffixes in the following
Absolutives.
1. Lajjiu 4. Darivi
7. Uttheppi 10. Jaggivi 13. Sayeviņu 16. Thāiu 19. Padavi 22. Ullasevi 25. Rūsavi 28. Nhievi
2. Ghumi 5. Kalahevi 8. Khelavi 11. Kulliu 14. Jiveppiņu 17. Tadaphadi 20. Bhideppi 23. Ullaseviņu 26. Lukkeppi 29. Hoevinu
3. Accheviņu 6. Thakkeppiņu
2. Hasi 12. Ucchalevi 15. Kampevi 18. Ruvivi 21. Ujjameppiņu 24. Nacciu 27. Jiveppi 30. Mariu
Example: -
Suffix
Original Verb lajja
Lajjiu
iu
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(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁśa. Write all the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns, Infinitives and the Verbal forms.
Exercise 9
1. They all live for rejoicing. 2. You endeavour to wake up. 3. We all shall tire for sleeping. 4. She gets up for dancing. 5. He jumps for dying. 6. You endeavour to jump. 7. They both go round for tiring. 8. He flounders for dying. 9. You both should get up for dancing. 10. She clashes for quarrelling. 11. They all should get up to sleep. 12. They all endeavour for waking up. 13. He hides to weep. 14. You should endeavour for playing. 15. We shall go round for rejoicing. 16. He clashes for quarrelling. 17. You should go round for tiring. 18. They all will rejoice for going round. 19. You all should live for rejoicing. 20. You should get up to jump. 21. She sulks for playing. 22. You should dance for laughing. 23. He will stay for bathing. 24. They all will endeavour to dance. 25. You all should stay to sit. 26. We all shall live for rejoicing. 27. They hide for quarrelling. 28. They both will rejoice to play. 29. He should stay for jumping. 30. They weep to sleep.
Example: -
They all live for rejoicing Te Ullasevam/Ullasana/
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

=
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 9, study lesson 28 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
Ullasaṇaham/Ullasaṇahim/ Ullasevi/Ullaseviņu/
Ullaseppi/Ullaseppiņu Jivahim/Jivanti/Jivante/Jivire.

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(B) Make sentences by using the following Infinitives. By using
your desired Personal Pronoun write all the alternatives of Verbal forms given in brackets in accordance with the Tenses as directed.
1. Khelana (Rúsa) Pre. 2. Kalahanahim (Accha) Pre. 3. Thakkevar (Ghuma) Fu. 4. Ullasevi (Jiva) Pre. 5. Jagganaham (Ujjama) Imp. 6. Maraṇahim (Kulla) Pre. 7. Ucchalevi (Ujjama) Imp. 8. Ullaseppi (Ghuma) Fu. 9. Jujjhevaṁ (Bhiqa) Pre. 10. Sayeppiņu (Uttha) Imp. 11. Ghumeviņu (Ullasa) Fu. 12. Padana (Kulla) Pre. 13. Naccaņaham (Uttha) Imp. 14. Sayevaṁ (Ruva) Pre. 15. Kullana (shă) Imp. 16. Jīveppi (Ullasa) Fu. 17. Ruvevi (Lukka) Pre. 18. Sayeviņu (Thā) Imp. 19. Naccevaṁ (Lajja) Fu. 20. Utthanaham (Ujjama) Pre. 21. Ņhaevaṁ (Accha) Imp. 22. Ullasanahiṁ (Khela) Imp. 23. Lukkeppi (Ujjama) Fu. 24. Thāaņa (Accha) Imp. 25. Jiveppiņu (Ujjama) Fu. 26. Jujjhevi (Uttha) Pre. 27. Thakkeviņu (Nacca) Fu. 28. Sayeppi (Thakka) Imp. 29. Thakkeviņu (Nacca) Pre. 30. Kulleviņu (Uttha) Fu.
Example: - So Khelaņa Rūsai/Rusei/Rusae
(C) (i). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for
adding the suffixes of Infinitives to it. And make sentences by including the Infinitives and by adding the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives of Verbal forms and Infinitives. 1. Amhe (Ullasa, Jiva) 2. Te (Kalaha, Bhida) 3. Tá (Thakka, Ghuma) 4. Hauṁ (Jagga, Ujjama) 5. Så (Nacca, Uttha) 6. So (Mara, Kulla) 7. Tā (Khela, Rūsa) 8. Tuhum (Saya, Ruva) 9. Să (Uttha, Ujjama) 10. Tumhaiṁ (Pada, Kulla)
32
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Example: - Amhe Ullasevam/Ullasaņa/Ullasaņaham/Ullasaņahim/
Ullasevi/Ullaseviņu/Ullaseppi/Ullaseppiņu Jivahus/Jivamu/Jīvama/Jivamo.
(C) (ii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb
for adding the suffixes of Infinitives to it. And make sentences by including the Infinitives and by adding the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives of Verbal forms and Infinitives.
1. Te (Ghuma, Ullasa) 2. Tuhur (Ņhā, Țha) 3. Amhe (Jiva, Vllasa) 4. Tā (Thakka, Ghuma) 5. Tumhaiṁ (Lukka, Ujjama)6. Să (Thakka, Ņacca) 7. So (Kulla, Uttha) 8. Tā (Nacca, Lajja) 9. Tā (Ullasa, Ghuma) 10. Hauṁ (Khela, Thā)
Example: - Te
Ullasevam/Ullasaņa/Ullasaņaham/Ullasaņahim/ Ullasevi/Ullaseviņu/Ullaseppi/Ullaseppiņu Ghumantu/Ghumentu.
(C) (iii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb
for adding the suffixes of Infinitives to it. And make sentences by including the Infinitives and by adding the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives of Verbal forms and Infinitives.
1. Te (Jagga, Vijama) 3. Tuhum (Kulla, Tha) 5. Så (Nacca, Uttha)
2. Tumhaim (Saya, Uttha) 4. So (Ņha, Accha) 6. Tā (Ullasa, Jiva)
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7. Tumhe (Hasa, Ņacca) 8. Amhaiṁ (Accha, Thă) 9. Tuhum (Saya, Thakka) 10. Hauṁ (Ucchala, Vijama)
Example:
Te
Jaggevam/Jaggapa/Jagganaham/Jagganahim/ Jaggevi/Jaggeviņu/Jaggeppi/Jaggeppiņu Ujjamesahim/Ujjamesanti/Ujjamihihim/ Ujjamihinti.
mm
-
-
(D) Point out the Original Verbs and the Suffixes in the following
Infinitives.
1. Hasanahar 4. Ruvevam
7. Uttheppi 10. Mucchana 13. Ucchaleppi 16. Ujjameppinu 19. Ullasaņahim 22. Kampana 25. Rūsanahar 28. Jiveviņu
2. Lajjevi 5. Tadaphadaņa 8. Accheppiņu 11. Bhidanaham 14. Sayeviņu 17. Khelevar 20. Mareppi 23. Lukkevi 26. Jagganahim 29. Hoaņa
3. Ghumaņa 6. Kalahaņahim
9. Padevam 12. Jujjhanahim 15. Kullevi 18. Naccaņa 21. Jivevam 24. Thaana 27. Nhặeva 30. Sayevam
Example: -
Suffix
Original Verb Hasa
Hasapaham
anaham
34
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Exercise 10
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Write all
the alternatives of the inflected Personal Pronouns, Absolutives, Infinitives and the Verbal forms. 1. Having rejoiced, you should live. 2. She gets up to dance. 3. They all will endeavour for jumping. 4. Having gone round, you tire. 5. He jumps to die. 6. Having laughed, you all should play. 7. Having waken up, we all get up. 8. Having played, I rejoice. 9. She will embarrass for dancing. 10. Having stayed, you all should bathe. 11. I shall get up for going round. 12. Having trembled, he faints. 13. Having quarrelled, they both will die. 14. You should stay to sit. 15. Having quarrelled, they both flounder. 16. Having laughed, I shall live. 17. Having embarrassed, she will dance. 18. Having sulked, you sleep. 19. They should endeavour to wake up. 20. They will rejoice for going round. 21. You should stay for getting up. 22. Having wept, she will sleep. 23. We shall go round for rejoicing. 24. They all hide to quarrel. 25. Having bathed, you should sleep. 26. Having danced, you tire. 27. Having sat, they all should play. 28. You wake up for getting up. 29. I get up to sleep. 30. Having rejoiced, she will go round. Example: - Having rejoiced, = Tuhum Ullasi/Ullasiu/Ullasivi/Ullasavi/ you should live
Ullasevi/Ullaseviņu/Ullaseppi/
Ullaseppiņu
Jiva/Jivi/Jive/Jivu/Jivahi/Jivehi/Jivasu/Jīvesu. (B) Make sentences by using the following Participles. By using
the your desired Personal Pronoun write all the alternatives
of Verbal forms according to the Tenses as directed. 1. Ullasi (Jiva) Imp. 2. Naccaņaham (Lajja) Fu. 3. Kampivi (Muccha) Pre. 4. Hasavi (Khela) Imp.
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 10, study lessons 27 to 28 of “Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition”.
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5. Ghumaṇahim (Ullasa) Fu. 6. Nhãi (Saya) Imp.
7. Hasana (Uttha) Pre.
9. Ullasevam (Ghuma) Fu. 11. Sayevi (Uṭṭha) Pre. 13. Uttheviņu (Gajja) Imp. 15. Thaavi (Nhȧ) Imp. 17. Jaggeviņu (Uṭṭha) Pre. 19. Lajjivi (Nacca) Pre. 21. Ujjamana (Uttha) Imp. 23. Jivana (Ujjama) Fu.
25. Lukkavi (Accha) Imp.
26. Khelaṇaham (Rusa) Pre.
27. Thakkeppi (Ghuma) Fu. 28. Padiu (Ruva) Pre. 29. Taḍaphaḍeppiņu (Mara) Fu. 30. Ullasevi (Nacca) Imp.
Example: -
Tuhum
36
Ullasi
(C) (i). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of Absolutive or Infinitive to it. And make sentences by including the Absolutive or the Infinitive and by adding the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives.
1. So (Lajja, Nacca) 3. Haum (Khela, Ullasa)
5. Te (Mara, Kulla)
7. Tumhe (Ullasa, Ghuma)
9. So (Kalaha, Ruva)
8. Kheli (Ullasa) Pre. 10. Accheppi (Khela) Imp. 12. Ruveppiņu (Saya) Fu. 14. Marevaṁ (Kulla) Pre. 16. Ucchalanahiṁ (Ujjama) Fu. 18. Utthana (Tha) Imp. 20. Jujjheviņu (Mara) Fu. 22. Ghumi (Tha) Fu.
24. Kalahivi (Ruva) Pre.
Jivi/Jivu/Jive/Jiva/Jivahi/ Jivehi/Jivasu/Jivesu.
Lajjeppiņu

Example: .
So Lajji/Lajjiu/Lajjavi/Lajjivi/Lajjevi/Lajjeviņu/Lajjeppi/ Naccai/Naccei/Naccae.
2. Sā (Jujjha, Mara)
4. Tuhum (Saya, Uttha) 6. Amhe (Khela, Accha) 8. Tā (Kampa, Mara) 10. Tuhum (Paḍa, Ruva)

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(C) (ii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb
for adding the suffixes of Absolutive or Infinitive to it. And make sentences by including the Absolutive or the Infinitive and by adding the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives.
1. So (Khela, Ujjama) 3. Haum (Khela, Saya) 5. Te (Kulla, Ujjama) 7. Tumhaiņ (Ņhā, Saya) 9. Să (Accha, Khela)
2. Tuhum (Țhā, Accha) 4. Tā (Ullasa, Jiva) 6. Te (Jagga, Ujjama) 8. Tuhuṁ (Uttha, Jagga) 10. Tumhe (Hasa, Khela)
Example :So Ujjami/Ujjamiu/Ujjamavi/Ujjamivi/Ujjamevi/
Ujjameviņu/Ujjameppi/Ujjameppiņu Khelau/Kheleu.
(C) (iii). From the Verbs given in brackets choose any one Verb
for adding the suffixes of Absolutive or Infinitive to it. And make sentences by including the Absolutive or the Infinitive and by adding the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb in accordance with the given Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives.
1. Te (Ucchala, Ujjama) 3. Amhe (Ullasa, Ghuma) 5. Tuhum (Ucchala, Kulla) 7. Tumhaiņ (Ņha, Saya) 9. So (Muccha, Mara)
2. Haum (Khela, Ullasa) 4. Sā (Ņacca, Lajja) 6. Tā (Saya, Vţtha) 8. Haum (Hasa, Jiva) 10. Să (Ullasa, Ņacca)
Example: - Te Ucchali/Ucchaliu/Ucchalavi/Ucchalivi/Ucchalevi/
Ucchaleviņu/Ucchaleppi/Ucchaleppiņu Ujjamesahiṁ/Ujjamesanti/Ujjamihihim/Ujjamihinti.
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(D) Point out the Original Verb and the suffixes in the following
Participles. Mention their names.
1. Hasi 4. Sayevi
7. Jujjhivi 10. Kullaņahim 13. Khelavi 16. Acchi 19. Jaggeppi 22. Ullasaņahar 25. Ujjamanahim 28. Ucchali
2. Ghumevam 5. Thắavi
8. Naccaņaham 11. Rūsavi 14. Lukkiu 17. Kampana 20. Nhāaņa 23. Darivi 26. Hoeppiņu 29. Bhidana
3. Mucchiu 6. Tadaphadaņa
9. Uttheviņu 12. Padeppi 15. Marevar 18. Thakkivi 21. Kalahavi 24. Jivevi 27. Ruvana 30. Lajjeviņu
TE
Example: -
Suffix
Original Verb Hasa
Name of Participle Absolutive
Hasi
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Exercise 11
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁsa. Write all the alternatives of the Noun-forms, Participles and Verbal forms.
1. The dog barks. 2. The camel dances. 3. Son should rejoice. 4. The Human being grows old. 5. The ocean will dry up. 6. Maternal uncle should get up. 7. The Fire will burn. 8. The demon should die. 9.The cloth dries up. 10. The world will disappear. 11. The book should shine. 12. Pride vanishes. 13. Father-in-law should sit. 14. The friend should rejoice. 15. The sun rises. 16. The jewel shines. 17. Suffering should disappear. 18. The lion sits. 19. The house will fall. 20. The vow breaks. 21. The ocean should spread. 22. Grand father will tire. 23. Grandson should go round. 24. Pride should disappear. 25. Rāma rejoices. 26. The child will sulk. 27. Disgrace spreads. 28. The book falls. 29. Father gets up. 30. Husband's younger brother should go round. 31. God should rejoice. 32. The well will dry up. 33. The king should live. 34. The king laughs. 35. Hanumana Jumps. 36. Death becomes. 37. The air spreads. 38. Water will drop. 39. Father should live. 40. Having dropped, the water spreads. 41. Having feared, the man dies. 42. The Grand-father should live to rejoice. 43. The child weeps to sleep. 44. Having risen, the sun will shine. 45. Having rejoiced, the maternal uncle should sit. 46. Having flied, the serpent will fall. 47. The grandson should get up to dance. 48. Having quarrelled, the son will embarrass. 49. The camel will dance for tiring. 50. Husband's younger brother should get up for going round. 51. Having fallen, the jewel breaks. 52. Having waken up, the father wanders happily. 53. Having fallen, the house will disappear. 54. Having burnt, the book disappears. 55. Having barked, the dog sits. 56. Having broken, the vow disappears. 57. The demon will jump for dying.
Example: .
The dog barks =
Apabhramsa Exercise Book
Kukkura/Kukkurā/Kukkuru/Kukkuro
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 11, study lessons 29 to 30 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".

Bukkai/Bukkei/Bukkae.

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(B) In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Masculine Nouns in Nominative case Singular Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives.
1. Narinda (Hasa) Pre.
2. Putta (Harisa) Imp.
4. Gavva (Gala) Pre.
3. Sayara (Sukka) Fu. 5. Sasura (Baisa) Imp. 7. Dujjasa (Pasara) Pre.
9. Bālaa (Kanda) Fu. 11. Maula (Uṭṭha) Imp. 13. Pada (Sukka) Pre.
6. Mitta (Ullasa) Fu. 8. Diara (Ghuma) Imp. 10. Nara (Jara) Pre. 12. Ghara (Paḍa) Fu. 14. Piāmaha (Vala) Pre.
15. Divāyara (Uga) Fu.
16. Vaya (Tuṭṭa) Pre.
17. Paramesara (Harisa) Imp. 18. Karaha (Palā) Fu.
20. Gantha (Jala) Pre.
19. Kukkura (Bukka) Pre. 21. Janera (Saya) Fu.
22. Potta (Khela) Fu.
23. Rahunandana (Harisa) Pre. 24. Āgama (Soha) Imp.
25. Sappa (Uḍda) Pre. 27. Kūva (Sukka) Fu. 29. Raya (Ujjama) Imp. 31. Huavaha (Jala) Fu. 33. Kiyanta (Ho) Fu. 35. Duha (Nassa) Imp.
26. Bhava (Khaya) Pre. 28. Rayaṇa (Uppajja) Pre. 30. Hanuvanta (Kulla) Pre. 32. Marua (Dula) Pre. 34. Siha (Baisa) Pre. 36. Bappa (Jiva) Pre. 38. Rakkhasa (Mara) Fu.
37. Salila (Nijjhara) Fu.
39. Salila (Ludha) Pre.
40
Example: -
Narinda/Narinda/Narindu/Narindo Hasai/Hasei/Hasae.

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(C) (i). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs
in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Kukkura (Bukka, Baisa) 2. Piâmaha (Ghuma, Uttha) 3. Rayaņa (Paļa, Tutta) 4. Janera (Jagga, Kulla) 5. Potta (Thakka, Ghuma) 6. Ghara (Jala, Pada) 7. Vaya (Gala, Ņassa) 8. Rahuņandana (Harisa, Baisa) 9. Pada (Jala, Khaya) 10. Divāyara (Soha, Uga)
Example: - Kukkura/Kukkural Kukkuru/Kukkuro
Bukki/Bukkiu/Bukkivi/Bukkavi/ Baisai/ Bukkevi/Bukkeviņu/Bukkeppi/ Baisei/ Bukkeppiņu
Baisae.
(C) (ii). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs
in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Ņara (Jiva, Harisa) 3. Diara (Ghuma, Uttha) 5. Rayaņa (Soha, Uppajja) 7. Māula (Kulla, Ujjama) 9. Bälaa (Ņacca, Uttha)
2. Karaha (Thakka, Ņacca) 4. Jañera (Harisa, Accha) 6. Salila (Sukka, Nijjhara) 8. Narinda (Harisa, Baisa) 10. Potta (Khela, Vijama)
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Example: - Nara/Nara
Naru/Naro
Harisi/Harisiu/Harisavi/Harisivi/ Harisevi/Hariseviņu/Hariseppi/
(C) (iii). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
42
Hariseppiņu
1. Putta (Kalaha, Lajja) 3. Sappa (Uḍḍa, Pada) 5. Divayara (Soha, Uga) 7. Mārua (Pasara, Uḍḍa) 9. Bālaa (Ruva, Saya)
1. Narindu
4. Potta
7. Mitto
10. Nară 13. Sayaro

Example: -
Putta/Puttǎ Kalahi/Kalahiu/Kalahavi/Kalahivi/ Lajjesai/Lajjesae/ Puttu/Putto Kalahevi/Kalaheviņu/Kalaheppi/
Lajjihii/Lajjihie.
Kalaheppiņu
(D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Caseendings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case-ending in each of following Nouns.
2. Rakkhasa (Kulla, Mara) 4. Salila (Pasara, Sukka)
6. Pada (Jala, Nassa) 8. Dukkha (Uppajja, Khaya)
Jivau/Jiveu.
2. Karaho
5. Kukkuru
8. Bālaa
11. Sappu
14. Huavahu
12. Bhava
15. Pada

3. Haṇuvantā
6. Gavvä
9. Piǎmaho
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16. Siha 19. Agamu 22. Rakkhasu 25. Gāmu 28. Gharo
17. Rayaņu 20. Marua 23. Dukkha 26. Rāyā 29. Vayu
18. Diaro 21. Kiyantā 24. Bappo 27. Dujjasu 30. Māula
Example -
Person
Number Original Gender
Noun Singular Narinda Masculine
Case ending
u
Narindu
Third Person
Note -
Up to the exercise 10 the basis of the construction of sentences is Personal Pronouns. Make use of "Apabhraṁsa Grammar and Composition" as directed for the forms of the Personal Pronouns.
Personal Pronouns
1. See lesson 83 for the First Person Pronoun in three Genders. Page
No. 200 Amha, (1) Personal Pronoun in the First Person.
2. See lesson 83 for the Second Person Pronoun in three Genders.
Page No. 201 Tumha, (You) Personal Pronoun in the Second Person.
3. See lesson 83 for the Third Person Pronoun in Masculine Gender.
Page No. 187 Ta, (He) Personal Pronoun in the Third Person.
4. See lesson 83 for the Third Person Pronoun in Neuter Gender. Page
No. 188 Ta, (That) Personal Pronoun in the Third Person.
5. See lesson 83 for the Third Person Pronoun in Feminine Gender.
Page No. 188 Tå, (She) Personal Pronoun in the Third Person.
Apabhrarnsa Exercise Book
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From Exercise - 11 the basis of the construction of sentences is Nouns. For these make use of 'Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition' as directed. The classification of all the nouns according to the Person, Gender and a, a, i, i-endings etc. is as follows.
Nouns - All the nouns are included in the Third Person.
1. All the nouns given in lesson 29 are a-ending Masculine. The
declension of these will be according to Deva and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 179.
2. All the nouns given in lesson 33 are a-ending Neuter. The
declension of these will be according to Kamala and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 182.
3. All the nouns given in lesson 37 are å-ending Feminine. The
declension of these will be according to Kaha and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 183.
4. All the nouns given in lesson 54 are i-ending Masculine. The
declension of these will be according to Hari and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 179.
5. All the nouns given in lesson 54 are u-ending Masculine. The
declension of these will be according to Sähu and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 180.
6. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are i-ending Neuter. The declension
of these will be according to Väri and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 182.
7. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are u-ending Neuter. The
declension of these will be according to Mahu and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 183.
44
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8. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are i-ending Feminine. The declension of these will be according to Mai and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 184.
9. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are i-ending Feminine. The declension of these will be according to Lacchi and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 184.
10. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are u-ending and ù-ending Feminine. The declension of u-ending Feminine will be according to Dheņu and u-ending Feminine will be according to Bahu and they is given in the lesson 58 Page No. 185.
11. All the nouns given in lesson 58 are i-ending and u-ending Masculine. The declension of i-ending Masculine will be according to Gamani and it is given in the lesson 83 and Page No. 180 and of u-ending Masculine will be according to Sayambhu and it is given in the lesson 83 Page No. 181.
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Exercise 12
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁśa. Write all the alternatives of the Noun-forms, Participles and Verbal forms.
1. Dogs bark. 2. Camels dance. 3. Sons should rejoice. 4. Human beings grow old. 5. Oceans will dry up. 6. Clouds thunder. 7. Demons should die. 8.Cloths dry up. 9. Books should shine. 10. Friends will rejoice. 11. Jewels shine. 12. Lions will sit. 13. Houses fall. 14. Grandsons should go round. 15. Children will sulk. 16. Books disappear. 17. Books fall. 18. Wells will dry up. 19. Kings laugh. 20. Vows shine. 21. Demons fear. 22. Sufferings vanish. 23. Sons should live. 24. Serpents will fly. 25. Maternal uncles should get up. 26. Demons will faint. 27. Human beings should endeavour. 28. Children weep. 29. Kings should rejoice. 30. Clouds will spread. 31. Houses will burn. 32. Books will disappear. 33. Sons get up. 34. Vows break. 35. Demons will run away. 36. Dogs quarrel. 37. Kings faint. 38. Children jump. 39. Grandsons should leap. 40. Human beings quarrel. 41. The children weep to sleep. 42. Having rejoiced, the maternal uncles should sit. 43. Having flied, the serpents will fall. 44. Having quarrelled, the sons embarrass. 45. The grandsons should get up to dance. 46. Having danced, the camels will tire. 47. Having fallen, the jewels break. 48. Having burnt, the houses will fall. 49. Having barked, the dogs quarrel 50. The demons will jump to die. 51. Having rejoiced, the sons should live. 52. Having emanated, the human beings should rejoice. 53. Having leaped, the children should jump. 54. The grandsons should endeavour to dance. 55. Having rejoiced, the kings should sit. 56. Having fainted, the demons will die. 57. Having run away, the children should play. 58. Having danced, the sons tire.
46
Example: -
Dogs bark =
Kukkura/Kukkurā
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 12, study lesson 31of “Apabhraṁśa Grammar and Composition”.

Bukkahim/Bukkanti/ Bukkante/Bukkire

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(B) In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and Verbs in
brackets are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Masculine Nouns in Nominative case Plural Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms and Verbal forms.
1. Narinda (Hasa) Pre. 3. Sayara (Sukka) Fu.
5. Mitta (Ullasa) Fu.
7. Bålaa (Kanda) Fu.
9. Maula (Uttha) Imp. 11. Pada (Sukka) Pre. 13. Karaha (Palà) Fu. 15. Gantha (Jala) Pre. 17. Potta (Khela) Imp. 19. Sappa (Uḍḍa) Pre. 21. Rayana (Uppajja) Pre. 23. Siha (Baisa) Pre. 25. Rakkhasa (Mara) Fu. 27. Rayana (Soha) Fu. 29. Gantha (Nassa) Fu. 31. Raya (Harisa) Imp. 33. Ghara (Jala) Pre. 35. Potta (Kulla) Imp. 37. Mitta (Uttha) Imp. 39. Rakkhasa (Muccha) Fu.
Example: - Narinda/Narindā
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

2. Putta (Harisa) Imp.
4. Gavva (Gala) Imp.
6. Diara (Ghuma) Pre.
8. Nara (Jara) Pre.
10. Ghara (Paḍa) Fu. 12. Vaya (Tuṭṭa) Pre. 14. Kukkura (Bukka) Pre. 16. Jaṇera (Saya) Fu. 18. Agama (Soha) Imp. 20. Kūva (Sukka) Pre. 22. Raya (Ujjama) Imp. 24. Duha (Nassa) Imp. 26. Karaha (Nacca) Pre. 28. Nara (Ujjama) Imp. 30. Putta (Kampa) Pre. 32. Duha (Gala) Fu. 34. Sappa (Vala) Fu. 36. Putta (Ucchala) Imp. 38. Maula (Dara) Pre.
Hasahim/Hasanti/ Hasante/Hasire.

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(C) (i). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs
in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Kukkura (Bukka, Baisa) 2. Rayana (Pada, Tutta) 3. Ghara (Jala, Pada) 4. Potta (Thakka, Ghuma) 5. Vaya (Gala, Ņassa) 6. Pada (Jala, Khaya) 7. Bālaa (Saya, Kanda) 8. Nara (Uppajja, Mara) 9. Putta (Ņacca, Thakka) 10. Rakkhasa (Mara, Kulla)
Example: - Kukkura/Kukkurā Baisi/Baisiu/Baisavi/Baisivi/Baiseppi/ Baiseppiņu/Baisevi/Baiseviņu Bukkahim/Bukkanti/Bukkante/ Bukkire.
(C) (ii). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs
in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Nara (Jiva, Harisa) 3. Diara (Ghuma, Uttha) 5. Potta (Ņacca, Uttha) 7. Narinda(Harisa, Baisa) 9. Putta (Khela, Vijama)
2. Karaha (Thakka, Ņacca) 4. Rayaņa (Soha, Uppajja) 6. Máula (Kulla, Ujjama) 8. Bālaa (Nacca, Uttha) 10. Balaa (Palä, Khela)
48
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Example: - Nara/Nară Harisevam/Harisaņa/Harisanaham/Harisaṇahim/ Hariseppi/Hariseppiņu/Harisevi/Hariseviņu Jivantu/Jiventu.
(C) (iii). In the following a-ending Masculine Nouns and two Verbs
in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Putta (Kalaha, Lajja) 2. Rakkhasa (Kulla, Mara) 3. Sappa (Udda, Pada) 4. Pada (Jala, Ņassa) 5. Dukkha (Uppajja, Khaya) 6. Bālaa (Ruva, Saya) 7. Karaha (Ņacca, Thakka) 8. Rayana (Pada, Tutta) 9. Bālaa (Pala, Khela)
Example: - Putta/Putta Kalahi/Kalahiu/Kalahivi/Kalahavi/Kalahevi/ Kalaheviņu/Kalaheppi/Kalaheppiņu Lajjesahim/Lajjesanti/ Lajjihihim/Lajjihinti.
(D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Case
endings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case-ending in each of following Nouns.
1. Narinda
4. Kukkura
2. Karaha 5. Gavvă
8. Piāmaha 11. Bhava
3. Pottā 6. Mitta
9. Nara 12. Sayara
7. Balaa 10. Sappa
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13. Huavaha
14. Pada
17. Rayaņā
20. Marua
16. Haņuvantā 19. Agama 22. Rakkhasă 25. Gama 28. Ghara
15. Siha 18. Diara 21. Kiyantā 24. Bappa 27. Dujjasă 30. Māula
23. Dukkha 26. Rāyā 29. Vaya
Example
Person
Case ending
0
Narinda
Number Original Gender
Noun Plural) Narinda Masculine Singular
Third Person
50
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Exercise 13 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all
the alternatives of inflected a-ending Neuter Nouns, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. The wealth increases. 2. Rice will grow. 3. Wine should separate. 4. The government will spread. 5. Addictions should disappear. 6. The small bundle falls down. 7. Pleasure should increase. 8. Milk will drop. 9. Suffering should decrease. 10. States should endeavour. 11. Youth blooms. 12. Moral conduct should shine. 13. The sky roars. 14. Detachment should increase. 15. The citizen will sleep. 16. The aircraft should fly. 17. The paper dries up. 18. The sneeze dicreases. 19. The state mistakes. 20. The truth should bloom. 21. Wood will burn. 22. Water may drop. 23. The song should shine. 24. The gambling should separate. 25. Grass grows. 26. Water drops. 27. Food should decrease. 28. The fear should disappear. 29. Blood drops. 30. The field burns. 31. The cloth will dry up. 32. Wood burns. 33. Food will increase. 34. Clarified butter trickles. 35. The head aches. 36. Rice grows. 37. The forest disappears. 38. Moral conduct shines. 39. The cloth will burn. 40. Water will drop. 41. Having bloomed, beauty appears. 42. Having vanished, the thread breaks. 43. The citizen should endeavour to wake up. 44. Having stayed, the aircraft will fly. 45. The state quarrels to spread. 46. Having stayed the citizen will appear. 47. Having shined, the song will appear. 48. The citizen should endeavour for jumping. 49. The government enthuses for endeavouring. 50. Having increased, the knowledge should appear. 51. Having grown, the rice increases. 52. The mind should calm down. 53. Having broken, the thread will disappear. 54. Having dropped, the milk spreads. 55. Having decreased, the debt disappears. 56. The citizen plays for rejoicing.
Example: - The wealth increases. =
Dhaņa/Dhaņā/ Vaddhai/Vaddheil Dhanu
Vaddhae.
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 13, study lessons 33-34 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
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(B) In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and Verbs in brackets
are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Neuter Nouns in Nominative case Singular Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms and Verbal forms.
1. Patta (Sukka) Pre. 2. Sila (Soha) Imp. 3. Sásaņa (Pasara) Fu. 4. Dhana (Vaddha) Pre. 5. Majja (Chutta) Imp. 6. Khira (Cua) Fu. 7. Jovvana (Saya) Fu. 8. Veragga (Vadąha) Imp. 9. Nayarajaņa (Saya) Fu. 10. Chikka (Ghata) Pre. 11. Vimāņa (Uđờa) Imp. 12. Dhanna (Uga) Fu. 13. Naha (Guñja) Pre. 14. Rajja (Ujjama) Imp. 15. Sokkha (Vaddha) Imp. 16. Pottala (Ludha) Pre. 17. Rajja (Cukka) Pre. 18. Vattha (Sukka) Fu. 19. Lakkuda (Jala) Fu. 20. Vasaņa (Nassa) Imp. 21. Tiņa (Uga) Pre. 22. Bhaya (Khaya) Imp. 23. Gáma (Vasa) Fu. 24. Ratta (Cua) Pre. 25. Jūa (Chuțţa) Imp. 26. Vattha (Sukka) Pre. 27. Bhoyaņa (Vaddha) Fu. 28. Gāņa (Guñja) Imp. 29. Maraņa (Sijjha) Pre. 30. Kattha (Jala) Pre. 31. Ghaya (Tava) Pre. 32. Dhanna (Uga) Imp. 33. Vattha (Jala) Fu. 34. Khetta (Nassa) Pre. 35. Vaņa (Jala) Pre. 36. Udaga (Cua) Pre. 37. Pottala (Ludha) Fu. 38. Vimāņa (Udda) Pre. 39. Sokkha (Vaddha) Fu. 40. Nayarajaņa (Jagada) Pre.
Example: Patta/Pattā/Pattu
Sukkai/Sukkei/Sukkae
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(C) (i). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in
brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Sutta (Gala, Tutta) 2. Ruva (Viasa, Phura) 3. Rajja (Cukka, Khijja) 4. Maņa (Lobha, Kila) 5. Dhanna (Uga, Vaddha) 6. Dhana (Jagada, Hava) 7. Khira (Cua, Pasara) 8. Riņa(Ghata, Ņassa) 9. Såsaņa (Cettha, Ucchaha)10. Nayarajaņa (Harisa, Khela)
Example: - Sutta/Suttā/Suttu Gali/Galiu/Galavi/Galivi/Galevil Galeviņu/Galeppi/Galeppiņu Tut/ai/Tutței/Tuttae.
(C) (it). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in
brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Nayarajana (Jägara, Cettha) 2. Nāņa (Vaddha, Phura) 3. Maņa (Khela, Rama) 4. Sasaņa (Vaddha, Pasara) 5. Dhanna (Uga, Soha) 6. Majja (Chuţta, Ņassa) 7. Sacca (Phura, Soha) 8. Nayarajana (Thà, Vijja) 9. Kamma (Ghata, Ņassa) 10. Vimāņa (Udda, Soha)
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Example: Nayarajaņa/Nayarajaņā/Nayarajaņu Jägarevam/ Jägarapa/Jāgarapaham/Jāgaranahiņ/Jägarevi/Jägareviņu/ Jägareppi/Jägareppiņu Cetthau/Cettheu.
(C) (iii). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs
in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Vimáņa (Cittha, Udda) 2. Nayarajana (Jägara, Ujjama) 3. Sutta (Tutta, Nassa) 4. Gana (Guñja, Phura) 5. Nayarajaņa (Vijja, Baisa) 6. Vana (Jala, Khaya) 7. Tiņa (Uga, Vaddha) 8. Udaga (Cua, Pasara) 9. Sila (Phura, Soha) 10. Rajja (Pasara, Vaddha)
Example: - Vimāņa/Vimāņā/Vimāņu Ciţthi/Citthiu/Citthavi/Ciţthivi/ Citthevi/Cittheviņu/Cittheppi/Cittheppiņu Uddesai/Uddesae/Uddihii/Uddihie.
(D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Case
endings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case-ending in each of following Nouns.
1. Dhaņu 4. Sāsaņa
7. Sila 10. Veraggu
2. Mana 5. Pattu 8. Nayarajana
3. Khetta 6. Sokkha
9. Bhayu 12. Majju
11. Ratta
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13. Suttă
16. Chikku
19. Tiņu
22. Jovvanu
25. Asanu
28. Bia
Example -
Dhanu

14. Vimāṇā
17. Lakkuḍu
20. Bhoyaṇā
23. Kammu
26. Vattha
29. Riņu
Person
Apabhramsa Exercise Book
Third Person
15. Rajja
18. Udagă
21. Suha
24. Nāṇā
27. Kaṭṭhā
30. Sira
Number Original Gender Case
Noun
ending
Singular Dhana

Neuter
u
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Exercise 14
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁśa. Write all the alternatives of inflected a-ending Neuter Nouns, Verbal forms and Participles.
1.The wealth should increase. 2. Addictions disappear. 3. Small bundles fall down. 4. Papers burn. 5. States endeavour. 6. Citizens will sleep. 7. Aircrafts may fly. 8. Papers dry up. 9. Sneezes decrease. 10. Woods will burn. 1 1. Citizens grieve. 1 2. Songs will shine. 13. States mistake. 14. Papers may dry up. 15. Forests disappear. 16. Threads decrease. 17. Fears will disappear. 18. Rice grow. 19. Addictions should disappear. 20. Songs shine. 21. The small bundle may fall down. 22. Rice will grow. 23. The citizen should endeavour. 24. Woods burn. 25. Forests burn. 26. Small bundles will fall down. 27. Rice may grow. 28. Fears should disappear. 29. Aircrafts fall. 30. The citizen should run away. 31. Aircrafts will fly. 32. Threads break. 33. Cloths burn. 34. Citizens jump. 35. Fields disappear. 36. States shine. 37. Seeds grow. 38. Having burnt, the threads will disappear. 39. Having mistaken, the citizens grieve. 40. Seeds will grow to increase. 41. Having grown, the rice increases. 42. The citizens enthuse to wake up. 43. Having burnt, the woods disappear. 44. Having thundered, the clouds appear. 45. Having decreased, the debt will disappear, 46. Having fallen down, the small bundles fall. 47. Having enthused, the states endeavour. 48. The citizens get up to dance. 49. The states quarrel to spread. 50. Having appeared, the citizens will rejoice. 51. Having fallen, the aircrafts disappear. 52. Having endeavoured, the citizens should play. 53. Having stayed, the aircrafts will fly. 54. Having grown, the seeds increase. 55. Having burnt, the papers disappear. 56. Having jumped, the citizens run away. 57. Having dried up, the cloths burn.
Example: -
The wealth should increase
56
=
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 14, study lesson 35 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".

Dhana/Dhana/Dhanaim/ Dhanaim Vaddhantu/Vadḍhentu

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(B) In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and Verbs in brackets
are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Neuter Nouns in Nominative case Plural Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms and Verbal forms.
1. Vimana (Uḍda) Imp.
3. Dhana (Vadḍha) Imp.
5. Rajja (Ceṭṭha) Imp.
7. Lakkuda (Jala) Fu. 9. Patta (Sukka) Imp. 11. Gāṇa (Guñja) Fu. 13. Dhanna (Uga) Pre. 15. Vasana (Nassa) Imp. 17. Pottala (Luḍha) Imp. 19. Bhaya (Khaya) Fu. 21. Rajja (Cukka) Pre. 23. Dhanna (Uga) Fu. 25. Lakkuda (Jala) Pre. 27. Poṭṭala (Luḍha) Fu. 29. Vana (Khaya) Fu. 31. Vimana (Uḍḍa) Pre. 33. Nayarajana (Palā) Imp. 35. Sutta (Tuṭṭa) Pre. 37. Nayarajana (Kulla) Imp. 39. Majja (Nassa) Imp.
Example :
Vimāṇa/Vimāṇā/Vimāṇaim/Vimāṇāiṁ Uḍḍantu/Uḍḍentu
Apabhraṁśa Exercise Book
2. Vasana (Nassa) Pre.
4. Pottala (Ludha) Pre. 6. Nayarajana (Loṭṭa) Imp.
8. Nayarajana (Khijja) Imp. 10. Chikka (Ghața) Pre. 12. Vattha (Soha) Imp. 14. Khetta (Vaḍḍha) Fu. 16. Gāṇa (Guñja) Pre. 18. Patta (Sukka) Pre. 20. Nayarajana (Khijja) Pre. 22. Sokkha (Vaddha) Pre. 24. Nayarajana (Cettha) Pre. 26. Nayarajaṇa (Vasa) Fu. 28. Dhanna (Uga) Imp. 30. Bhaya (Nassa) Imp. 32. Sasana (Pasara) Imp. 34. Vimāņa (Udda) Fu. 36. Vattha (Jala) Pre. 38. Khetta (Nassa) Pre. 40. Bia (Uga) Fu.

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(C) (i). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in
brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Dhanna (Uga, Vaddha) 3. Găņa (Guñja, Phura) 5. Rajja (Pasara, Jagada) 7. Bia (Uga, Vaddha) 9. Vattha (Gala, Khaya)
2. Nayarajana (Cukka, Khijja) 4. Potšala (Ludha, Pada) 6. Vimāņa (Pada, Ņassa)
8. Nayarajaņa (Kudda, Pala) 10. Nayarajaņa (Harisa, Vijja)
Example: - Dhanna/Dhannā/Dhannaim/Dhannāim Ugi/Ugiu/Ugavi/Ugivi/ Ugevi/Ugeviņu/Ugeppi/Ugeppiņu Vaddhahim/Vaddhanti/ Vaddhante/Vaddhire.
(C) (ii). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in
brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Nayarajana (Ņacca, Uttha) 2. Vasaņa (Chuțţa, Ņassa) 3. Bhaya (Ņassa, Pala) 4. Gāņa (Guñja, Pasara) 5. Vimāņa (Cittha, Udda) 6. Nayarajana (Jägara, Cettha) 7. Sāsaņa (Vaddha, Pasara) 8. Dhanna (Uga, Soha) 9. Rajja (Vasa, Pasara) 10. Khira (Cua, Pasara)
58
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Example: -
Nayarajana/Nayarajaṇā/Nayarajaṇaim/Nayarajanāiṁ Utthi/ Uṭṭhiu/Utthavi/Uṭṭhivi/Uṭṭhevi/Uṭṭheviņu/Uṭṭheppi/
Uttheppiņu Naccantu/Naccentu.
(C) (iii). In the following a-ending Neuter Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the FutureTense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Vimana (Cittha, Udda)
3. Gāṇa (Guñja, Phura)
5. Sutta (Gala, Tuṭṭa)
7. Lakkuda (Jala, Nassa)
9. Nayarajana (Jägara, Ceṭṭha)10. Vasaṇa (Chuṭṭa, Nassa)
Example : .
Vimana/Vimaṇā/Vimāṇaiṁ/Vimānāim Ciṭṭhi/Citthiu/Citthavi/
Citthivi/Citthevi/Cittheviņu/Cittheppi/Cittheppiņu Uddesahim/Uddesanti/Uḍḍihihim/Uḍḍihinti.
2. Nayarajana (Țha, Vijja) 4. Rina (Ghatța, Nassa)
6. Bia (Vaddha, Uga)
8. Gāņa (Viasa, Phura)
(D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Caseendings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case-ending in each of following Nouns.
1. Dhana
4. Pattaiṁ
7. Nayarajaṇā
10. Vasaṇaim
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

2. Khettä
5. Lakkuda
8. Rajjäim
11. Rattā
3. Sāsaṇa
6. Sokkhāim
9. Bhayaim
12. Tiņāiṁ

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13. Bhoyaņaim 16. Bia 19. Pottalāim 22. Vatthaim 25. Dhanaim 28. Pottala
14. Nåņair 17. Sāsaņaim 20. Chikka 23. Kamma 26. Såsaná 29. Chikkaim
15. Suttaim 18. Gāņāim 21. Dhannaim 24. Nayarajaņāim 27. Rajja 30. Vattha
Example -
Person
Number Original Gender Case Noun
ending Singular/ Dhaņa Neuter 0 Plural
Dhapa
Third Person
60
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Exercise 15
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁśa. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Mother rejoices. 2. Faith should increase. 3. Education will spread. 4. Sister deteriorates. 5. Hunger should calm down. 6. Speech tires. 7. Wine should separate. 8. Thirst will occur. 9. The order appears. 10. Daughter should rejoice. 11. The river will dry up. 12. The wealth decreases. 13. Wisdom should succeed. 14. The desire will calm down. 15. The cave will disappear. 16. Wife fears. 17. Speech should appear. 18. Compassion separates. 19. The Ganges spreads. 20. Reputation should increase. 21. Examination will occur. 22. Thirst occurs. 23. The woman should enthuse. 24. Sītā will delay. 25. The sleep should decrease. 26. The woman should mortify. 27. Daughter coughs. 28. Praise will spread. 29. The pit increases. 30. The Yamuna will dry up. 31. Intelligence should bloom. 32. Daughter vomits. 33. The girl will rejoice. 34. Daughter sleeps. 35. Desire should decrease. 36. The night occurs to sleep. 37. The Narmada will spread. 38. Splendour should increase. 39. Daughter should breathe. 40. Sītā shines. 41. Spleandour disappears. 42. Having feared, the daughter sleeps. 43. Having calmed down, the sister should sit. 44. Husband's sister will stop to go round. 45. Having whined, the daughter weeps. 46. Having increased, the education should spread. 47. Having delayed, the girl comes down. 48. Having calmed, the daughter sleeps. 49. Having stayed, wife should sleep. 50. Having vomited, the mother calms down. 51. Having enthused, the woman should endeavour. 52. Having decreased, the desire should calm down. 53. Having deteriorated, husband's sister jumps. 54. The daughter should stop for sitting. 55. Having increased, the wealth shines.
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 15, study lessons 37 to 38 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
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Example : - Mother rejoices - Māyā/Māya Harisai/Harisei/Harisae.
(B) In the following å-ending Feminine Nouns and Verbs in
brackets are given. Form sentences by using a-ending Feminine Nouns in Nominative case Singular Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms and Verbal forms.
1. Ganga (Pasara) Pre. 2. Jāà (Biha) Pre. 3. Saddhà (Vaddha) Imp. 4. Sikkhå (Pasara) Fu. 5. Vāya (Thakka) Pre. 6. Pannā (Sijjha) Imp. 7. Karuņa (Phura) Fu. 8. Kamala (Ghata) Pre. 9. Dhūā (Harisa) Imp. 10. Sasă (Chijja) Pre. 11. Ahilāsā (Uvasama) Fu. 12. Māyā (Ullasa) Pre. 13. Vāyā (Phura) Imp. 14. Parikkhā (Hava) Fu. 15. Ņisā (Lagga) Pre. 16. Mahila (Ucchaha) Imp. 17. Kannā (Cirava) Fu. 18. Ņiddā (Ghata) Imp. 19. Suya (Khasa) Pre. 20. Mahila (Cettha) Imp. 21. Saria (Sukka) Fu. 22. Gaddă (Vaddha) Pre. 23. Mehā (Viasa) Imp. 24. Taņayā (Vama) Pre. 25. Nananda (Utara) Fu. 26. Taṇhā (Ghata) Imp. 27. Dhūå (Uvasama) Pre. 28. Suya (Ussasa) Imp. 29. Guha (Nassa) Fu. 30. Soha (Khaya) Pre. 31. Maira (Chuţta) Imp. 32. Paittha (Vaddha) Imp. 33. Siya (Utara) Pre. 34. Āņå (Phura) Pre. 35. Jară (Vaddha) Pre. 36. Jaunā (Sukka) Fu. 37. Kahă (Hava) Fu. 38. Kalasiya (Cua) Pre. 39. Sañjhā (Ho) Fu. 40. Nisă (Hava) Pre.
ra) Fre,
62
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Example: - Gangā/Ganga Pasarai/Pasarei/Pasarae.
(C) (i). In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs
in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Suyā (Biha, Lotta) 2. Nananda (Gadayada, Ruva) 3. Kannā (Cirava, Utara) 4. Dhūá (Cirāva, Ruva) 5. Māyā (Vama, Uvasama) 6. Kannā (Uvasama, Uvavisa) 7. Sasā (Khása, Vama) 8. Mahilā (Chijja, Kudda) 9. Jäă (Ussasa, Thambha) 10. Jhumpaļā (Vasa, Ho)
Example: - Suya/Suya Bihi/Bihiu/Bihavi/Bihivi/Bihevi/Biheviņu/ Biheppi/Biheppiņu Lottai/Lottei/Lottae.
(C) (ii). In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs
in brackets are given. For making sentences, use a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Sasă (Uvasama, Uvavisa) 2. Sikkhả (Vaddha, Pasara) 3. Jää (Cittha, Lotta) 4. Mahila (Ucchaha, Cettha) 5. Tanha (Ghata, Uvasama) 6. Tanaya (Uvavisa, Thambha) 7. Kannā (Lotta, Uttha) 8. Kamala (Vadąha, Soha) 9. Sasă (Harisa, Ūtara) 10. Dhūà (Thambha, Kila)
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Example: -
Sasa/Sasa Uvasami/Uvasamiu/Uvasamavi/Uvasamivi/
Uvasamevi/Uvasameviņu/Uvasameppi/Uvasameppiņu
Uvavisau/Uvaviseu.
(C) (iii). In the following å-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use ä-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Dhūā (Thambha, Ceṭṭha) 2. Suyā (Kila, Harisa)
3. Jāā (Biha, Palā)
5. Sasa (Harisa, Ghuma) 7. Kannā (Ciräva, Ūtara) 9. Karuṇā (Soha, Phura)
64
Example: -
Dhüä/Dhúa Thambhevaṁ/Thambhaṇa/Thambhaṇaham/
Thambheppiņu Cetthesai/Cetthesae/Cetthihii/Cetthihie.
(D) In the following å-ending Nouns are given alongwith Caseendings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case-ending in each of the following Nouns.
1. Parikkha
4. Karuna
7. Nammaya
Thambhaṇahim/Thambhevi/Thambheviņu/Thambheppi/
10. Guhä
4. Mahila (Cukka, Khijja) 6. Naṇanda (Jagaḍa, Kudda) 8. Jhumpaḍā (Vasa, Ho) 10. Māyā (Loṭṭa, Ceṭṭha)

2. Sasa
5. Vâya
8. Bhukkhā
11. Maira
3. Māyā
6. Āṇā
9. Kalasiya
12. Dhúa

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14. Tisa
13. Mahila 16. Kaha
15. Nisa 18. Ahilāsā 21. Jhumpadā 24. Siya
19. Tanha
17. Ganga 20. Soha 23. Nananda 26. Nidda 29. Saddha
22. Saria 25. Jara 28. Jāā
27. Pasamsă
30. Mehā
Example -
Person
Number Original Gender
Noun Singular Parikkha Feminine
Case ending
0
Parikkha
Third Person
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Exercise 16 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Write all
the alternatives of inflected Nouns, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. Mothers rejoice. 2. Educations will spread. 3. Sisters sleep. 4. Desires will calm down. 5. Daughters should rejoice. 6. Caves will disappear. 7. Wives wake up. 8. Examinations will occur. 9. Women should enthuse. 10. Girls will delay. 11. Daughters calm down. 12. Women should mortify. 13. Ditches increase. 14. Daughters succeed. 15. Daughters will rejoice. 16. Husband's sisters come down. 17. Daughters should enthuse. 18. Mothers sit. 19. Speeches succeed. 20. Huts shine. 21. Examinations occur. 22. Daughters sit. 23. Rivers dry up. 24. Women endeavour. 25. Speeches should manifest. 26. Sisters will stay. 27. Having played, the daughters will rejoice. 28. The sisters quarrel for playing. 29. Having run away, the girls tire. 30. Having rejoiced, the mothers should live. 31. Having tired, the women should sleep. 32. Having danced, the daughters will tire. 33. Having calmed down, the sisters should sit. 34. Having rejoiced, the daughters will stay. 35. Having increased, the educations should spread. 36. Having feared, the girls come down. 37. Having tired, the daughters weep. 38. Having vomited, the mothers calm down. 39. The Wives should stay to sleep. 40. Having enthused, the women should endeavour. 41. Having decreased, the desires should calm down. 42. Having feared, the daughters sleep. 43. Husband's sisters will get up to go round. 44. Having stopped, the daughters should sit. 45. Having wept, the girls delay. 46. Having coughed, the sisters vomit. 47. The daughters weep to sleep. 48. The mothers should endeavour to live. 49. The daughters will rejoice to play. 50. Having danced, the daughters tire. 51. Having calmed down, the mothers should sit. 52. Having slept, the sisters should get up. 53. Husband's sisters should go round to tire. 54. The sisters should endeavour for waking up. 55. The girls will get up to sleep. 56. The daughters endeavour for dancing. 57. Having rejoiced, the sisters will go round.
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 16, study lesson 39 of “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
66
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Example: -
Mothers rejoice = Māyā/Māya/Mãyão/Mayao/Māyāu/Māyau Harisahim/ Harisanti/Harisante/Harisire.
(B) In the following å-ending Feminine Nouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences by using å-ending Feminine Nouns in Nominative case Plural Number according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives are Noun forms and Verbal forms.
1. Dhua (Utara) Pre.
3. Sikkha (Pasara) Fu.
5. Suya (Harisa) Imp. 7. Parikkha (Hava) Fu. 9. Sasă (Thambha) Fu. 11. Kannā (Pala) Imp. 13. Māyā (Vama) Pre. 15. Jāa (Uvavisa) Imp. 17. Saria (Sukka) Fu. 19. Suyǎ (Gaḍayada) Pre. 21. Māyā (Ceṭṭha) Imp. 23. Jää (Jägara) Imp. 25. Nananda (Cirava) Fu. 27. Kanna (Uvavisa) Fu. 29. Māyā (Khijja) Pre. 31. Taṇaya (Utara) Imp. 33. Ahilāsā (Vaḍḍha) Pre. 35. Sasa (Harisa) Imp. 37. Mahila (Vijja) Fu.
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

2. Mahila (Harisa) Imp.
4. Māyā (Harisa) Pre. 6. Jhumpaḍā (Soha) Pre. 8. Tanaya (Khasa) Pre. 10. Naṇandă (Ussasa) Fu. 12. Vāyā (Phura) Imp. 14. Guha (Khaya) Fu. 16. Vāyā (Sijjha) Pre. 18. Ahilāsā (Uvasama) Imp. 20. Kalasiyǎ (Luḍha) Pre. 22. Sasa (Jagaḍa) Fu. 24. Kanna (Chijja) Pre. 26. Parikkha (Hava) Pre. 28. Suya (Biha) Fu. 30. Dhūā (Kanda) Pre. 32. Sariă (Sukka) Pre. 34. Kalasiya (Tuṭṭa) Fu. 36. Suya (Thambha) Imp. 38. Kannā (Lobha) Pre.

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39. Naṇanda (Cukka) Pre. 40. Dhúa (Ucchaha) Imp.
Example: -
Dhua/Dhua/Dhūāu/Dhuau/Dhüão/Dhuao Utarahim/Ūtaranti/ Ūtarante/Ūtarire.
(C) (i).In the following å-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use à-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Sasa (Kila, Jagada)
2. Kannā (Biha, Ūtara)
3. Dhua (Kanda, Uvasama)
5. Suya (Biha, Loṭṭa) 7. Taṇaya (Kanda, Cirȧva)
4. Māyā (Vama, Uvasama) 6. Naṇanda (Chijja, Kanda) 8. Jhumpaḍā (Vasa, Ho)
9. Mahila (Thambha, Uvavisa) 10. Kanna (Nacca, Thakka)
Example : -
68
Sasa/Sasa/Sasão/Sasao/Sasau/Sasau Kilevaṁ/Kilaņa/
Kilaṇaham/Kilaṇahim/Kilevi/Kileviņu/Kileppi/Kileppiņu
Jagaḍahim/Jagadanti/Jagaḍante/Jagaḍire.
(C) (ii). In the following a-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences, use à-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Māyā (Harisa, Jiva)
3. Sasa (Jägara, Cettha)

2. Jää (Loṭṭa, Ciṭṭha)
4. Nananda (Thakka, Ghuma)
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5. Suyå (Thambha, Uvavisa) 6. Tanhà (Ghața, Uvasama) 7. Sikkhā (Vaddha, Pasara) 8. Māyā (Ucchaha, Cettha) 9. Sasā (Uvasama, Uvavisa) 10. Dhūá (Rama, Kila)
Example: Māyā/Māya/Máyău/Mayau/Mayão/Máyao Harisi/Harisiu/ Harisavi/Harisivi/Harisevi/Hariseviņu/Hariseppi/ Hariseppiņu Jivantu/Jiventu.
(C) (iii). In the following å-ending Feminine Nouns and two Verbs
in brackets are given. For making sentences, use ā-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative case Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Kannā (Lotta, Vţtha) 3. Dhūā (Kīla, Rama) 5. Guhå (Jala, Ņassa) 7. Jāā (Biha, Pala) 9. Jhumpaļā (Vasa, Ho)
2. Sasă (Harisa, Ghuma) 4. Sikkhā (Vaddha, Pasara) 6. Suyā (Biha, Kanda) 8. Mahilā (Jägara, Uttha) 10. Naṇandā (Jagada, Kanda)
Example: - Kannā/Kanna/Kannau/Kannau/Kannão/Kannao Lotti/Lotţiu/ Lottavi/Loțțivi/Loțțevi/Loļševiņu/Lotteppi/Lotteppiņu Utthesahim/Utthesanti/Utthihihim/Utthihinti.
(D) In the following a-ending Nouns are given alongwith Case
endings. Point out the Person, Number, Original Noun, Gender and Case -ending in each of the following Nouns.
2. Parikkhau
3. Mayão
1. Siya 4. Kahấu
5. Tanayao
6. Ahilása
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9. Mahila
12. Sikkhau 15. Gaddau 18. Kannau
7. Gangão 10. Nisau 13. Jhumpadão 16. Jāau 19. Pasaṁsão 22. Siyão 25. Suyau 28. Māyau
8. Ņananda 11. Saria 14. Kalasiya 17, Guhao 20. Dhūao 23. Jhumpada 26. Vănão 29. Sikkhão
21. Mahilão
24. Sasau 27. Sariau 30. Nisā
Example
Person
Number Original Gender Case Noun
ending Singular/ Siya Feminine 0 Plural
Siya
Third Person
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Exercise 17 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Write all
the alternatives of inflected Nouns, Verbal forms and Participles. 1. The camel sits. 2. The aircraft may fly. 3. Examination will occur. 4. The dog barks. 5. The government should spread. 6. Girls will dance. 7. Books burn. 8. Pleasure should increase. 9. Sister vomits. 10. The king should rejoice. 11. The small bundle falls down. 12. The small earthen water pots break. 13. Grandson should rejoice. 14. Citizens will wake up. 15. The wealth increases. 16. Clouds thunder. 17. Detachment should increase. 18. Desire will calm down. 19. The cloth dries up. 20. Beauty will bloom. 21. Education will spread. 22. Maternal uncle should get up. 23. Water drops. 24. Rivers will dry up. 25. Disgrace spreads. 26. Suffering should decrease. 27. Caves will disappear. 28. Vows shine. 29. Knowledge should succeed. 30. Sisters will stay. 31. Son trembles. 32. Moral conduct shines. 33. Thirst will occur. 34. Demons should die. 35. Seeds will grow. 36. Women should enthuse. 37. Lions run away. 38. The truth should bloom. 39. Speech tires. 40. Having jumped, the demons die. 41. The citizen will endeavour to wake up. 42. Daughter rejoices. 43. Having wept, the children will sleep. 44. Having stayed, the aircraft will fly. 45. Having decreased, the desire may calm down. 46. Having risen, the sun shines. 47. Man should endeavour for living. 48. The daughter will rejoice for playing. 49. Having tired, the maternal uncles sit. 50. Having burnt, the thread disappears. 51. Having delayed, the girl comes down. 52. Having fallen, the jewel will break. 53. The state quarrels to spread. 54. Having stayed, the daughter will get up. 55. Having burnt, the books disappear. 56. Having endeavoured, the citizens should play.
Example : The camel sits : Karaha/Karaha/Karahu/Karaho Acchai/Acchei/
Acchae. Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 17, study lessons 29 to 39 of “Apabhrarśa Grammar and Composition”.
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(B) In the following Nouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form
sentences Nominative Singular or Plural Number and use Tense as directed. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms and Verbal forms.
1. Kukkura (Bukka) Pre.
3. Sikkha (Pasara) Fu.
5. Lakkuda (Jala) Imp. 7. Parikkha (Hava) Fu. 9. Putta (Kuṭṭa) Pre. 11. Salila (Cua) Imp. 13. Ghara (Pada) Pre. 15. Meha (Viasa) Fu. 17. Rajja (Ceṭṭha) Imp. 19. Maula (Palà) Pre. 21. Kamalā (Ghața) Pre. 23. Veragga (Vaddha) Imp. 25. Huavaha (Jala) Fu. 27. Tisa (Lagga) Fu. 29. Vimāna (Uḍḍa) Pre. 31. Vāyā (Sijjha) Pre. 33. Mahila (Ucchaha) Imp. 35. Bia (Uga) Fu.
37. Dujjasa (Pasara) Pre. 39. Karaha (Nacca) Pre.
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Example:
2. Patta (Sukka) Imp.
4. Potta (Nacca) Pre.
6. Ahilǎsä (Uvasama) Fu. 8. Vattha (Sukka) Imp. 10. Māyā (Thambha) Fu. 12. Vaya (Gala) Pre. 14. Sasana (Pasara) Imp. 16. Meha (Gajja) Pre. 18. Kannă (Cirȧva) Fu. 20. Jovvaṇa (Viasa) Pre. 22. Dukkha (Gala) Imp. 24. Pannā (Sijjha) Imp. 26. Rajja (Ucchaha) Fu. 28. Mehā (Viasa) Pre. 30. Agama (Soha) Imp. 32. Nayarajaṇa (Cettha) Imp. 34. Nara (Ujjama) Fu. 36. Guha (Nassa) Fu. 38. Sila (Soha) Imp.
Kukkura/Kukkurā/Kukkuru/Kukkuro Bukkai/Bukkei/Bukkae.

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(C) (i). In the following Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given.
For making sentences use Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number or Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Kukkura (Bukka, Uvavisa) 2. Salila (Cua, Pasara) 3. Sasa (Khása, Vama) 4. Nara (Uppalja, Mara) 5. Gāņa (Guñja, Phura) 6. Suya (Loțţa, Kanda) 7. Diara (Vala, Uvavisa) 8. Vaya (Gala, Ņassa) 9. Jhumpada (Vasa, Ho) 10. Vasaņa (Chutta, Nassa)
Example: - Kukkura/Kukkura/Kukkuru/Kukkuro Bukki/Bukkiu/Bukkavi/ Bukkivi/Bukkevi/Bukkeviņu/Bukkeppi/Bukkeppiņu Uvavisai/Uvavisei/Uvavisae.
(C) (ii). In the following Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are
given. For making sentences use Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number or Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Rahunandaņa (Harisa, Accha) 2. Rajja (Pasara, Soha) 3. Gāņa (Guðja, Phura) 4. Mahila (Ucchaha, Cettha) 5. Gāma (Vasa, Pasara) 6. Vasaņa (Chuțţa, Ņassa) 7. Janera (Hasa, Jiva) 8. Divāyara (Soha, Uga) 9. Sasa (Uvasama, Uvavisa) 10. Sikkha (Vaddha, Pasara)
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Example : -
Rahunandana/Rahunandana/Rahuṇandaṇu/Rahunandano Harisi/Harisiu/Harisavi/Harisivi/Harisevi/Hariseviņu/ Hariseppi/Hariseppiņu Acchau/Accheu.
(C) (iii). In the following Nouns and two Verbs in brackets are given. For making sentences use Nouns in the Nominative case Singular Number or Plural Number, choose any one Verb for adding the suffixes of the Absolutive or Infinitive to it, and add the suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb. Write all the alternatives of Noun forms, Verbal forms and Participles.
1. Sutta (Gala, Tuṭṭa)
3. Vimāṇa (Tha, Uḍḍa) 5. Suya (Khela, Rama) 7. Ghara (Paḍa, Nassa) 9. Gantha (Jala, Ṇassa)
Example : .
Sutta/Sutta/Suttu Gali/Galiu/Galavi/Galivi/Galevi/Galeviņu/ Galeppi/Galeppiņu Tuṭṭesai/Tuttesae/Tuttihii/Tuttihie.
(D) In the following Nouns are given alongwith Case-endings. Point out the Person, Number, Original form, Gender and Case-ending in each of the following Nouns.
1. Sokkhaim
4. Vimāņu
7. Rajjāiṁ
10. Lakkuḍu
13. Sāsaṇā
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2. Rayana (Pada, Tuṭṭa)
4. Dhua (Thambha, Cittha) 6. Sasă (Harisa, Kila)
8. Udaga (Sukka, Nijjhara) 10. Mahilă (Ucchaha, Ceṭṭha)

2. Sasa
5. Tanayâu
8. Māya
11. Mehão
14. Parikkha
3. Putto
6. Vayȧ
9. Sappu
12. Agamo
15. Paramesaro

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16. Chikku
18. Rayana
17. Suyao 20. Āņa 23. Raya 26. Karuņā 29. Dhanaim
19. Vatthaim 22. Bhoyaņu 25. Khettu 28. Såyarā
21. Dujjasu 24. Sariyau
27. Bhavo
30. Udaga
Example -
Person
Number Original Gender Case Noun
ending Plural Sokkha Neuter im
Sokkhain
Third Person
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Exercise 18
Past Participle
In the exercises 1 to 17, the suffixes of the Present Tense, Imperative and the Future Tense along with the suffixes of the Absolutive and Infinitive have been dwelt upon. But in Apabhraíśa there do not exist any independent suffixes for dealing with the Past Tense. So for expressing the purport of the Past Tense, the Past Participle is used. Study lesson No. 41 of “Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition" before solving the exercises related with it.
The suffixes of the Past Participle are a and ya. By adding these suffixes to the Verbs a of a-ending Verbs is changed into t; as, Hasa - Hasia and Hasiya. When the Personal Pronoun is in the Masculine Gender, the inflection of the Past Participle will be according to the Masculine Noun 'Deva' and when the Personal Pronoun is in the Feminine Gender, the inflection of the Past Participle will be according to Kaha. (i) Masculine Singular Deva/Devā/ + Hasia/Hasia/
Devu/Devo Hasiu/Hasio (ii) Masculine Plural Deva/Deva - Hasia/Hasia/ (i) Feminine Singular Kahă/Kaha + Hasiā/Hasia (iv) Feminine Plural Kahā/Kaha) - Hasia/Hasia/
Kahāu/Kahau/ Hasiàu/Hasiau/ Kahão/Kahao Hasião/Hasiao
(1) I (Mas.) laughed - Here Personal Pronoun is Masculine Singular. So the Past Participle of Hasa-Hasia/Hasiya will be inflected according to Deva in Singular Number.
As, Haur Hasia/Hasiã/Hasiu/Hasio (Here Personal Pronoun, Haum is in the Nominative Masculine Singular .) Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 18, study lesson 41 of “Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition".
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(ii) I (Fem.) laughed - Here Personal Pronoun is Feminine Singular. So the inflection of Past Participle will be according to Kaha in Singular Number. As, Haum
Hasia/Hasia (Here Personal Pronoun, Haum is in the Nominative Feminine Singular.)
(iii) We (Mas.) laughed - Here Personal Pronoun is Masculine Plural. So the Past Participle will be inflected according to Deva in Plural Number.
As, Amhe/Amhaim Hasia/Hasia (Here Personal Pronoun, Amhe/Amhaim is in the Nominative Masculine Plural.)
(iv) We (Fem.) all laughed - Here Personal Pronoun is Feminine Plural. So the inflection of Past Participle will be according to Kahā in Plural Number.
As, Amhe/Amhaiṁ Hasiā/Hasia/Hasiãu/Hasiau/Hasião/ Hasiao (Here Personal Pronoun, Amhe/Amhaim is in the Nominative Feminine Plural.)
In the Same Way -
(v) You (Mas.) laughed
(vi) You (Fem.) laughed
(vii) You (Mas.) all laughed
(viii) You (Fem.) all laughed
(ix) He laughed
(x) She laughed
(xi) They (Mas.) all laughed
(xii) They (Fem.) all laughed -
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-
Tuhum Hasia/Hasia/Hasiu/Hasio.
Tuhum Hasia/Hasia
Tumhe/Tumhaim Hasia/Hasia
Tumhe/Tumhaim Hasia/Hasia/ Hasiau/Hasiau/Hasião/
Hasiao
So Hasia/Hasia/Hasiu/Hasio
Så Hasia/Hasia
Te Hasia/Hasia
Tā
Hasia/Hasia/Hasiau/Hasiau/
Hasião/Hasiao

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(A-1) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle.
Afterwards, add the suffixes of the a-ending Masculine Nouns in Nominative Singular.
1. Hasa 4. Rūsa 7. Jiva 10. Gala
2. Saya 5. Lukka 8. Kanda
3. Nacca 6. Jagga 9. Harisa
Example Past
According to a-ending Masculine Nouns Participle Nominative Singular Hasa Hasia/Hasiya Hasia/Hasiā/Hasio/Hasiu/
Hasiya/Hasiya/Hasiyo/Hasiyu (A-2) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle.
Afterwards, add the suffixes of the a-ending Masculine Nouns in Nominative Plural.
1. Nacca 4. Soha
7. Tha 10. Nassa
2. Khaya 5. Sukka 8. Bukka
3. Jala 6. Pala 9. Uga
Example Past
According to a-ending Masculine Nouns Participle Nominative Plural Nacca Ņaccia/ Naccia/Nacciā/
Ņacciya Nacciya/Nacciyā (A-3) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle.
Afterwards, add the suffixes of the a-ending Neuter Nouns in Nominative Singular. 1. Vaddha 2. Viasa
3. Guñja 4. Kudda
5. Jāgara 6. Vijja 7. Chutta 8. Vasa
. Cukka 10. Khijja
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Example -
Vaddha
Past
Participle
Vadḍhia/
Vaddhiya
(A-4) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of the a-ending Neuter Nouns
in Nominative Plural.
1. Viasa
4. Khāsa
7. Útara
10. Vala
Viasa
Example Past
Example -
1. Uttha
4. Lajja
7. Mara
10. Saya
According to a-ending NeuterNouns Nominative Singular
Past
Participle
Vaddhia/Vaddhia/Vadḍhiu
Vaddhiya/Vaddhiya/Vaddhiyu
Participle Nominative Plural
Viasia/
Viasiya/
Uttha Utthia/
Utthiya
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2. Ho
5. Uvasama
8. Tuṭṭa
(A-5) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle. Afterwards, change them into the Feminine by making them å-ending. Thereafter add the suffixes of å-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative Singular.
According to a-ending Neuter Nouns
Viasia/Viasia/Viasiaim/Viasiȧim/
Viasiya/Viasiyā/Viasiyaiṁ/Viasiyāim
3. Cukka
6. Thambha
9. Udda
2. Thå
5. Accha
8. Khela
å-ending
Form
Utthia/
Utthiya
3. Hasa
6. Bhida
9. Kulla
According to ȧ-ending
Feminine Nouns
Nominative Singular
Utthia/Utthia/
Utthiya/Utthiya

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(A-6) Change the following Verbs into the Past Participle.
Afterwards, change them into the Feminine by making them a-ending. Thereafter add the suffixes of a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative Plural.
1. Jagga 4. Utara
7. Hava 10. Rama
2. Chijja 5. Thambha 8. Ucchaha
3. Biha 6. Ussasa 9. Cettha
Example
Past Participle
à-ending Form
Jagga
Jaggia/
Jaggia/ Jaggiya
According to a-ending Feminine Nouns Nominative Plural Jaggia/Jaggia/Jaggiấu/ Jaggiau/Jaggião/Jaggiao/ Jaggiya/Jaggiya/Jaggiyau/ Jaggiyau/Jaggiyão/Jaggiyao
Jaggiya
(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraíśa. Make
Past Participles from the suffixes of a-ending Nouns (Mas. and Neu.) and those of a-ending Nouns (Fem.) in accordance with the Gender and Number of the Nouns and Personal Pronouns. Write all the alternatives. 1. The king laughed. 2. Son got up. 3. The vow disappeared. 4. The jewel fell. 5. The fire burned. 6. Disgrace spread. 7. The book disappeared. 8. The child wept. 9. Hanumăna Jumped. 10. The demon died. 11. Clouds thundered. 12. Kings laughed. 13. Sons got up. 14. Vows disappeared. 15. Jewels fell. 16. Cloths dried up. 17. Villages shined. 18. Grandsons sat. 19. The aircraft flied. 20. The government spread. 21. Kingdom increased. 22. The small bundle fell down. 23. Moral conduct manifested. 24. Beauty bloomed. 25. Wood burned. 26. The forest ended. 27. The head ached. 28. The truth bloomed. 29. Aircrafts flied. 30. Papers dried up. 31. Pleasures increased. 32. Kingdoms increased. 33. Woods burned. 34. Addictions separated. 35. Cloths dried up. 36. Threads
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broke. 37. Songs shined. 38. Fields shined. 39. Examination occurred. 40. Sister stopped. 41. The hut shined. 42. Education spread. 43. The river dried up. 44. Daughter slept. 45. The Yamunā spread. 46. Wife feared. 47. Daughter stayed. 48. Praise spread. 49. Daughters sat. 50. Examinations occurred. 51. Sisters stopped. 52. Educations spread. 53. Daughters slept. 54. Daughters woke up. 55. Rivers dried up. 56.Desires increased. 57. Huts shined. 58. Caves disappeared. 59. I woke up. 60. He stayed. 61. You rejoiced. 62. I (Fem) sat. 63. You slept. 64. She laughed. 65. I (Mas.) ran away. 66. He turned. 67. You got up. 68. He played. 69. We all woke up. 70. They all stayed. 71. You all rejoiced. 72. We both sat. 73. You all slept. 74. They all jumped. 75. We both ran away. 76. They both turned. 77. You both sat. 78. They all played. Example The King laughed = Narinda/Narindā) Hasia/Hasta/
Narindu/Narindo Hasiu/Hasio
(C-1) Use the following Masculine Nouns in the Nominative
Singular or the Nominative Plural and change the verbs given in brackets into Past Participles, and then make sentences by adding any one suffix of the Absolutive or Infinitive to the Verbs given in the middle. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns and Past Participles.
1. Kukkura ....Bukka (Accha) 2. Putta ....Biha (Kanda) 3. Gantha ....Jala (Nassa) 4. Mitta ....Harisa (Jiva) 5. Potta. .....Nacca (Uttha) 6. Rayaņa ....Pada (Tutta) 7. Jañera ....Jāgara (Dula) 8. Karaha .... Thakka (Nacca) 9. Duha ....Gala (Ņassa) 10. Vaya .... Tutta (Gala)
Example
Kukkura/Kukkurā/ Kukkuru/Kukkuro
Bukki Acchia/Acchia/
Acchiu/Acchio
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(C-2) Use the following Neuter Nouns in the Nominative
Singular or the Nominative Plural and change the verbs given in brackets into Past Participles, and then make sentences by adding any one suffix of the Absolutive or Infinitive to the Verbs given in the middle. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns and Past Participles. 1. Vimāņa....Udda(Thambha) 2. Sāsaņa ....Pasara (Vaďąha) 3. Lakkuda ....Nassa (Jala) 4. Nayarajaņa....Kudda (Pala) 5. Sutta .....Gala (Tutta) 6. Potala ....Ludha (Pada) 7. Ghaya ....Cua (Pasara) 8. Bhaya .... Khaya (Pala) 9. Bia .... Uga (Vaddha) 10. Riņa ....Ghața (Nassa)
Example -
Vimāņa/Vimāņā/ Vimāņu
Udạiu Thambhia/Thambhiā/
Thambhiu
(C-3) Use the following Feminine Nouns in the Nominative
Singular or the Nominative Plural and change the verbs given in brackets into Past Participles, and then make sentences by adding any one suffix of the Absolutive or Infinitive to the Verbs given in the middle. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns and Past Participles. 1. Siya.... Thakka (Lotta) 2. Dhúa .... Biha (Kanda) 3. Sasā .... Nacca (Thakka) 4. Mahilā.... Dara (Palá) 5. Taņay...... Rūsa (Ruva) 6. Jāā ....Uvasama (Uvavisa) 7. Tanha ....Ghata (Nassa) 8. Jhumpadā ....Vasa (Hava)
9. Pasaṁsā ..... Vaddha(Pasara) 10. Kannā ....Kudda (Utara) Example
Sīyā/Siya Thakkiu Lottiā/Lottia.
(C-4) Use the following Personal Pronoun in the Nominative
Singular or the Nominative Plural and change the verbs given in brackets into Past Participles, and then make sentences by adding any one suffix of the Absolutive or
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Infinitive to the Verbs given in the middle. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns and Past Participles.
1. Ta....Nacca (Thakka) 2. Amha .... Dara (Palā) 3. Tumha ....Ucchaha (Ujjama) 4. Tā.... Khela (Saya) 5. Ta... Mara (Kulla) 6. Amha .... Cirāva (Utara) 7. Tumha .... Thakka (Ghuma) 8. Tā ....Kanda (Muccha) 9. Amha ....Harisa (Kila) 10. Ta ....Kalaha (Lajja)
Example -
Te
avi
Thakkia/Thakkia
Point out the suffix, Number, Gender and Original Verb in the following Past Participles.
1. Hasia 4. Thāao 7. Laggia 10. Sukkiao 13. Galia 16. Naccia 19. Lukkião 22. Hoaim 25. Jujjhiaim 28. Ujjamia
2. Viasialm 5. Bihiāu
8. Cukkia 11. Kheliai 14. Nassiaim 17. Jiviau 20. Jaggiau 23. Sayia 26. Ghumia 29. Lajjiau
3. Utthiau 6. Thambhiao
9. Kuddiu 12. Uvasamião 15. Harisiã 18. Acchiair 21. Jāgaria 24. Utariao 27. Dariais 30. Bhidiāu
Example
Hasia
Original Gender Number Suffix Verb Hasa Mas./ Singular/ a
Neuter/ Plural
Feminine Viasa Neuter Plural a
Viasiain
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Exercise 19 (A-1) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle.
Afterwards, add the suffixes of a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative Singular.
1. Hasa 3. Saya 5. Rūsa
2. Dara 4. Ņacca 6. Lajja
Example -
Verb
Present Participle
Hasa Hasanta
According to a-ending Masculine Nouns Nominative Singular Hasanta/Hasantă/Hasantu/ Hasanto Hasamāna/Hasamāņa/Hasamānu/ Hasamano
Hasamaņa
(A-2) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle.
Afterwards, add the suffixes of a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Nominative Plural.
1. Hasa 3. Khaya 5. Soha
2. Nacca 4. Jala 6. Uvasama
Example -
Verb
Present Participle
According to a-ending Masculine Nouns Nominative Plural Hasanta/Hasanta Hasamāņa/Hasamāņā
Hasa Hasanta
Hasamana
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 19, study lesson 42 of “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition”.
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(A-3) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of a-ending Neuter Nouns in
the Nominative Singular.
1. Vaddha
3. Gunja
5. Jägara
Example -
Verb
Vaddha Vaddhanta
Present
Participle
Example -
1. Viasa
3. Thambha
5. Udda
Vaddhamāņu
(A-4) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle. Afterwards, add the suffixes of a-ending Neuter Nouns in
the Nominative Plural.
Verb Present
Vaḍdhamāņa Vaddhamāṇa/Vaddhamana/

Participle
Viasa Viasanta
2. Viasa
4. Kudda
6. Útara
According to a-ending
Neuter Nouns
Nominative Singular
Vaddhanta/Vaḍḍhanta/
Viasamāņa
Vaddhantu
2. Ho
4. Tuṭṭa
6. Dara
According to a-ending Neuter Nouns
Nominative Plural
Viasanta/Viasantă/
Viasantaim/Viasantaim
Viasamana/Viasamāṇā/
Viasamāṇaim/Viasamāṇāiṁ
(A-5) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle. Afterwards, change them into the Feminine by making
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them å-ending. Thereafter add the suffixes of the å-ending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative Singular.
1. Nacca 3. Lajja 5. Bhida
2. Uttha 4. Hasa 6. Ruva
Example •
Verb
Present Participle
ä-ending Form
Nacca Naccanta
Naccamána
Nacca Naccanta
According to å-ending Feminine Nouns Nominative Singular Naccantă/Naccanta Naccamāna/ Naccamāņa
Ņaccantă Ņaccamāņā
Naccant
(A-6) Change the following Verbs into the Present Participle.
Afterwards, change them into the Feminine by making them å-ending. Thereafter add the suffixes of the åending Feminine Nouns in the Nominative Plural.
1. Saya 3. Biha 5. Certha
2. Jagga 4. Thambha 6. Harisa
Example -
Verb
Present Participle
ā-ending Form
Saya
Sayanta
Sayanta
According to ā-ending Feminine Nouns Nominative Plural Sayantā/Sayanta/ Sayantāu/Sayantau/ Sayantão/Sayantao Sayamāņā/ Sayamāņa/ Sayamåņău/ Sayamanau/ Sayamánão/ Sayamánao
Sayamāņa
Sayamāņā
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(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Make
Present Participle from the suffixes of a-ending Nouns (Mas. and Neu.) and those of a-ending Nouns (Fem.) in accordance with the Gender and Number of the Nouns and Personal Pronoun. Write all the alternatives.
1. The embarrassing son sits. 2. The barking dog runs away. 3. The trembling demons sit. 4. The fearing child weeps. 5. The burning fire vanishes. 6. Dancing camels tire. 7. Increasing moral conduct blossoms. 8. The burning wood disappears. 9. Increasing detachment shines. 10. The enthusing mother sits. 11. Increasing reputation shines. 12. The grieving women go round. 13. Increasing faith shines. 14. Vanishing Karmas separate. 15. Embarrassing, he hides. 16. Playing, I rejoice. 17. Dancing, you tire. 18. Weeping, you all quarrel. 19. Playing, we all rejoice. 20. Quarrelling, you all fight. 21. The Laughing man should live. 22. The rejoicing father should endeavour. 23. The enthusing child should play. 24. The enthusing women should endeavour. 25. The calming down girl sits, 26. Rejoicing, you should play. 27. Rejoicing, I should dance. 28. Laughing, you all sit. 29. Running away, we all should play. 30. The succeeding truth will shine. 31. Increasing education will spread. 32. Dancing girls will tire. 33. Falling jewels will break. 34. Endeavouring men will jump. 35. The sitting grandson will turn. 36. The jumping demons will die. 37. Laughing, I shall live. 38. Jumping, you will tire. 39. Rejoicing, she will dance. 40. Endeavouring, we all shall wake up. 41. Calming down, they all will sit. 42. Fearing, you all hide. 43. Dropping clarified butter fell. 44. The endeavouring grandfather sat. 45. The endeavouring friend rejoiced. 46. The fighting grandsons trembled. 47. The whining son sat. 48. Dropping water dried up. 49. The floundering demon died. 50. The coveting citizen lived. 51. The rejoicing daughter got up. 52. Burning grass disappeared. 53. Playing, I rejoiced. 54. Fearing, she wept. 55. Grieving, we sat. 56. Stopping, they all came down. 57. Calming down, they all sat. 58. Jumping, we all tired.
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Example The embarrassing = Putta/Puttā/ Lajjanta/Lajjantă/ son sits
Puttu/Putto Lajjantu/Lajjanto
Acchai/ Acchei/ Acchae.
(C-1) For making sentences use the following Nouns and
Pronouns as subjects in the Nominative Singular or Plural Number, and choose any one Verb from the Verbs given in brackets for changing it to Present Participle and add suffixes of the Present Tense to the other Verb.
1. Karaha .... Ņacca, Thakka) 2. Veragga.... (Vaddha, Soha) 3. Jhumpaļā.... (Pada, Ņassa) 4. Tā.... (Dara, Palá) 5. Amha .....(Kila, Harisa) 6. Tumha.... (Ucchaha, Cettha)
Example • (The dancing camel tires)
Karaha/Karahā Ņaccanta/Naccanta Karahu/Karaho Naccantu/Ņaccanto
Thakkai/Thakkei/ Thakkae
(C-2) For making sentences use the following Nouns and
Pronouns as subjects in the Nominative Singular or Plural Number, and choose any one Verb from the Verbs given in brackets for changing it to Present Participle and add suffixes of the Imperative to the other Verb.
1. Rajja .... (Vaddha, Pasara) 2. Mahilā.... (Ucchaha, Cettha) 3. Balaa.... (Ucchaha, Khela) 4. Tumha.... (Hasa, Accha) 5. Amha .....(Palā, Khela) 6. Ta .... (Uvasama, Baisa)
Example - (The increasing kingdom should spread.)
Rajja/Rajja/ Vaddhanta/Vaddhanta/ Rajju
Vaddhantu
Pasarau/
Pasareu
(C-3) For making sentences use the following Nouns and
Pronouns as subjects in the Nominative Singular or Plural
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Number, and choose any one Verb from the Verbs given in brackets for changing it to Present Participle and add suffixes of the Future Tense to the other Verb.
1. Sacca .... (Sijjha, Soha) 2. Rakkhasa....(Kulla, Mara) 3. Kanna .... (Nacca, Thakka) 4. Tä.... (Uvasama, Accha) 5. Tumha.....(Dara, Lukka) 6. Amha .... (Cettha, Jägara)
Example - (The succeeding truth will shine.)
Sacca/Saccă Sijjhanta/Sijjhantal Saccu
Sijjhantu
Sohesai/Sohesael Sohihii/Sohihie.
(C-4) For making sentences use the following Nouns and
Pronouns as subjects in the Nominative Singular or Plural Number, and choose any one Verb from the Verbs given in brackets for changing it to Present Participle and add suffixes of the Past Participle for expressing the purport of the Past Tense to the other Verb. 1. Potta .... (Jujjha, Kampa) 2. Putta.... (Gadayada, Baisa) 3. Suya .... (Harisa, Uttha) 4. Tā.... (Dara, Kanda) 5. Tumha.....(Khijja, Uvavisa) 6. Amha .... (Kudda, Thakka)
Example - (The trembling grandson fought.)
Potta/Pottál Kampanta/Kampantā/ Jujjhia/Jujjhiä/ Pottu/Potto Kampantu/Kampanto Jujjhiu/Jujjhio.
(D)
Point out the suffix, Number, Gender and Original Verb in the following Present Participles.
1. Hasanta
2. Viasamāna
4. Kuddantau 5. Ramantao
7. Citthantu 8. Cirāvamāņā 10. Chuťtanto 11. Jāgaranta
13. Thambhamâņaim 14. Utarantāir Apabhraísa Exercise Book
3. Vaddhantaim 6. Guñjamāņu
9. Phuranta 12. Ghatamāņo 15. Khāsanta
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16. Gaļayadamāņaim 17.Lajjamāņu
18. Darantu
19. Utthanta
20. Thakkantais
Example -
Hasanta
Original Gender Number Suffix Verb Hasa Mas./ Singular/ nta
Neuter/ Plural Feminine
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(A-1) Write the inflected forms of a-ending Masculine Nouns in the Instrumental Singular and Plural.
1. Narinda
4. Mitta
7. Rakkhasa
Example -
a-ending Masculine
Noun
Narinda
1. Kamala
4. Khetta
7. Lakkuda
Example -
a-ending Neuter
Noun
Exercise 20
Kamala
2. Karaha
5. Paramesara
8. Janera
Instrumental
Singular
Narindem/
Narindeņa/
Narindeņaṁ
(A-2) Write the inflected forms of a-ending Neuter Nouns in the Instrumental Singular and Plural.

2. Rajja
5. Vattha
8. Naha
3. Divȧyara
6. Gantha
9. Meha
Instrumental
Singular
Kamalem/
Kamalena/
Kamalenam
Instrumental
Plural
Narindahim/
Narindahim/
Narindehim
3. Poṭṭala
6. Kamma
9. Nāṇa

Instrumental
Plural
(A-3) Write the inflected forms of a-ending Feminine Nouns in the Instrumental Singular and Plural.
Kamalahim/
Kamalāhim/
Kamalehim
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 19, study lesson 44 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
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Example -
å-ending Feminine
Noun
Sasă
1. Sasă
4. Kahā
7. Mahilā
Verb
Hasa
1. Amha
3. Ta
Example -
92
(A-4) Write the inflected forms of Personal Pronoun in the Instrumental Singular and Plural.
1. Hasa
4. Pada
7. Khela
10. Saya
2. Māyā
5. Kannå
8. Parikkha
Instrumental
Singular
Sasãe/Sasae
(B) Change the following Verbs into Past Participles. Write their Nominative Neuter Singular forms.

2. Tumha
4. Tā
2. Lajja
5. Ghuma
8. Kulla
11. Biha
3. Jarā
6. Jhumpaḍā
9. Soha
Past
Participle
Hasia/
Hasiya
Instrumental
Plural
Sasahim/Sasahim
3. Thakka
6. Ucchala
9. Jujjha
12. Pasara
Neuter Nominative
Singular
(C) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁsa. For making sentences use Instrumental Singular or Plural in accordance with the Number (Singular or Plural) of Nouns and Personal Pronouns. Use the Past Participle of the Neuter Gender in the Nominative Singular for expressing the purport of the Past Tense.

Hasia/Hasia/Hasiu Hasiya/Hasiya/Hasiyu
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1. The king laughed. 2. The dog barked. 3. The citizen woke up. 4. Grandson danced. 5. The girl danced. 6. The friend rejoiced. 7. The demons died. 8. The examination occurred. 9. Daughter coughed. 10. The ocean dried up. 11. The aircraft flied. 12. The small bundle fell down. 13. The lion roared. 14. Mother rejoiced. 15. Wife feared. 16. The camel sat. 17. The son slept. 18. The cloth dried up. 19. He tired. 20. You delayed. 21. I sat. 22. Kings laughed. 23. Friends rejoiced. 24. Demons died. 25. Daughter coughed. 26. Lions roared. 27. Mothers rejoiced. 28. Camels sat. 29. Sons sat. 30. Dogs barked. 31. Citizens woke up. 32. Girls danced. 33. Oceans dried up. 34. Wells dried up. 35. Jewels shine. 36. States fought. 37. Women calmed down. 38. Aircraft flied. 39. Girls hided. 40. Citizens grieved. 41. Mothers rejoiced. 42. Kings appeared. 43. Children played. 44. You all feared. 45. They tired. 46. We sat. 47. You all delayed. 48. They (women) slept. 49. We went round.
Example • The King laughed - Narindeṁ/Narindeņa/
Narindenam
Hasia/Hasia/ Hasiu.
Kings laughed =
Narindahim/Narindāhiṁ) Narindehim
Hasia/Hasia/ Hasiu.
(D) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. For
expressing the purport of the Past Tense use the Past Participle in Active Voice and Impersonal form. Write all the alternatives.
Active Voice
Impersonal form
This does not exist in english.
1. The friend rejoiced. 2. The king laughed. 3. The demon jumped. 4. Daughter coughed. 5. Grandson Jumped. 6. Mothers rejoiced.
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7. The dog barked. 8. Wife feared.
9. Son slept. 10. The citizen woke up. 11. The camel sat. 12. Water dropped. 13. Disgrace spread. 14. The fire burned. 15. Reputation decreased. 16. Pleasure vanished. 17. The aircraft flied. 18. The small bundle fell down 19. The cloth dried up. 20. The book burned. 21. Girls danced. 22. Clouds thundered. 23. Oceans dried up. 24. Jewels shined 25. The Woman calmed down.
Example : Active Voice -
The friend - rejoiced
Mitta/Mitta/Mittu/Mitto Harisia/Harisia/ Harisiu/Harisio.
Impersonal Form
The friend : rejoiced
Mitter/Mittena/Mittenam Harisia/Harisia/Harisiu.
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Exercise 21 (A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Write all
the alternatives of Noun Forms, Pronoun Forms, Verbal Forms and Participle Forms. 1. The king laughs. 2. Kings laughed. 3. The king will laugh. 4. The King laughed. 5. The king laughed (Impersonal form). 6. Child sit. 7. Children sat. 8. Children will sit. 9. The child sat. 10. The child sat (Impersonal form). 11. The aircraft flies. 12. Aircrafts flied. 13. The aircraft will fly. 14. The aircraft flied. 15. The Aircraft flied (Impersonal form). 16. The citizen appeared. 17. Citizens appeared (Impersonal form). 18. The citizen will appear. 19. Citizens appeared. 20. Citizens appeared (Impersonal form). 21. Mother rejoices. 22. Mother should rejoice. 23. Mother will rejoice. 24. Mother rejoiced. 25. Mother rejoiced (Impersonal form). 26. Girls hide. 27. Girls hided. 28. Girls will hide. 29. Girls hided (Impersonal form). 30. He wakes up. 31. He should wake up. 32. He will wake up. 33. He woke up. 34. He woke up (Impersonal form). 35. You all stop. 36. You all should stop. 37. You all will stop. 38. You all stopped. 39. You all stopped (Impersonal form). 40. I stay. 41. I should stay. 42. I shall stay. 43. I stayed. 44. I stayed (Impersonal form). 45. They all come down. 46. They all should come down. 47. They all will come down. 48. They all came down. 49. They all came down (Impersonal form). 50. Sità gets up to sleep. 51. Sītā should get up to sleep. 52. Sità will get up to sleep. 53. Sītā got up to sleep. 54. Sītā got up to sleep (Impersonal form). 55. You get up to dance. 56. You should get up to dance. 57. You will get to dance. 58. You got up to dance. 59. You got up to dance (Impersonal form). Example The King laughs = Narinda/Narinda/ Hasai/Hasei/
Narindu/Narindo Hasae. Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 21, study lessons 1 to 44 of “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition”.
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(B) In the following Noun forms and Personal Pronoun forms
point out the Original word, Person, Number, Case and Gender in each of the following. Write the Suffixes of Noun forms. 1. Narindu
2. Pottahim 3. Narem 4. Vimāņu
5. Rajjaim 6. Veraggā 7. Kamalău
8. Tanayảe 9. Sasåhim 10. Gangão
11. Karaho 12. Ganthenam 13. Rahunandanehim 14. Divāyaru 15. Kuva 16. Nayarajana 17. Chikka 18. Bhoyanahim 19. Kammeń
20. Nanena 21. So 22. Taim
23. Tau 24. Amhe 25. Maim
26. Tumhehim 27. Tá 28. Tena
29. Tāhirn 30. Amhaim
Number Case
Gender Suffix
Example
Original Person
Word Narindu Narinda Third
Person
Singular
Nominative
Mas.
u
(C) In the following Participles point out Original Verb, suffix and
the name of the Participle. Wherever possible write Case, Number and Gender of the Participle.
1. Hasiu 4. Rūsiä 7. Sayia 10. Acchantă
2. Naccanta 5. Lukkanto 8. Lajjiaim 11. Padantău
13. Ghumanta
14. Bhidiu
3. Jivio 6. Jaggamano 9. Daramāņaim 12. Utthantu 15. Nijjhariā 18. Pasaramāņā 21. Jalanahar 24. Kandevi 27. Hasanaham 30. Jaggeppi
16. Jalanta
17.Sukkantaim 19. Bukkamäņāim 20. Kandantă 22. Sohaņahiṁ 23. Pasarivi 25. Tuttaņa
26. Viasevam 28. Phureviņu 29. Nacci
96
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Example -
Original Verb
Suffix
Case
Number
Hasir
Gender Name
of the Participle
Absolutive Mas.
Past Neu. Participle
Hasiu Hasiu
Hasan
lu
Hasa Hasa
Nominative Singular
Nominative Singular
Mas.
Naccanta Ņacca
nta
Nominative Singular
Mas. Neu. Femi.
Present Participle
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Exercise 22
(A-1) Make the obligatory and Potential Participles by adding
the suffix “avva" to the following Verbs. Write their inflected forms in Nominative Singular Neuter Gender.
1. Hasa 3. Kalaha 5. Ghuma
2. Lajja 4. Accha 6. Cettha
Example
Obligatory and Verb Potential Participles
Obligatory and Potential Participles (Inflected form) Nominative Singular Neuter Gender Hasiavva/Hasiavvā/Hasiavvu Haseavva/Haseavvă/Haseavvu
Hasa Hasiavva
Haseavva
(A-2) Make the obligatory and Potential Participles by adding
the suffix "ievvaum, evvaum and evā” to the following Verbs. Write their inflected forms in Nominative Singular Neuter Gender. (There is no need of inflection in them).
1. Hasa 3. Thambha 5. Jāgara
2. Uvasama 4. Kudda 6. Thakka
Example
Obligatory and Potential Participles (un Inflected form)
Verb
Hasa
Hasievvaurn/Hasevvaum/Hasevā
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 22, study lesson 48 of "Apabhraíśa Grammar and Composition”.
98
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(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁsa. For making these sentences use Instrumental Singular or Plural in Nouns and Personal Pronouns and for expressing the purport of the Imperative use the inflected and uninflected forms of the Obligatory and Potential Participle.
1. The king should laugh. 2. The friend should rejoice. 3. Son should sleep. 4. King should laugh. 5. Friends should endeavour. 6. Sons should sleep. 7. The kingdom should fight. 8. The aircraft should fly. 9. Kingdoms should fight. 10. Aircrafts should fly. 11. Mother should rejoice. 12. The girl should hide. 13. Mother should rejoice. 14. Girls should hide. 15. He should play. 16. You should laugh. 17. I should endeavour. 18. She should dance. 19. We should endeavour. 20. They all should rejoice.
Example
The king should laugh Narindem/Narindena/
Narindeṇam
1. Narinda (Hasa)
3. Sasă (Jagga)
5. Potta (Kulla)
Apabhramsa Exercise Book
=

(a)
(b)
Hasiavva/Hasiavva/
Hasiavvu
Haseavva/Haseavvā/
(C) In the following Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs in brackets are given. Form sentences by adding the Inflected and Uninflected suffixes of Obligatory and Potential Participle to the Verbs.
Haseavvu.
(Inflected form)
Hasievvaum/Hasevvaum/
Hasevā.
(Uninflected form)
2. Kamala (Viasa)
4. Amha (Lukka)
6. Vimāna (Uḍḍa)

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7. Māyǎ (Harisa)
9. Tā (Ṇacca)
Example
Kamalem/Kamalena/
Kamalenam
(The lotus should
bloom)
100
1. Hasiavva
4. Dareavva
7. Paḍeavvu 10. Ucchaliavva 13. Mareavva
16. Jujjheavvu 19. Rūsiavva
Example -
Hasiavva Hasa
8. Tumha (Ujjama)
10. Rajja (Jujjha)
(a)

(b)
(D) In the following Obligatory and Potential Participles point out the Original Verb, Number, Case and Suffix. In each of the following also tell whether the suffixes are inflected or Uninflected.
Original Number Case
Verb
Viasiavva/Viasiavvǎ/
Viasiavvu
Viaseavva/Viaseavvä/
Viaseavvu.
(Inflected form)
Viasievvaum/Viasevvaum/
Viasevā.
(Uninflected form)
2. Lajjievvaum 3. Ruvevvaum
5. Thakkiavvā
6. Acchevä
8. Uṭṭhiavvu
9. Ghumeavvā
11. Ujjamievvaum 1 2. Kampevvauṁ
14. Kheliavvä
15. Kulleva
17. Sayiavvu
18. Nacceavvā
20. Lukkievvaum 21. Viasevvaum
Suffix
Singular Nominative avva

Inflected/
Uninflected
Forms
Inflected
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Exercise 23
(A-1) Change the following Verbs into the Impersonal form. Add
the suffixes of the third Person Singular to them in all the
Tenses. (Present, Imperative and Future) 1. Hasa
2. Nacca 3. Lukka
4. Gala 5. Harisa
6. Ullasa
Example -
Future
Impersonal Present
Imperative form Hasijja/ Hasijjai/Hasiyai Hasijjau/ Hasiya Hasijjae/Hasiyae Hasiyau
Hasa
Hasesai/etc.
(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraíśa. For
making sentences use Nouns and the Personal Pronouns in the Instrumental Singular or Plural. For expressing the different Tenses add the suffixes of the Impersonal form to the Verbs and thereafter add the suffixes of the third Person Singular concerning a particular Tense.
1. The king laughs. 2. The lotus blooms. 3. Sister wakes up. 4. I dance. 5. You jump. 6. He gets up. 7. She rejoices. 8. Kings rejoice. 9. Lotuses bloom. 10. Sisters wake up. 11. We danced. 12. You all jumped. 13. They get up. 14. They rejoice. 15. Son should play. 16. The citizen should appear. 17. Mother should sit. 18. I should sleep. 19. You should endeavour. 20. He should jumped. 21. She should hide. 22. Sons should play. 23. The citizen should appear. 24. Mothers should sit. 25. We should sleep. 26. You both
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 23, study lesson 46 of “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
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should endeavour. 27. They should jump. 28. They (Fem.) Should jump. 29. The Dog will bark. 30. The aircraft will fly. 31. The girl will covet. 32. He should leap. 33. She will grieve. 34. You will delay. 35. I shall come down. 36. Dogs will bark. 37. The aircraft will fly. 38. Girls will covet. 39. They will leap. 40. We all will come down. 41. They will grieve. 42. You all will delay.
Example :
The king laughs
- Narindem/Narindena/ Narindenam
Hasijjai/Hasivai/ Hasijjae/Hasiyae
Kings laugh
- Narindahim/Narindāhim/ Hasijjai/Hasiyai/ Narindehim
Hasijjae/Hasiyae
(C) In the following Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs in
brackets are given. Make sentences of Impersonal form in accordance with the Tenses as directed and use Nouns or Personal Pronouns in Singular and Plural Number. 1. Narinda (Hasa) Pre.
2. Kukkura (Bukka) Pre. 3. Mitta (Harisa) Imp.
4. Siha (Gajja) Imp. 5. Janera (Accha) Imp.
6. Divāyara (Uga) Fu. 7. Kamala (Viasa) Pre.
8. Sila (Phura) Imp. 9. Rajja (Ujjama) Imp. 10. Vimāņa (Udda) Fu. 11. Siyā (Hasa) Pre
12. Sasā (Jagga) Pre. 13. Māyā (Harisa) Imp. 14. Mahila (Uvasama) Imp. 15. Amha (Kulla) Pre.
16. Amha (Khela) Pre. 17. Tumha (Harisa) Imp. 18. Tumhe (Ujjama) Imp. 19. Ta (Uvavisa) Fu.
20. Tă (Ņacca) Imp.
Example - (The king laughs) Narinder/Narindeņa/ Hasijjai/Hasiyai/Hasijjael Narindenar
Hasiyae
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(D) In the following Impersonal forms pick out the Original Verb,
Person, Number, Suffix and the Tense.
1. Hasijjai 3. Khayesai 5. Lobhijjau 7. Kullijjae 9. Ruvijjae
2. Galijjau 4. Kilijjai 6. Vasihie
8. Acchijjau 10. Bhidihii
Example
Number
Suffix
Tense
Impersonal Form
Original Verb
Personal Pronoun
Hasiijai
Hasa
Third
Singular
ijja
Present
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(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁśa. Write all the alternatives of the suffixes of Noun forms, Verb forms and Participle forms. For constructing the Impersonal form of the imperative, use both the imperative Verbal form and the obligatory and Potential Participle.
Active Voice
1. Children play.
2. Children laughed.
3. Children should play.
4. Children will play.
5. Mother rejoices.
6. Mother rejoiced.
7. Mother should rejoice.
8. Mother will rejoice.
9. I sleep.
10. I slept.
11. I should sleep.
12. I shall sleep.
Exercise 24
Example (Chidren should Play)
104
Bålaehim
(i) Balaahim/Balaahiṁ/Bālaehim Khelijjau
(ii) Bālaahim/Bālaāhiṁ/ (a) Kheliavva/Kheliavvå/Kheliavvu/
Kheleavva/Kheleavvä/Kheleavvu
(b) Kheleva/Khelevvaum/Khelievvaum
Impersonal form
The Impersonal form does
not exist in english.
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 24, study lessons 41 to 48 of “Apabhraṁsa Grammar and Composition".

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(B) In the following Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs in
brackets are given. Make sentences both in active voice and Impersonal form according to the Tenses as directed and use Nouns or Personal Pronouns in Singular or Plural Number. 1. Vimāņa (Udda) Pre. 2. Kannā (Lukka) Past. 3. Rajja (Jujjha) Fu.
4. Kukkura (Bukka) Pre. 5. Tā (Ņacca) Past.
6. Saddhā (Vaddha) Imp. 7. Māyā (Harisa) Imp. 8. Tumha (Thakka) Pre. 9. Ta (Ņhā) Past.
10. Suya (Khela) Pre.
Example 1. Vimāna/Vimana/
Vimåņu
Vdựai/Uddei/Uddae (Active Voice)
2. Vimāņeń/Vimāņeņa/
Vimánenar
Uddijjai/Uddiyai (Impersonal form)
(C) The following sentences are given in the Active Voice. Turn
them from the Active Voice to the impersonal form.
1. Mäula/Maula/Maulu/Maulo
2. Mitta/Mittă
Harisantu/Harisentu.
3. Nara/Nara
Ujjamesahim/Ujjamesanti/ Ujjamihihim/Ujjamihinti Jalahim/Jalanti/ Jalante/Jalire.
4. Lakkuda/Lakkuda/
Lakkudaim/Lakkudāim 5. Vattha/Vatthā/
Vatthais/Vatthair
Sukkia/Sukkia/ Sukkialm/Sukkiäim.
6. Haum
7. Tuhum
Tháui/Thini. Lukkahi/Lukkasi/ Lukkase/Lukkesi.
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8. So
Ņhãi.
9. Hauń
Ņaccamu/Ņaccemu.
10. Ta
Ņaccia/Ņaccial Ņacciāu/Ņacciau/ Ņaccião/Ņacciao
Example Active Voice Māula/Māulu/ Utthau/
Māulā/Māulo Uttheu Impersonal form (i) Mauler/Mäulena/
Utthijjau/Utthiyau Maulenar (i) Māuler/Mäulena/ Utthiavva/Utthiavvā/Utthiavvu/ Māulenam
Uttheavva/Uttheavva/Uttheavvu/ Utthevá/Ufthevvaus/Utthievvauí
(D) The following sentences are given in the Impersonal form.
Turn them from the Impersonal form to the Active Voice.
1. Kukkures/Kukkurena/
Kukkureņaí
Bukkijjai/Bukkijjael Bukkiyai/Bukkiyae
2. Pottahim/Pottahim/
Pottehiṁ
Sayijjai/Sayijjael Sayiyai/Sayiyae
3. Narahim/Narāhim/
Narehim
Ujjamesai/Ujjamesael Ujjamihii/Ujjamihie
4. Mittahim/Mittahim/
Mittehim
Harista/Harisiä/ Harisiu
5. Lakkudahim/Lakkudāhim/ Jalia/Jalia/Jaliu
Lakkudehim
6. Paim/Taim
Utthijjai/Utthijjael Utthiyai/Utthiyae
106
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7. Mair
Kullijjai/Kullijjael Kulliyai/Kulliyae
8. Paim/Taim
Ņaccijjau/Ņacciyau Uvasamijjau/Uvasamiyau
9. Tern/Tema/Teņań
10. Maiṁ
Lukkia/Lukklā/Lukkiu
Example Kukkurer/ Kukkureņa/ Kukkurenarn
Kukkura/Kukkurā/ Kukkuru/Kukkuro
Bukkijjai/ Bukkiyai/ Bukkijjael Bukkiyae
Bukkai/ Bukkei/ Bukkae
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(A-1) Change the following a-ending Masculine Nouns into the Accusative Singular and Plural.
1. Narinda
4. Nara
7. Rakkhasa
10. Siha
Example -
Narinda
Example -
108
Noun
Bhoyaṇa
Exercise 25
1. Bhoyana
4. Nāņa
7. Khetta
10. Rajja
Accusative
Singular

2. Kukkura
5. Vaya
8. Salila
11. Karaha
Narinda/Narindā/
Narindu
(A-2) Change the following a-ending Neuter Nouns into the Accusative Singular and Plural.
2. Vimana
5. Sutta
8. Suha
11. Asana
Accusative
Singular
3. Janera
6. Meha
9. Divayara 12. Maula
Bhoyana/Bhoyanȧ/
Bhoyanu
Accusative
Plural
Narinda/Narinda
3. Kamma
6. Vattha
9. Nayarajaṇa
12. Khira
Accusative
Plural
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 25, study lesson 50-51 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
Bhoyaṇa/Bhoyanȧ/ Bhoyaṇaim/Bhoyaṇāim

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(A-3) Change the following ă-ending Feminine Nouns into the
Accusative Singular and Plural.
1. Māyā 4. Kaha 7. Kanna 10. Siya
2. Kamala 5. Saria 8. Pasaṁsā 11. Tanha
3. Nammayā 6. Guha
9. Ņisā 12. Mehā
Example •
Noun Maya
Accusative Singular Māyā/Māya
Accusative Plural Māya/Māya/Māyāu/Māyau/ Mayão/Mayao
(A-4) Change the following Personal Pronoun into the
Accusative Singular and Plural. 1. Amha
2. Tumha 3. Ta (Masculine) 4. Ta (Neuter) 5. Tă (Feminine)
Example
Noun Amha
Accusative Singular Maim
Accusative Plural Amhe/Amhair
(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all
the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs.
1. The king salutes God. 2. The camel grazes grass. 3. Son salutes the mother. 4. You bring me up. 5. Father should protect the son. 6. The king should know the states. 7. Daughter should understand education. 8. You protect me. 9. Grandfather will nurture the grandson. 10. The Citizen will hear the song. 11. Mother will proctect the daughter. 12. She brings him up. 13. Ram salutes the Gods. 14. The government nurtures the states. 15. Sisters hear
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the stories. 16. She protects us. 17. The king should observe the vows. 18. Son should understand pleasures. 19. Daughter should listen to the instructions. 20. You should protect them. 21. She knows you. 22. Sītā will observe the vows. 23. They will protect the humen beings. 24. Camels will graze the rice. 25. Daughter will salute them. 26. Grandson will salute them. 27. They nurture us. 28. Hanumāna salutes Rāma. 29. Hanumana protects Sītā. 30. Mother should protect the daughters. 31. Rāma understands Hanumana. 32. Father-in-law eats food. 33. Grandfather understands religious books. 34. Citizens should protect the jewels. 35. The friend will listen to the story. 36. Grandfather will nurture grnadsons. 37. The king knows the citizens. 38. The state protects the king. 39. Sītā will listen to the story. 40. I salute you. 41. The king should salute the mother. 42. God should protect us. 43. Daughter will eat food. 44. Sītā knows Hanumana. 45. Clouds nurture human beings. 46. You should know sufferings. 47. I should salute them. 48. They know us. 49. The demon eats children. 50. You should protect them.
Eaxmple -
The king salutes God
110
=
Narinda/Narinda/ Narindu/Narindo
1. Karaha, Tina (Cara) Pre.
2. Siya, Haṇuvanta (Jāņa) Pre.
3. Amha, Ta (Paṇama) Imp.

(C) In the following Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Transitive Verbs in brackets are given. In the middle Nouns and Personal Pronouns are given. Make sentences by converting them into the Accusative Singular or Plural and by use the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs.
Paramesara/
Paramesarȧ/
Paramesaru
Panamai/
Panamei/
Panamae

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4. Nayarajana, Rayaṇa (Rakkha) Imp.
5. Potta, Ta (Panama) Fu.
6. Mitta, Kahǎ (Suṇa) Fu.
7. Sasura, Bhoyaṇa (Kha) Pre.
8. Ta, Amha (Jāņa) Pre.
9. Tumha, Dukkha (Jāņa) Imp.
10. Suyā, Sikkhā (Suņa) Imp. 11. Māyā, Vaya (Pāla) Fu.
12. Taṇaya, Bhoyaṇa (Kha) Fu.
13. Ta, Nara (Rakkha) Fu.
14. Ta (Pala) Imp.
15. Amha, Tumha (Paṇama) Imp.
16. Narinda, Paramesara (Paṇama) Imp.
17. Tumha, Amha (Jāna) Fu.
18. Bālaa, Gāņa (Suņa) Fu.
19. Putta, Māyā (Paṇama) Pre. 20. Janera, Putta (Rakkha) Imp.
Eaxmple -
Karaha/Karahā/
Karahu/Karaho
1. Mäyȧ
4. Amhaim
7. Sasău
(D) In the following Nouns and Personal Pronouns with Case endings are given. Point out the Original word, Gender, Number and Case in each of the following. Write the suffixes of inflected Nouns.
Apabhramsa Exercise Book
Tina/Tina/
Tiņu

Carai/Carei/
Carae.
2. Narindu
5. Paim
8. Karahä
3. Bhoyanȧ
6. Vimāṇaiṁ
9. Maim

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10. Sokkhả
13. Tā
16. Rajju
19. Ta
112
Example -
Māyā
Māyā
11. Maula
14. Taim
17. Kamalā
20. Haum
Original Gender Number Case
Word

12. Ahiläsão
15. Pottu
18. Tam
21.Amhaim
Suffix
Feminine Singular, Nominative 0 Accusative
Plural

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Exercise 26
Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs. 1. I worship God. 2. Moral conduct withholds disgrace. 3. You taste milk. 4. Wife will wash cloths. 5. Girls uncover the small pitcher of water. 6. Hanumāna helps Rāma. 7. You chew food. 8. Dogs uproot the rice. 9. Human beings should renounce addiction. 10. Şisters will grind rice. 11. Desire withholds sleep. 12. Gambling stigmatise the human being. 13. He should pick the seeds. 14. Husband's brother will see the lions. 15. We thresh rice. 16. Grandfather calls the grandsons. 17. You call them. 18. They will cut the small bundle. 19. They both dig the field. 20. Women will carry the vows. 21. Sisters should see the daughters. 22. We shall worship the Ganges. 23. You both peel the wood. 24. They should renounce wine. 25. Daughters should wash cloths. 26. Husband's sisters partake of food. 27. Demons cheat children. 28. The child plucks the lotus flower. 29. The Demon will cheat children. 30. Clarified butter oils food. 31. I shall pour clarified butter. 32. Sisters should renounce sleep. 33. Father-in-law blames the wife. 34. The king discovers the jewels. 35. You should see the clouds. 36. Daughter will break the thread. 37. The citizen cheats the child. 38. Maternal uncle touches the books. 39. Praise affects the mind. 40. He should discover pleasure. 41. Children see the aircraft. 42. You should pour the clarified butter. 43. Suffering withholds pleasure. 44. You should touch water. 45. I shall saw the forest. 46. You should partake of food. 47. Hunger withholds thirst. 48. We should dig the pit. 49. Mother should touch the son. 50. Wisdom manifests knowledge. 51. He shall tear the cloths. 52. The king should
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 26, study 52 lesson of
“Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition”. Apabhramsa Exercise Book
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renounce pride. 53. The demon will stop the dog. 54. Son should saw grass. 55. The truth shall manifest moral conduct. 56. Son should renounce addiction. 57. You should renounce wine. 58. He grinds the seeds. 59. I call the daughter. 60. The woman covers the pit.
Example
114
:
I worship God = Haum

Paramesara/Paramesara/Paramesaru
Accaum/ Accami/Accāmi/Accemi.

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Exercise 27 (A-1) Change the following i-ending and i-ending Masculine
Nouns into the Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 1. Sāmi
2. Muni 3. Kesari
4. Giri 5. Risi
6. Gamani Example : Singular
Plural Sami Nominative Sami/Sami
Sāmi/Sami Accusative Sāmi/Sāmi
Sāmi/Sāmi Instrumental Sámiem/Sámier/ Sämihim/Sāmīhim
Samim/Samir/ Sāmiņa/Sāmīņa/ Sāmiņarn/Sāmiņam
(A-2) Change the following i-ending Neuter Nouns into the
Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular
and Plural. 1. Dahi
2. Acchi 3. Atthi
4. Vāri Example Singular
Plural Dahi Nominative Dahi/Dahi
Dahi/Dahi/
Dahiim/Dahiim Accusative Dahi/Dahi
Dahi/Dahi/
Dahiim/Dahiim Instrumental Dahim/Dahirn/
Dahihim/Dahihim Dahier/Dahiem/ Dahina/Dahīņa/ Dahiņam/Dahiņam
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 27, study lessons 54 to 60 of “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
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(A-3) Change the following i-ending and i-ending Feminine Nouns into the Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural.
1. Bhatti
2. Ratti
3. Thui
4. Mani
5. Dhii
Example -
Bhatti Nominative
Accusative
Instrumental
116
1. Jantu
3. Maccu
5. Riu
7. Khalapú
Example -
Jantu Nominative
Accusative
Instrumental
6. Sāmiņi
7. Itthi
8. Paramesari
9. Nārī
10. Putti
(A-4) Change the following u-ending and ù-ending Masculine Nouns into the Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural.

Singular Bhatti/Bhatti
Bhatti/Bhatti/Bhattiu/
Bhattiu/Bhattio/Bhattio
Bhatti/Bhatti/Bhattiu/
Bhattiu/Bhattio/Bhattio
Bhattie/Bhattie Bhattihim/Bhattihim
Bhatti/Bhatti
Plural
2. Bindu
4. Sattu
6. Guru
8. Sayambhū
Singular Jantu/Jantū
Jantu/Jantu
Jantuem/Jantuem
Jantum/Jantum/
Jantuna/Jantūṇa/ Jantuṇam/Jantūṇaṁ

Plural
Jantu/Jantū
Jantu/Jantū
Jantuhim/Jantühim
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(A-5) Change the following u-ending Neuter Nouns into the
Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 1. Mahu
2. Assu 3. Vatthu
4. Jānu 5. Au
Example
Singular Mahu/Mahú
Mahu Nominative
Plural Mahu/Mahů/ Mahuim/Mahūirn Mahu/Mahú/ Mahuim/Mahūim Mahuhim/Mahūhim
Accusative
Mahum/Mahūí
Instrumental
Mahur/Mahūr Mahuem/Mahūes/ Mahuna/Mahūņa/ Mahunar/Mahūnarn
(A-6) Change the following u-ending and u-ending Feminine
Nouns into the Nominative, the Accusative and the Instrumental Singular and Plural. 1. Dheņu
6. Sāsū 2. Haņu
7. Kandu 3. Rajju
8. Bahu 4. Sassu
9. Camů 5. Taņu 10, Jambū
Example -
Dhenu Nominative
Accusative
Singular Plural Dhenu/Dhenü Dhenu/Dhenù/Dheņuu/
Dheņūu/Dheņuo/Dhenuo Dheņu/Dheņū Dheņu/Dheņū/Dheņuu/
Dhenūu/Dheņuo/Dheņuo Dhenue/ Dhenuhim/Dheņühim Dhenủe
Instrumental
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(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁśa. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Verbal forms.
Exercise 28
1. The master rejoice. 2. Saints will sit. 3. The Secretary should endeavour. 4. The enemy fought. 5. The village headman sits. 6. Curd drops. 7. Eyes ached. 8. The bone will dry up. 9. Water should trickle. 10. Devotion should increase. 11. Satisfaction will occur. 12. Jewels fall. 13. Prosperity increased. 14. Daughters play. 15. The wealth should increase. 16. Women will endeavour. 17. Maternal aunt tired. 18. The sārī dries up. 19. Sister danced. 20. Mother will tire. 21. Grandmother should sit. 22. Drops will fall. 23. Radiance should bloom. 24. The guru should rejoice. 25. The enemy fight. 26. Father laughed. 27. Honey drops down. 28. Tears will drop down. 29. The knee tired. 30. Age should increased. 31. Things shine. 32. Cows run away. 33. Small spoon broke. 34. Mother-in-law should sit. 35. Daughter-in-law endeavours.
Example :
The Master rejoice = Sāmi/Sāmī Harisai/Harisei/Harisae.
(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁśa. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Verbal forms.
1. The master partakes of food. 2. The saint should drink water. 3. The poet will observe vows. 4. The village headman loves them. 5. Eyes see the human being. 6. I should eat curd. 7. The dog will eat bones. 8. Saints drink water. 9. Human being should devotion. 10. The earth will emanate jewel. 11. Mothers will wash sāris. 12. Sister should worship god. 13. Human being should renounce prosperity. 14. Maternal aunt loves the daughter.
118
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 28, study lessons 54 and 58 of "Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".

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15. Father blames the son. 16. Saint should renounce pride. 17. God will protect you. 18. Raghu helps us. 19. The Cleaner of granary digs the pit. 20. Sayambhu salutes Rama. 21. Son eats honey. 22. Son should touch the knee. 23. You withhold the tears. 24. He will search the things. 25. The cow breaks the tree of Jāmuna. 26. Daughter-in-law will serve the mother-in-law. 27. The army will kill the beings. 28. Sister thieves the rope. 29. Son dirts the cloth. 30. The elephant will drink water.
Example :
The master partakes of food.
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

=
Sămi/ Bhoyana/ Sāmi Bhoyaṇa/ Bhoyanu.

Jemai/
Jemei/
Jemae
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Exercise 29
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁsa. Write all
the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbal forms.
1. The master calls me. 2. I am called by the master. 3. The saint sees us. 4. We are seen by the saint. 5. The enemy will kill you. 6. You will be killed by the enemy. 7. The king should salute the saint. 8. The saint should be saluted by the king. 9. The mortifier will narrate the story. 10. The story will be narrated by the mortifier. 11. Brother forgets me. 12. I am forgotton by (my) brother. 13. The commander should salute the master. 14. The master should be saluted by the commander. 15. Mother will thresh rice. 16. Rice will be threshed by (my) mother. 17. You call me. 18. I am called by you. 19. We shall remember you. 20. You will be remembered by us. 21. He should renounce prosperity. 22. Prosperity should be renounce by him. 23. Mothers love sons. 24. Sons are loved by mothers. 25. The serpent stings the child. 26. The child is stung by the serpent. 27. Sister serves the woman saint. 28. The woman saint is served by (my) sister. 29. He prays
them. 30. They are prayed by him. Example :1. The master calls me. - Sāmi/Sāmi Maim Kokai/Kokei/Kokae. 2. I am called - Sāmier/Sámier/
Kokijjaum/ by the master Sámiṁ/Såmim) Hauń Kokijjami/ Sāmiņa/Sāmiņa/
Kokijjámi/ Sāmiņam/Sāmiņam
Kokijjemi.
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 29, study lessons 53-54 of “Apabhraíśa Grammar and Composition".
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(B) In the following Nouns and Personal Pronouns are given in
the beginning. For making use of them as subjects change them to the Nominative Singular or Plural. In the middle also Nouns and Personal Pronouns are given. Change them to the Accusative Singular or Plural. In the brackets the Transitive Verbs are given. Make Sentences in the Active Voice and the Passive Voice according to the Tenses as directed. Write all the alternatives of inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Verbs. 1. Bhai ....... Amha (Koka) Pre. 2. Amha ....... Sāhu (Nama) Fu. 3. Kai ..... Gāņa (Gă) Imp. 4. Manti ....... Naravai (Nama) Fu. 5. Tumha ..... Ta (Thuņa) Imp. 6. Ari ....... Amha (Haņa) Pre. 7. Amha ....... Tavassi (Sumara) Pre. 8. Tumha ....... Lakkuda (Ranga) Imp.
9. Jāmāu ....... Bhoyaņa (Kháda) Fu. 10. Pahu ...... Amha (Peccha) Pre.
Example :
Brother calls me. 1. Bhai/Bhāi Maiṁ Kokai/Kokei/Kokae
(Active Voice)
I am called by (my) brother. 2. Bhāim/Bhāim/Bhäies/Bhāiem/Bhāiņa/Bhāiņa/Bhāiņam/
Bhāīņam Haum Kokijjaus/Kokiyaum (Passive Voice)
(C) in the following inflected Nouns are given. Point out the
Original word, Gender, Number, Case and suffix in each of the following.
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1. Sāmiem
4. Atthiņa
7. Tatti
10. Pahů
13. Vatthulm
16. Sassuu
19. Väum
122
Example -
Sāmiem
Sāmi
2. Kaihim
5. Bhattiu
8. Lacchie

11. Sähü
14. Amsuem
17. Tanue
20. Bahinie
Original Gender Number Case
Word
3. Väriim
6. Bhattio
9. Sattuhim
12. Mahuhim
15. Puttie
18. Camühim
21. Rahunandaṇem
Suffix
Masculine Singular Instrumental em
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Exercise 30
(A-1) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. For
expressing the purport of Past Tense use the Past Participle. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Participle. 1. The commander was killed by the enemy. 2. Cloths were torn by the child. 3. Milk was drunk by (my) brothers. 4. Karmas were bound by beings. 5. Songs were sung by the poet. 6. The thread was cut by the master. 7. Education was held by the saint. 8. Wisdom was known by saints. 9. Food was eaten by the citizen. 10. Demons were killed by Rāma. 11. The wealth was desired by (my) daughter. 12. The story was told by the saint. 13. Aircrafts were seen by me. 14. Detachment was desired by him. 15. Addictions were described by you. 16. Water was drunk by us. 17. Compassion was produced by them. 18. The order was obeyed by him. 19. The saint was prayed by the
teacher. 20. The hut was seen by (my) son-in-law. Example :
The Commander = Sattum/Sattūr/ was killed
Sattuer/Sattues/ Seņkvail by the enemy Sattuna/Sattūņa/ Seņávai
Sattunaí/Sattūņam
Hania/Haņiā/ Haniu/Hanio.
(A-2) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramba. For
expressing the Purport of Imperative use the Obligatory and Potential Participle. Write all the alternatives of Inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns and Participles.
1. The tree should be irrigated by (my) brother. 2. The saint Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 30 study lessons 56-61 of “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
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should be called by Raghupati. 3. Songs should be sung by poets. 4. The lion should be killed by the elephant. 5. The sun should be saluted by the saint. 6. Curd should be eaten by me. 7. Water should be drunk by us. 8. Bones should be thrown by them. 9. Fields should be irrigated by you. 10. Age should be seen by him. 11. Prosperity should be obtained by you. 12. Satisfaction should be demanded by him. 13. Jewels should be carried by the earth. 14. Sāris should be bought by (my) maternal aunt. 15. Devotion should be done by the woman. 16. The thread should be braided by you. 17. The cow should be nurtured by him. 18. The tree of Jamuna should be irrigated by us. 19. Daughter-in-laws should be loved by mother-in-laws. 20. Grass should be burnt by you.
Example :The tree = Bhāim/Bhăim/ should be Bhãier/Bhảiern/ irrigated by Bhảina/Bhāina/ (my )brother Bhāiņam/Bhāiņam
Taru
Siñciavva/Siñciavval Siñciavvu/Siñciavvo/ Sincevă /Sincevvaum/ Siñcievvaur.
(B-1) In the following Nouns and Transitive Verbs in brackets
are given. Change the Nouns given in the middle into the Nominative Singular or Plural and make sentences in the Passive Voice representing the Past Tense.
1. Rahuņandaņa .... Rakkhasa (Haņa) 2. Sāmi ....Bhoyaņa (Khāda) 3. Kai ....Vaya (Pala)
4. Sasa .... Tumha (Ladda) 5. Mitta ....Amha (Vaddhava) 6. Bhāi....Amha (Pukkara) 7. Ta ....Dhaņa (Magga)
8. Amha .... Ta (Ņirakkha) 9. Tumha .... Amha (Bandha) 10. Muņi ....Tumha (Pesa) Example :- Demons were killed by Raghunandana. Rahunandanes/ Rakkhasa/ Hania/ Rahuņandaņeņa/ Rakkhasa Hania. Rahunandaņeņa
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(B-2) In the following Nouns and Transitive Verbs in brackets
are given. Change the Nouns given in the middle into the Nominative Singular or Plural and make sentences in the Passive Voice representing the Imperative.
2. Ta .... Lakkuda (Ranga)
1. Rahuvai .... Sāhu (Koka) 3. Amha ....Dukkha (Bhula) 5. Jogi ....Agama (Padha)
4. Maheli ....Paramesara (Thuņa)
7. Tumha ....Rajju (Guntha)
6. Tavassi.....Amha (Sumara)
8. Ta ....Amha (Ladda) 10. Risi ....Divāyara (Vanda)
9. Amha .... Vāri (Piba)
Example :- The saint should be called by Raghupati. Rahuvaień Sähu Kokiavva/Kokiavva/
Kokiavvu/Kokiavvo
(C)
In the following inflected Nouns and Participles are given. Pick out the Original word, Gender, Number, Case and Suffix and tell also the name of the Participle. 1. Kokio
2. Dekhia 3. Suņiāu 4. Kiņiavvu
5. Rakkhiavva 6. Labhievvauí 7. Jhāeavvă 8. Pibiavva 9. Gaņeavvaim 10. Pecchevvauń 11. Dhāria 12. Pāliāu 13. Pesiu
14. Dhārevvaum 15. Cakkhiavvão 16. Mänievvaum 17. Bahuu 18. Dheņuo 19. Sāmiem
20. Muņihim 21. Gāmaņihis 22. Sāhūr
23. Vimāņaiṁ 24. Silena 25. Acchiņa 26. Guruhiṁ 27. Putto 28. Bujjhiavvā 29. Gaņievvaum 30. Sāmihim
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Example -
Original Gender Word
Number
Case
Suffix Name of
the Participle
Kokio
Koka
Masculine
Singular
Nominative a
Past Participle
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Exercise 31
Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Write any one alternative of Inflected Nouns, Participles and Verbs.
1. Saluting Raghupati, the master gets up. 2. Serving the village headman, he will tire. 3. Tasting honey, they covet. 4. Loving (her) daughter, mother will rejoice. 5. Singing the song, (my) daughter should dance. 6. Irrigating the field, (my) father will tire. 7. Praying God, you should salute him. 8. Beating (her) son, sister grieves. 9. Sending (her) son, she weeps. 10. We should all get up for praying God. 11. You will endeavour for getting satisfaction. 12. The lion kills the child for eating. 13. Father enthuses to congratulate (her) daughter. 14. They should endeavour to tie the rope. 15. The woman gets up to see the cow. 16. She will go to purchase things. 17. The commander runs to kill the enemy. 18. Grandfather goes to congratulate (his) grandson. 19. You should get up to listen to the story. 20. I endeavour to chew food. 21. Having saluted Raghupati, the master rejoices. 22. Having greeted the teacher, the poet sits. 23. Having done devotion, you live. 24. Having obtained satisfaction, you will rejoice. 25. Having seen the cows, they get up. 26. Having saluted God, saints meditate. 27. Having thieved the jewel, (my) brother runs away. 28. Having remembered God, the king should sleep. 29. Having oppressed the child, the demon jumps. 30. Having broken the rope into
pieces, (my) son throws it. Example :
Saluting Raghupati, the master gets up
= Sámi Rahuvai Vandanto Utthai.
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 31 study lesson 63 of “Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition”.
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Exercise 32
Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Write all the alternatives of Dative and Genitive Cases used in the following sentences. 1. My son desires pleasure. 2. Son of the king will salute Rāma. 3. The pleasure of son becomes the pleasure of the father. 4. Your mother should listen to the story. 5. My daughter will desire pleasure. 6. Brother of the master will salute God. 7. You should drink the water of the Narmadā. 8. My teacher meditates God. 9. Enemies of kings worry to fight. 10. My maternal aunts purchase Sāris. 11. Their daughters rejoice. 12. My Husband's sister describes him. 13. He remembers the song of the poet. 14. Sister of maternal uncle should listen to the story. 15. My friend should demand the small bundle for him. 16. The enemy of brother will kill (his) son. 17. His eyes ache. 18. Son of maternal aunt should purchase book for (her) sister. 19. Son of the king serves the mortifier. 20. Daughter of (her) brother should pray God. 21. Sister of the commander will send honey for (her) maternal uncle. 22. Daughter of maternal uncle worships God to get prosperity. 23. Your son should endeavour for spiritual attainment. 24. You should purchase food for the saint. 25. Grandmother obtains things for (her) grandson. 26. His sister should hide. 27. Daughter of the husband's sisters will sleep. 28. Son of the maternal aunt will help him. 29. Your son should forgive my son. 30. Your brothers will count the saints. 31. God should protect your son. 32. The tree of Jāmuna increases. 33. He digs the pit for the elephant. 34. Motherin-law loves her daughter-in-law. 35. He partakes of food for satisfaction. 36. You should obtain the cloths for human beings. 37. Son of the minister should salute the king. 38. The pleasure of
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 32 study lessons 65 to 68 of “Apabhramśa Grammar and Composition”.
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Ráma is my pleasure. 39. Mother of Sita will listen to the story. 40. The Government of the state will protect him. 41. Brothers of the masters salute him. 42. Teachers of poets see us. 43. His teacher partakes of food. 44. He reads his book for the examination. 45. My son will laugh for pleasure. 46. Son of the king should demand the small bundle for Rāma. 47. He drinks the water of the Narmadā for the body. 48. His mother will bring you up. 49. I shall listen to the story of the Ganges. 50. His son should go to home.
Example :
My son desires pleasure
Mahul Putto Majjhu
Suhu/ Sokkhu
Icchai.
Mais
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(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write all alternatives of Ablative Case used in the following sentences.
Example :
Exercise 33
1 The child is afraid of the serpent. 2 Food grows from the field. 3 He is afraid of the cow. 4 The Jamuna falls from the tree of Jāmuna. 5 Having feared, (my) son will run away from the lion. 6. The child falls from the mountain. 7. The Ganges comes down from the mountain. 8. He should be afraid of me. 9. He will read the book from you. 10. The tree grows from the seed. 11. The son hides from father. 12. We are afraid of fathers. 13. They hide from the women. 14. They are afraid of the master. 15. You should learn through the saint. 16. The leaf falls from the tree. 17. You should be afraid of the king. 18. Children are afraid of the elephant. 19. The minister is afraid of the king. 20. Water drops from the small water pitcher. 21. (My) Maternal uncle will be afraid of the serpent.
130
The child is afraid = of the serpent
(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁsa. Write all alternatives of Locative Case used in the following sentences.
Balaa Sappahe/Sappahu Darai.
1. Clouds thunder in the sky. 2. Water will dry up in the Naramadā. 3. Sītā listens to the story in the house. 4. He sits on the small bundle. 5. The speech will tire in the old age. 6. The wealth increases in the kingdom of Rama. 7. His mother brings up (her) daughter in the house. 8. Having laughed, you should dance in the house. 9. She faints in the examination. 10. You should tie the cow in the
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 33 study lessons 70 to 76 of “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".

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field. 11. Daughters will see the moon in the sky. 12. They throw things in the field. 13. You jumped in the ocean for bathing. 14. The dog digs the pit in the forest. 15. The serpent moves on the tree. 16. (My) Father prays God in the house. 17. (My) Maternal uncle salutes the (goddess) of wealth in the evening. 18. He bathes in the Yamunā. 19. Having burned, the things will disappear in the hut.
Example :
Clouds thunder - Ņahi/Nahe Mehā Gajjahim in the sky.
(C) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraíśa. Write all
alternatives of Vocative Case used in the following sentences. (1) Oh master ! you should protect us. (2) Oh king ! there is no pleasure in your kingdom. (3) Oh friend ! you should come to my house. (4) Oh mother! you should bring up children. (5) Oh sītā ! suffering will be in the forest. (6) Oh son ! you should speak the truth. (7) Oh young woman ! you should laugh. (8) Chilren ! you all should read the book. (9) Friends ! you all should be afraid of the state. (10) Saints ! you should observe self-control.
Example :
Sami Tuhus Amhair
Oh master! you should protect us
Rakkhi/Rakkhe/Rakkhu/ Rakkhahi/Rakkhehi/Rakkha/ Rakkhasu/Rakkhesu.
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Exercise 34
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraíśa. Make
sentences by changing the Verbs to causative forms.
1. He causes the aircraft to fly in the sky. 2. The king should make the government spread in the state. 3. The man causes the grass to grow. 4. The commander will cause the army to hide. 5. You cause detachment to increase in old age. 6. The saint causes the man to wake up. 7. Mother causes (her) daughter to stop for dancing. 8. She causes me to laugh. 9. I cause him to wake up. 10. You cause him to hide. 11. They cause them to dance. 12. Citizen cause rice to grow in the field. 13. The demon cause the child to die. 14. Maternal aunt causes (her) daughter to jump in the ocean. 15. Grandmother causes (her) grandson to bathe. 16. Maternal uncle causes (his) daughter to stay. 17. (My) Father should cause (his) daughter to sleep. 18. Demons cause the child to fear. 19. Grandmother makes children eat. 20. The saint makes the king sit.
Example :
So Nahi/Nahe Vimāņu Oddai/Uddavai.
He causes the = aircraft to fly in the sky
(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Make
sentences by adding the causative suffixes of the Passive Voice.
1. The aircraft is caused to fly by him in the sky. 2. The government is caused to spread by the king in the state. 3. Grass is made to
grow by him. 4. The army is caused to hide by the commander. Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 34 study lesson 77 of “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition".
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5. Detachment is caused to increase by you in the old age. 6. The man is caused to live by the saint. 7. (Her) Daughter is made to dance by the mother. 8. I am made to laugh by him. 9. He is caused to wake up by me. 10. He is made to hide by you. 11. They are caused to dance by them. 12. Rice is caused to grow in the field by the citizen. 13. The child is made to die by the demon. 14. (My) Daughter is caused to stay by (her) maternal uncle. 15. Grandson is made to bathe by (his) grandfather. 16. (My) Son is caused to partake of food by (his) father. 17. The child is made to get up by the demons. 18. The child is made to laugh by (his) grandfather. 19. The king is caused to sit by the saint. 20. He is caused to sink
in the ocean by the enemy. Example :
- Tena Nahi
Uddåvijjai.
The aircraft is caused to fly by him in the sky
Vimāņa/ Vimāņā/ Vimāņu
_
(C) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramsa. Write any
one alternative of the inflected Nouns, Personal Pronouns, Verbs and Participle. 1. He was made to laugh by me. 2. I was made to hide by you. 3. Son was caused to laugh by father. 4. Daughter was caused to dance by maternal aunt. 5. Things were made to purchase by us. 6. Causing him to laugh, he plays. 7. Causing the enemy to run away, you tire. 8. Causing me to fear, (my) son hides. 9. Causing (his) sister to weep, the child runs away. 10. Causing (my) mother to stay, (her) maternal uncle rejoices. 11. He should be made to laugh by you. 12. Education should be made to spread by the teacher. 13. The body should be mortified by (my) sister. 14. He should be caused to meditate by the ascetic. 15. Thing should be caused to hide by them. 16. Having caused to laugh, you live. 17. Having caused (her) daughter to dance, (her) mother rejoices. 18. Having caused men to meditate the saint sits. 19. Having caused him to wake up, she runs away. 20. Having caused him to
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partake of food, they rejoice. 21. He causes him to wake up for making him laugh. 22. He tells him for making him run away. 23. The ascetic sits for causing him to meditate. 24. Mother gets up for making daughter dance. 25. Grandmother endeavours for causing grandson to sleep. 26. Causing him to laugh, he plays. 27. Causing him to run away, you tire. 28. Causing him to fear, son hides. 29. Causing him to weep, the child runs away, 30. Causing him to stay, maternal uncle rejoices.
Example :
• Maim So
He was made to laugh by me
Hasāvia/Hasäviä/ Hasåviu/Hasăvio.
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Exercise 35
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśá by adding
the Retainer of Innate meaning suffixes (Svarthika Suffixes) to the Nouns.
1. The lotus blooms. 2. The human being rejoices. 3. The ascetic suits me. 4. Son will honour (his) father. 5. The commander should conquer the enemy. 6. The child tastes honey. 7. The soul enlightens the mind. 8. The king reproaches the minister. 9. Mother loves (her) son. 10. Father remembers (his) son. 11. The elephant will eat grass. 12. Men pray the teacher. 13. The teacher salutes God. 14. (My) Son-in-law should partake of food. 15. The tree falls. 16. The bow shines. 17. The jewel breaks. 18. The house suits me. 19. Maternal aunt should sit. 20. Sister should get up.
Example :
The lotus blooms - Kamalaa/Kamalaqaa/Kamalada Viasai.
(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa.
1. This man laughs. 2. These men laugh. 3. He reads this book. 4. They read these books. 5. I live for it. 6. She lives for these. 7. I observe this vow. 8. What do you do? 9. The man who tires, sleeps. 10. He who sleeps, laughs. 11. Whose body tires, his old age increases. 12. Whom I call, you are that. 13. The wood on which you sit, is mine. 14. Whose son is he? 15. Which work do you perform? 16. Who dances? 17. By what does he drink water? 18. For whom do you live? 19. Which kingdom do you protect? 20. In which house does he live?
Note :
In order to solve the above exercise 35 study lessons 78 to 80 of “Apabhraíśa Grammar and Composition”.
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Example :
This man laughs Eho Nara Hasai.
(C) Translate the following sentences into Apabhraṁśa. Make sentences by using Indeclinables.
1. As long as you read (for that time) I shall love you. 2. As long as you wake up (for that time) I see picture. 3. Where your village is, there is my house. 4. Wherever you go, there you will rejoice. 5. The way in which he desires pleasure likewise I desire pleasure. 6. The way in which you play likewise I shall play. 7. Where does the minister live? 8. Where do they sleep? 9. I sleep here. 10. Today the saint will come here. 11. Do not jump. 12. The child does not get up. 13. Mother does not tire. 14. If you say then I go to the village. 15. If you will say, then I shall eat food. 16. The way in which you play by engaging mind, in the same way you also read. 17. The way in which mother bring up (her) son, in the same way the king nurtures the state. 18. The way in which you sing, likewise you also dance. 19. Do not sit in this way. 20. You should not drink wine. 21. The enemy fought, so he died. 22. So long as he speaks the truth, (for that time) he rejoices. 23. You should not go home without (your) son. 24. You should dance, he will also dance.
Example :
136
H
As long as you read (for that time)
I shall love you

=
Jama Tuhum
Padhesahi Tama Haum Paim Ladḍesaum.

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Exercise 36 Verbal forms of irregular Passive Voice:
The Verbal form which is constructed by adding ijja or iya suffix to the Transitive Verbs in Apabhrarśa is known as regular Verbal form of the Passive Voice. As, kara + ijja - karijja, kara + iya = kariya, are the regular Verbal forms of the Passive Voice, since they are constructed by adding ijja or iya to the verb Kara. By adding the suffixes of Tense, Person and Number to the above constructed Verbal forms, the regular Passive Voice of that Tense, Person and Number will result, as, Karijjai or Kariyai = Present Tense, Third Person, Singular Number.
On the contrary, the Verbal form which is obtained without adding ijja or iya to the Transitive Verbs and in which the suffixes of Tense, Person and Number are inherently present, is known as the irregular Verbal form of the Passive Voice, as, .... 1. Kirai, Disai etc. - Verbal form of the Irregular Passive Voice (Present
Tense, Third Person, Singular Number) 2. Thuvvahi, Vuccahi etc. - Verbal form of the Irregular Passive Voice
(Present Tense, Second Person, Singular Number)
In these the Original form of the Verb cannot be separated. They are required to be known form the existing uses in literature. The following Verbal forms of the irregular Passive Voice are compiled.
Present Tense Third Person Singular Number 1. Adhappai = is begun.
Kirai • Is done. 3. Khammai : Is dug.
Gammai • Is gone.
Gheppai = Is adopted. 6. Cimmai
Is gathered.
N n t wo
1. “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition”. Lesson 53.
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Is gathered.
Is touched.
7. Civvai 8. Chippai
Jivvai 10. Dajjhai
Najjal 12. Ņavvai
Thuvvai
Is conquered. Is burnt. Is known. Is known. Is prayed. Is milked. Is seen. Is purified. Is tied.
14.
Dubbhai
15.
=
Is told.
=
•
Disai 16. Puvvai 17. Bajjhai 18. Bhaņņai 19. Bhujjai 20. Rubbhai 21. Ruvvai 22. Labbhai 23. Luccai 24. Luvvai 25. Libbhai 26. Vuccai 27. Vilippai 28. Vidhappai 29. Sisai 30. Sampajjai 31. Suvvai 32. Sippai 33. Hammai 34. Hirai
is experienced. Is withheld. Is wept. Is obtained. Is cut. Is cut. Is licked. Is told. Is smeared. Is earned. Is said. Is obtained. Is heared. is irrigated. is killed. Is kidnapped.
- :
• = = •
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Present Tense Second Person Singular Number
1. 2.
Thuvvahi Disahi Dhuvvahi Vuccahi Suvvahi
= = .
Are prayed. Are seen. Are fanned. Are said. Are heard.
4. 5.
-
Translate the following sentences of the Passive Voice into Apabhramśa. In the translation use the irregular Verbal forms of the Passive Voice.
1. The prayer is begun by me. 2. The vow is observed by that woman. 3. The pit is dug by both brothers. 4. The song is heard by the girls. 5. Education is adopted by us through the teacher. 6. The wealth is gathered by the commander. 7. The water of ocean is touched by the child. 8. The village is conquered by the king. 9. My house is burnt by them. 10. Suffering of the world is known by the ascetic. 11. Sister goes to the house for partaking of the food. 12. The Agama is known by the saints. 13. The desire of (her) son is known by the mother. 14. The saint is prayed by women. 15. The cow is milked by him. 16. The splendour of the state is seen by the king. 17. My house is purified by the ascetic. 18. The cow is tied by me with the rope. 19. The rule of the vow is told by the woman saint. 20. Prosperity is experienced by the kings. 21. Running away, son is withheld by (her) mother. 22. Suffering is wept by (my) maternal aunt. 23. Knowledge is obtained by maternal uncle. 24. The tree of Jamuna is cut by him. 25. The honey is licked by the child. 26. The cloth is cut by the woman. 27. The wealth is obtained by you. 28. The story is begun by the saint. 29. The hut is smeared by the woman. 30. The wealth is earned by (my) son. 31. Suffering of the world is told by the saint. 32. The jewel is obtained by the mistress. 33. Praise is done by your daughter. 34. The tree is irrigated by (my) daughter. 35. The enemy
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is killed by the commander. 36. The son of the king is kidnapped by the minister. 37. Oh God! You are prayed by human beings. 38. Rejoicing you are seen by me. 39. You are fanned by the mother-in-law. 40. You are seen by them. 41. You are heard by the king.
Example :
The Prayer is begun by me - Maim Thui Adhappai.
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Exercise 37
Irregular Past Participle:
For expressing the Past Tense in Apabhrarśa, the Past Participle is used. For this a or ya suffix is added to the Verbs' as,
Hasa + a/ya = Hasia/Hasiya = Laughed Thả + a/ya : Thảo/Thảya - Stayed Jhå + a/ya : Jhaa/Jhaya - Meditated etc.
In this way the Past Participles which are formed by adding to by adding a or ya to the Verbs are known as the Regular Past Participles. In these, the original form of the Verb can be understood by separating the suffix from them. In the Masculine Gender the inflection of these will be according to Deva, in the Neuter Gender the inflection will be according to Kamala and in the Feminine Gender the inflection will be according to Kaha.
On the contrary, the Past Participles which are obtained without adding a or ya suffix to the Verbs are know as Irregular Past Participles. In these, the original form of the Verb can not be understood by separating the suffix from them, as,
Vutta - Told, Dittha Seen, Diņņa : Given etc.
All these are the Irregular Past Participles. From these the Verbs can not be separated. The inflection of these will be according to Deva in Masculine Gender, will be according to Kamala in Neuter Gender, and will be according to Kahā in the Feminine Gender.
The Past Participles (regular or irregular) constructed from the Transitive Verbs are used only in the Passive Voice. Only those Past
1 “Apabhramsa Grammar and Composition” lessons 41 and 56
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Participles which are Constructed from the Verbs denoting movement are used both in the Passive Voice and the Active Voice. The Past Participles (regular or irregular) constructed from the Intransitive Verbs are used in the Active Voice and in the Impersonal form. The Irregular Past Participles are required to be known from the existing uses in literature. Here a few Irregular Past Participles without any suffix are compiled. 1. Irregular Past Participles Constructed from the Transitive
Verbs.
Use
Past Participle
Meaning in Passive Vocie
1. Dittha
2. Sampuņņa
Was seen in the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was completed, In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was fulfilled Was eaten, In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was consumed
3. Khaddha
Was given
In the three Gender and Two Numbers.
Was kept
In the three Gender and Two Numbers.
4. Diņņa 5. Nihiya 6. Pavanna 7. Chuddha
8. Daddha
9. Vutta
Was obtained in the three Gender and Two Numbers.
In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was placed, Was put Was burned In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was set on fire Was told In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was described Was narrated Was distressed in the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was done In the three Gender and Two Numbers. Was cut
In the three Gender and Two Numbers Was killed in the three Gender and Two Numbers.
10. Dummiya
11. Kia
12. Lua
13. Haya
14. Niya
Was taken away in the three Gender and Two Numbers.
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2. Irregular Past Participles Constructed from the Verbs
indicating mobility. Past Meaning Use
Meaning Use Participle in Active
in Passive Voice
Voice 1. Gaya/Gaa Went In the three Gone In the three Gender and
Gender and Two Numbers
Two Numbers 2. Patta Reached In the three Reached In the three Gender and
Gender and Two Numbers
Two Numbers
3. Irregular Past Participles Constructed from Intransitive
Verbs. Past Meaning Use
Meaning Use Participle in the
in the Active
Impersonal Voice
Form 1. Mua Died In the three Died
In the Neuter Gender and
Singular Two Numbers
Number 2. Thia Stayed In the three Stayed In the Neuter Gender and
Singular Two Numbers
Number 3. Santuţtha Rejoiced in the three Rejoiced In the Neuter Gender and
Singular Two Numbers
Number 4. Nattha Disappeared in the three Disappeared in the Neuter Gender and
Singular Two Numbers
Number
5. Sutta
Slept
Slept
In the three Gender and Two Numbers
In the Neuter Singular Number
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6. Baddha Tied
7. Bhiya
144
(2)
(3)
(4)
Feared

In the three Gender and
Two Numbers
(1-A) Write all the alternatives of irregular Past Participles constructed from the Transitive Verbs.
Use in the Passive Voice
Kia = Was/Were done
(1)
In the three
Gender and
Two Numbers
Mäulem/
Mäulena/
Mäulenam
The
Tied
Pride was done by the maternal uncle -
Gavva/Gavva/ Kia/Kia/ Gavvu/Gavvo Kiu/Kio
Vows were observed by the sister -
Sasãe/
Kia/
Sasae
Kiä
Feared
Vaya/
Vayā
Narindem/
Narindena/
Narindeṇam
government was ruled by the king -
Sāsaṇa/
Kia/
Sāsaņȧ/
Kia/
Sāsaṇu
Kiu
Sāmiem/Sāmiem/
Samim/Samim/
Sāmiņa/Sāmiņa/
Sāmiņam/Sāmiņaṁ
In the Neuter
Singular
Number
In the Neuter
Singular
Number
Different actions were done by the master
Kamma/
Kamma/
Kammaim/
Kammāim

Kia
Kia
Kiaim
Kiäim
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(5)
Examination was held by the teacher -
Kia
Guruem/Gurūem/ Gurum/Gurūṁ! Guruņa/Gurúņa) Guruņam/Gurūņam
Parikkhă/ Parikkha
Kia
(6)
Desires were done by the young lady -
Juvaiel Juvaie
Ahilasă/Ahilāsa/ Ahilāsāu/Ahilăsau/ Ahilasão/Ahilasao
Kia/Kia/ Kiau/Kiau/ Kião/Kiao
(2-A) Write all the alternatives of irregular Past Participles
constructed from Verbs indicating mobility.
Use in the Active Voice
Gaya/Gaa - Went
(1)
The Son came to the house - Putta/Puttă Ghara/Ghară/ Gaya/Gayā/ Puttu/Putto Gharu
Gayu/Gayo Gaa/Gaa/ Gau/Gao
(2)
Grandsons went to the house -
Potta/Pottā
Ghara/Gharā/ Gaya/Gaya/ Gharu
Gaa/Gaa
(3
)
The Aircraft went to the forest -
Vimāņa/ Vimāņā/ Vimanu
Vana/ Vaņa/ Vaņu
Gaya/Gaya/Gayu/ Gaa/Gaa/Gau
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(4)
The citizen went to the house -
Nayarajaņa/ Ghara/ Nayarajaņā/ Ghară/ Nayarajaņaim/ Gharu Nayarajaņāim
Gaya/Gaya/ Gayaiṁ/Gayāim/ Gaa/Gaal Gaaim/Gajim
(5)
The girl went to the house - Kannā/Kanna Ghara/Ghara/ Gaya/Gaya! Gharu
Gaa/Gaa
(6)
Daughters went to the house - Suyā/Suya/ Ghara/ Gaya/Gaya/Gayāu/ Suyau/Suyau/ Ghara/ Gayau/Gayão/Gayao/ Suyão/Suyao Gharu Gaå/Gaa/Gaàu/Gaau/
Gaão/Gaao
(2-B) In the literature the use of Passive Voice of Verbs
indicating mobility is found in very small number. So here only one example is being given.
Use in the Passive Voice (This does not exist in English)
(1)
The son went to the house -
Puttem/ Putteņa/ Putteņam
Ghara/Gharā/ Gaya/Gaya/ Gharu/Gharo Gayu/Gayo/
Gaa/Gaå/Gau/Gao
(3-A) Write all the Irregular Past Participles constructed from
the Intransitive Verbs.
Use in the Active Voice Mua - Died
(1)
The enemy died - Sattu/Sattu Mua/Mua/Muu/Muo
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(2)
Enemies died -
Sattu/Sattū Mua/Mua
(3)
The citizen died -
Nayarajaņa/Nayarajaņā/Nayarajaņu
Mua/Muả/ Muu
(4)
Citizens died -
Nayarajana/Nayarajanā/ Nayarajanaim/Nayarajaņāim
Mua/Mua/ Muaim/Mukim
(5)
The daughter died - Suya/Suga Mua/Mua
(6)
Sisters died -
Sasa/Sasa/Sasăul Sasau/Sasão/Sasao
Muā/Mua/Muau/Muau/ Muão/Muao.
(3-B) Use in the Impersonal Form. (This does not exist in English)
Mua = Died (1) The enemy died -
Sattues/Sattūem/ Sattur/Sattum/ Sattuņa/Sattūņa/ Sattunaṁ/Sattüņam
Mua/Muä/Muu
(2)
Enemies died -
Sattuhim/Sattühim
Mua/Muā/Muu
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(3)
The citizen died -
Nayarajanes/ Nayarajaņeņa) Nayarajaņeņam
Mua/Mua/Muu
(4)
Citizens died -
Nayarajaņahim/ Nayarajaņāhim/ Nayarajaņehim
Mua/Muå/Muu
(5)
The daughter died - Suyae/Suyae
Mua/Mua/Muu
(6)
Daughters died - Suyāhim/Suyahim
Mua/Muă/Muu
(A) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. For
making sentences use Irregular Past Participles constructed from the Transitive Verbs.
1. The elephant was given by the king for the commander. 2. Religious books were given by the saint for the father. 3. The wealth was given by the mother for the daughter. 4. Clothes were given by the mother for the daughter. 5. The jewel was given by the king for the commander. 6. Cows were given by the master for the brother. 7. The book was kept in the house by the maternal uncle. 8. Religious books were kept in the house by Hari. 9. The wealth was kept in the pitcher by the grandfather. 10. Small bundles were kept in the field by the grandmother. 11. The sāri was kept on the tree by the maternal aunt. 12. The pitcher was kept in the field by women. 13. Water was obtained by mortifiers. 14. Books were obtained by the maternal uncle. 15. Food was obtained by the young lady. 16. Lotuses were obtained by children. 17. Prosperity was
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obtained by the king. 18. The jewel was obtained by the sister. 19. The bow was put on the earth by the master. 20. The jewel was thrown in the ocean by the king. 21. The wealth was thrown in the well by women. 22. Sticks were thrown in the field by human beings. 23. The rope was put in the field by the maternal aunt. 24. Jewels were placed in the pitcher by the young lady. 25. The cloth was burned by the son. 26. Houses were burned by the minister. 27. The small bundle was burned by the maternal uncle. 28. Kingdoms were set on fire by the king. 29. The rope was burned by the daughter. 30. Huts were burned by enemies. 31. Suffering was told by the mother. 32. Religious books were described by the saint. 33. The truth was told by the maternal uncle. 34. Pleasures were told by sisters. 35. Story was narrated by the mother. 36. Stories were narrated by the mother. 37. The minister was distressed by the king. 39. The citizen was distressed by the enemy. 40. Citizens were distressed by the minister. 41. The daughter was distressed by the sister. 4 2. Daughters were distressed by the sister. 43. The serpent was seen by the maternal uncle. 44. Serpents were seen by the maternal uncle. 45. The aircraft was seen by the child. 46. Aircrafts were seen by children. 47. The cave was seen by the mother. 48. Caves were seen by the mother. 49. The rule was completed by the saint. 50. Rules were completed by the saints. 51. Action was completed by the human being. 52. Actions were completed by human beings. 53. The desire of the daughter was fulfilled by mother. 54. The desires of the daughter were fulfilled by mother. 55. The cow was eaten by the lion. 56. Cows were eaten by the lion. 57. Jämuna was eaten by the son. 58. Jāmunas were eaten by sons. 59. Curd was consumed by the daughter. 60. Bones were eaten by the dog. 61. The tree was sawed by the maternal uncle. 62. Trees were sawed by maternal uncles. 63. The paper was cut by the son. 64. Papers were cut by the son. 65. The knee of the enemy was cut by the commander. 66. The knees of the enemies were cut by the commander. 67. The elephant was killed by the king. 68. Elephants were killed by the king. 69. The citizen was killed by the commander. 70. Citizens were killed by the
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commander. 71. The sister of the king was killed by the enemy. 72. The sisters of the king were killed by the enemy. 73. The son was taken away by the minister. 74. Sons were taken away by the minister. 75. The citizen was taken away by the king. 76. Citizens were taken away by the king. 77. The daughter was taken by the maternal aunt. 78. Daughters were taken away by the maternal aunt.
Example :
The elephant was given by - Narindeņa Señāvai Hatthi Diņņa. the king for the commander
(B) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. For
making sentences write all the alternatives of irregular Past Participles constructed from the Verbs indicating mobility.
1. The son went to the house. 2. Sons went to the house. 3. The son went. 4. The mother reached the field. 5. Mothers reached the field. 6. The mother reached the field. (Impersonal form)
Example :
The son went to : Putta Ghara the house
Gaya/Gaya/Gayu/Gayo/ Gaa/Gaā/Gau/Gao.
(C) Translate the following sentences into Apabhramśa. Write all
alternatives of irregular Past Participles constructed from the Intransitive Verbs.
1. The son rejoiced. 2. Sons rejoiced. 3. The citizen rejoiced. 4. Citizens rejoiced. 5. The mother rejoiced. 6. Mothers rejoiced. 7. The village disappeared. 8. Villages disappeared. 9. The aircraft disappeared. 10. Aircrafts disappeared. 11. The enemy died. 12. Enemies died. 13. The citizen died. 14. Citizens died. 15. The daughter died. 16. Daughters died. 17. The maternal uncle stayed. 18. Maternal uncles stayed. 19. The citizen stayed. 20. Citizens
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stayed. 21. The woman stayed. 22. Women stayed. 23. The camel slept. 24. Camels slept. 25. The citizen slept. 26. Citizens slept. 27. The sister slept. 28. Sisters slept. 29. The grandson feared. 30. Grandsons feared. 31. The citizen feared. 32. Citizens feared. 33. The girl feared. 34. Girls feared.
Impersonal form: 35. Enemy died. 36. Daughters rejoiced. 37. Enemies died. 38. The maternal uncle stayed. 39. Women stayed. 40. Karmas disappeared. 41. Sisters slept. 42. Grandsons feared. 43. Girls feared.
Example :
The son rejoiced =
Putta Santuţtha/Santuţtha/
Santutxhu/Santuţtho.
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Absolutive
Adjective
Adverbs
Causative Verbs
Feminine Gender
Future Tense
Impersonal Form
Imperative
Indeclinable
Infinitive
Intransitive Verbs
Irregular
Obligatory and
Potential Participle
Passive Voice
Past Participle
Past Tense
Present Tense
Present Participle
Pronoun
Apabhraṁśa Exercise Book
Exercise 38

Abbreviations
= Abs.
=
- Adj.
Adv.
Cau.
= Fem.
= Fu.
=
H
=
= Imp.
= Ind.
= Inf.
= Intr.
= Irre.
= OPP.
Pro.
Pronominal Adjective = Pro. Adj.
Retainer of Innate = Rim.
Meaning Suffixes
(Svarthika Suffixes)
Transitive Verb
Imp. F.
= Pass.
= PAP.
= PAT.
= PT.
= PP.
=
=
Tr.

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Indicative of Original Word.
*[0+() +()]
+ Sign is indicative of joining together of
words.
*[0-(- 0]
- Sign is indicative of compounding
of words
*[{() - () - () } Adj.) The entire unit in this type of brackets is
indicative of Adjective. * Where only number 1/1, 2/1 etc. are written
outside brackets the word inside the bracket is indicative of noun.
* Where Passive Voice, Participle etc. are not
according the rules of Apabhraíša Grammar, there irre. is also written outside the bracket.
1/1
Intra. or Tr.
1/2
2/1
Intra. or Tr. Intra. or Tr. Intra. or Intra. or Tr.
First Person/Singular First Person/Plural Second Person/Singular Second Person/Plural Third Person/Singular
212
3/1
3/2
Intra. or Tr.
Third Person/Plural
1/1
1/2
Nominative Case/Singular Number Nominative Case/Plural Number Accusative Case/Singular Number
2/1
2/2
Accusative Case/Plural Number
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3/1
Instrumental Case/Singular Number
3/2
Instrumental Case/Plural Number
4/1
Dative Case/Singular Number
4/2
Dative Case/Plural Number
5/1
5/2
Ablative Case/Singular Number Ablative Case/Plural Number Genitive Case/Singular Number Genitive Case/Plural Number
6/1
6/2
7/1
Locative Case/Singular Number Locative Case/Plural Number
7/2
8/1
Vocative Case/Singular Number
8/2
Vocative Case/Plural Number
Method of Grammatical-analysis Noun
Narindasu
(Narinda) 4/1
Pronoun
Teņa
(Ta) 3/1 Pro.
Pronominal Adjective
Savvu
(Savva) 2/1 Pro. Adj.
Verb
Hosai
(Ho) Fu. 3/1 Intr. (Nisuņa+evi) Abs.
Absolutive
Nisuņevi
Infinitive
Hasana
(Hasa+ana) Inf.
Present Participle
Joyantu
(Joya+nta) PP. 1/1
Past Participle
Māriu
(Māra - Māria) PAP. 1/1
Adjective
Samaggala
(Samaggala) 2/1 Adj.
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Impersonal Form
Passive Voice
Causative
Retainer of Innate
Meaning Suffixes
(Svarthika Suffixes)
Indeclinable
Adverbs
Irregular Past Participle
Irregular Passive Voice
Example
156
Paṇaveppiņu
Teņa
Vi
Vuttu
Ema
Gaya
Diyaha
Jovvaņu
Lhasiu
Deva
Naccijjai

Vilasijjai
Darisävami
Jambüu
Viņu
Avasem
Mukku
Labbhai
(Nacca+ijja) PT. Imp.f.
3/1 Intr.
(Vilasa+ijja) PT. Pass.
3/1 Tr.
(Darisa+āva) Cau. PT.
1/1 Tr.
1. Paṇaveppiņu Teņa Vi Vuttu Ema, Gaya Diyaha Jovvaņu Lhasiu
Deva.
(Jambua) 1/1 a. Rim.
Ind.
(Avasa) 3/1 Adv.
(Mukka) PAP. 1/1 Irre.
(Labbhai) PT. Pass. 3/1 Tr. Irre.
(Paṇava+Eppiņu) Abs.
(Ta) 3/1 Pro.
Ind.
(Vutta) PAP. 1/1 Irre.
Ind.
(Gaya) PAP.1/2 Irre.
(Diyaha) 1/2
(Jovvana) 1/1
(Lhasa) PAP.1/1
(Deva) 8/1

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2. Dāņu Kupattaham Dosadai Bollijjai Ņa Hu Bhanti. Daņu
(Dāņa) 1/1 Kupattaham (Kupatta) 4/2 Dosadai
(Dosa+Ada) 1/1 'Ada' Rim.
Ind. Bollijjai
(Bolla) PT.Pass.3/1 Tr. Ņa
Ind. Bhanti.
(Bhanti) 1/1
Ind.
Hu
3. Tam Ņisuņevi Valeņa Pajampiu, Bharahaho Sayalu Vi Rajju
Samappiu.
Tam Ņisuņevi Valena Pajampiu
Bharahaho Sayalu Vi Rajju Samappiu
(Ta) 2/1 Pro. (Ņisuņa + Evi) Abs. (Vala) 3/1 (Pajampa-Pajampia) PA.P. 1/1 (Bharaha) 4/1 (Sayala) 1/1 Adj. Ind. (Rajja) 1/1 (Samappa-Samappia) PAP. 1/1
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Exercise 39
Amangaliya Purisaho Kaha1
Ekkahim Nayari Ekku Amangaliu Muddhu Purisu Asi. So Erisu Atthi Jo Ko Vi Pabhāye Taho Muha Pasei, So Bhoyanu Pi Na Lahei. Paurà Vi Paccuse Kayāvi Taho Muhu Na Pikkhahim. Naravaieṁ Vi Amangaliya Purisaho Vaṭṭā Suņia. Parikkhevam Narindem Egaya Pabhāyakāle So Āhūu, Tāsu Muhu Diṭṭhu. Jaiyahuṁ Rāu Bhoyaṇā Uvavisai, Kavalu Ca Muhi Pakkhivai, Taiyahum Ahili Nayare Akamhä Paracakka Bhayem Halabolu Jāu. Tāvehim Naravai Vi Bhoyanu Cayevi Sahasa Uṭṭheviņu Sasennu Nayarahe Bahim Niggau.
Bhaya Kāraṇu Adaṭṭhūṇa Puņu Pacchā Āgau. Samāņu Narindu Cintei Imaho Amangaliyaho Saruvu Maim Paccakkhu Diṭṭhu, Tao Eho Hantavvo. Evam Cinteppi Amangaliya Kokāvieppiņu Vahevaṁ Caṇḍālasu Appei. Jaiyahum Eho Ruvantu, Sakammu Nindantu Caṇḍālem Saha Gacchantu Atthi, Taiyahum Ekku Kāruṇiu Buddhiṇihāņu Vahāhe Neijjamāņu Taṁ Daṭṭhūṇaṁ Kāraṇu Ṇāi Tāsu Rakkhaṇasu Kanni Kimpi Kaheppiņu Uvāya Dansei. Harisantu Jāvehiṁ Vahassu Thambhi Thaviu Tavehim Caṇḍālu Tam Pucchai - Jivanu Viņā Tau Kāvi Iccha Hoi, Tayā Maggiyavvä. So Kahei - Mahu Narinda Muha Dansana Iccha Atthi. Tayā So Narinda Samivaṁ Āṇīu. Narindu Tam Pucchai - Ethu Agamaṇa Kim Paoyaṇu?
1. This story has been translated from Präkrța into Apabhraṁśa. In fact, the prose does not exist in Apabhramsa.
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Exercise 39 The story of an inauspicious man or human being.
There was an inauspicious foolish man in a certain city. He was such that any body who looks at his face in the morning did not get even food. The resident of city never looked at his face in the morning. The matter concerning the inauspicious man was heard by the king. Once he was called by the king in the morning for verification. His face was seen by the king. As soon as the king sat for taking food and put the morsel of food in his mouth, all of a sudden there occurred a noise in the whole city, on account of the fear of attack by the enemy. Then even the king, leaving the food and getting up immediately, went outside the city with an army.
He came back because of not seeing any danger. The egoistic king thought - the nature of this inauspicious man has (now) been witnessed by me. So he should be killed. Having thought in this way and having called the inauspicious man, the king handed him over to an outcaste for being killed. Weeping and criticizing his own action when he was going with the outcaste, then knowing the reason, one kind and an intelligent person having seen him for being killed spoke to him in the ear some method for his protection. He rejoiced. When he was asked to stand on the pillar of killing then the outcaste asked him : If you have any desire except the protection of life, it should be demanded. He said, my desire is to see the face of the king, then he was brought before the king. The king asked what is the purpose of your coming here.
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So Kahei He Narindu ! Paccuse Mahu Muhassu Dansaṇem Bhoyaņu Na Lahijjai. Parantu Tumhaham Muha Pekkhanem Majjhu Vahu Bhavesai, Taiyahuṁ Paura Kim Kahesanti/Kahesahim. Mahu Muhahe Sirimantaham Muha Damsanu Kerisu Phalau Jāi? Nāyarā Vi Pabhãe Tumhahaṁ Muha Kaham Pasihire? Evaṁ Tāsu Vayaṇa Juttie Santuṭṭhu Narindu. So Vahāesu Nisehevi Pāritosiu Ca Dayavi Harisiu So Amangaliu Vi Santussiu.
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He said - Oh! King by seeing my face food was not eaten by you, but seeing your face, I shall be killed. What will be the residents of the city express? What (horrible) consequence comes into being by my seeing your face and your seeing my face when compared. (If this is the case) how the residents of the city will look at your face in the morning. In this way the king was satisfied by the argument of his expression. Having nullified the order for his killing and having awarded him, the king rejoiced. (By this) that inauspicious man was also satisfied.
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Grammatical Analysis
of the Story :
of the Story:
Amangaliya Purisaho Kaha

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Amangaliya Purisaho Kaha
(Amangaliya) 6/1 Adj.
Amangaliya Purisaho
(Purisa) 6/1
Kaha
Ekkahim
Nayari Ekku Amangaliu
Muddhu
Purisu
(Kahā) 1/1 (Ekka) 7/1 Pro. Adj. (Nayara) 7/1 (Ekka) 1/1 Pro. Adj. (Amangalia) 1/1 Adj. (Muddha) 1/1 Adj. (Purisa) 1/1 (Asa) PAT. 3/1 Intr. (Ta) 1/1 Pro. (Erisa) 1/1 Adj. (Asa) PT. 3/1 Intr. (Ja) 1/1 Pro. (Ka) 1/1 Pro.
Asi
So
Erisu
Atthi
Jo
Ко
Ind.
Vi Pabhāye
(Pabhāya) 7/1 (Ta) 6/1 Pro.
Taho
Muha
(Muha) 2/1
Pāsei
So
(Pāsa) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Ta) 1/1 Pro. (Bhoyana) 2/1 Ind.
Bhoyaņu
Pi
Na
Ind.
Lahei
(Laha) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Paura) 1/2
Paura
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Vi
Ind.
Paccūse
(Paccusa) 7/1
Kayāvi
Ind.
Taho
Muhu
Na
Pikkhahim
Naravaiem
(Ta) 6/1 Pro. (Muha) 2/1 Ind. (Pikkha) PT. 3/2 Tr. (Naravai) 3/1 Ind. (Amangaliya) 6/1 Adj. (Purisa) 6/1 (Vatā) 1/1 (Suņa) PAP.1/1
Vi
Amangaliya
Purisaho
Vattā
Sunia
Parikkhevam
(Parikkha) Inf.
Narinder
(Narinda) 3/1
Egaya
Ind.
Pabhayakāle So Āhuu
Tāsu
Muhu
Ditthu
(Pabhāyakāla) 7/1 (Ta) 1/1 Pro (Ahua) PAP. 1/1 Irre. (Ta) 6/1 Pro. (Muha) 1/1 (Dittha) PAP. 1/1 Irre. Ind. (Raa) 1/1 (Bhoyana) 4/1 (Uvavisa) PT. 3/1 Intr. (Kavala) 2/1
Jaiyahum
Rau
Bhoyaņā Uvavisai
Kavalu
ca
Ind.
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Muhi
(Muha) 7/1
Pakkhivai Taiyahur
Ahili
Nayare Akamhā
(Pakkhiva) PT. 3/1 Tr. Ind. (Ahila) 7/1 Adj. (Nayara) 7/1 Ind. (Paracakka) 6/1 (Bhaya) 3/1 (Halabola) 1/1 (Jāa) PAP.1/1 Irre.
Paracakka
Bhayem
Halabolu
Jau
Távehim
Ind.
Naravai
Vi
Bhoyaņu Cayevi
Sahasā
(Naravai) 1/1 Ind. (Bhoyaņa) 2/1 (Caya) Abs. Ind. (Uttha) Abs. (Sasenna) 1/1 Adj. (Nayara) 5/1 Ind. (Niggaa) PAP. 1/1 Irre.
Utthevinu
Sasennu Nayarahe
Bāhir
Niggau
Bhaya
Kāraņu Adaţthūņa Puņu
(Bhaya) 6/1 (Kāraņa) 2/1 Abs. Irre. Ind. Ind. (Agaa) PAP. 1/1 Irre.
Paccha
Agau
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168
Samāņu
Narindu
Cintei
Imaho
Amangaliyaho
Sarūvu
Maim
Paccakkhu
Ditthu
Tao
Eho
Hantavvo
Evam
Cinteppi
Amangaliya
Kokāvieppiņu
Vahevam
Caṇḍālasu
Appei
Jaiyahum
Eho
Ruvantu
Sakammu
Nindantu
Candālem
Saha
Gacchantu
Atthi

(Samāņa) 1/1 Adj.
(Narinda) 1/1
(Cinta) PT. 3/1 Tr.
(Ima) 6/1 Pro. Adj.
(Amangaliya) 6/1 Adj.
(Sarūva) 1/1
(Amha) 3/1 Pro.
(Paccakkha) 1/1 Adj.
(Dittha) PAP. 1/1 Irre.
Ind.
(Eta) 1/1 Pro.
(Hantavva) OPP. 1/1 Irre.
Ind.
(Cinta) Abs.
(Amangaliya) 2/1
(Koka+Avi) Cau. Abs.
(Vaha) Inf.
(Caṇḍāla) 4/1
(Appa) PT. 3/1 Tr.
Ind.
(Eta) 1/1 Pro.
(Ruva) PP.1/1
[(Sa)-(Kamma)2/1]
(Ninda) PP. 1/1
(Canḍāla) 3/1
Ind.
(Gaccha) PP. 1/1
(Asa) PT. 3/1 Intr.
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Taiyahum
Ekku
Käruniu
Buddhinihāņu
Vahähe
Neijjamāņu
Tam
Datthūṇaṁ
Kāraṇu
Nai
Tāsu
Rakkhaṇasu
Kanni
Kimpi
Kaheppinu
Uvāya
Dansei
Harisantu
Jāvehiṁ
Vahassu
Thambhi
Thaviu
Tāvehim
Caṇḍālu
Tam
Pucchai
Jivaņu
Viņā
Apabhramsa Exercise Book

Ind.
(Ekka) 1/1 Pro. Adj.
(Karunia) 1/1 Adj.
(Buddhinihāṇa) 1/1 Adj.
(Vaha) 4/1
(Ni) Pass. PP. 1/1
(Ta) 2/1 Pro.
Abs. Irre.
(Käraṇa) 2/1
(Na) Abs.
(Ta) 6/1 Pro.
(Rakkhana) 4/1
(Kanna) 7/1
Ind.
(Kaha) Abs.
(Uväya) 2/1
(Dansa) PT. 3/1 Tr.
(Harisa) PP. 1/1
Ind.
(Vaha) 6/1
(Thambha) 7/1
(Thava) PAP. 1/1
Ind.
(Candāla) 1/1
(Ta) 2/1 Pro.
(Puccha) PT. 3/1 Tr.
(Jivana) 2/1
Ind.

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Tau
Kavi
(Tumha) 6/1 Pro. [(Kā) 1/1 Pro. ] Vi (Ind.)
Iccha
Hoi
Taya
Maggiyavva
So
Kahei
Mahu
Narinda
Muha
Dansaņa
Icchā
Atthi
(Iccha) 1/1 (Ho) PT. 3/1 Intr. Ind. (Magga) OPP. 1/1 (Ta) 1/1 Pro. (Kaha) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Amha) 6/1 Pro. (Narinda) 6/1 (Muha) 6/1 (Dansaņa) 6/1 (Iccha) 1/1 (Asa) PT. 3/1 Intr. Ind. (Ta) 1/1 Pro. (Narinda) 6/1 (Samiva) 1/1 Adj. (Āņia) PAP. 1/1 Irre. (Narinda) 1/1 (Ta) 2/1 Pro. (Puccha) PT. 3/1 Tr. Ind. (Agamaņa) 4/1 (Kim) 1/1 Pro. (Paoyana) 1/1
Taya So
Narinda
Samīvam
Ăniu
Narindu
Tam
Pucchai
Etthu
Agamaņa
Kim
Paoyaņu
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So
Kahei
He Narindu
Paccuse
Mahu
Muhassu
Darsanem
(Ta) 1/1 Pro (Kaha) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Narinda) 8/1 (Paccūsa) 7/1 (Amha) 6/1 Pro. (Muha) 6/1 (Daṁsaņa) 3/1 (Bhoyana) 1/1 Ind. (Laha) PT. Pass.3/1 Tr. Ind. (Tumha) 6/2 Pro. (Muha) 2/1 (Pekkhana) 3/1
Bhoyaņu
Na
Lahijjai
Parantu
Tumhaham
Muha
Pekkhanem
Majjhu
(Amha) 6/1 Pro.
Vahu
(Vaha) 1/1
Bhavesai
(Bhava) Fu. 3/1 Intr.
Taiyahum
Paura
Ind. (Paura) 1/2 (Kim) 1/1 Pro. (Kaha) Fu. 3/2 Tr.
Kim
Kahesanti/ Kahesahim
Mahu
(Amha) 6/1 Pro.
Muhahe
(Muha) 5/1
Sirimantaham
(Sirimanta) 6/2
Muha
(Muha) 1/1 (Darsaņa) 1/1
Daṁsanu
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Kerisu
Phalau
(Kerisa) 2/1 Adj. (Phalaa) 2/1 'A' Rim. (Jā) PT. 3/1 Tr. (Nayara) 1/2
Jāi
Nayară
Vi
Ind.
Pabhãe
(Pabhāa) 7/1
Tumhahar
Muha
(Tumha) 6/2 (Muha) 2/1 Ind. (Pasa) Fu. 3/2 Tr.
Kaham
Pasihire
Evas
Ind.
Tāsu
Vayana
Juttie
Santutthu
Narindu
(Ta) 6/1 Pro. (Vayaņa) 6/1 (Jutti) 3/1 (Santuttha) PAP. 1/1 Irre. (Narinda) 1/1 (Ta) 1/1 Pro. [(Vaha)+ (Aesu)] [(Vaha) - (Aesa) 2/1] (Niseha) Abs. (Päritosia) 2/1
So
Vahảesu
Nisehevi
Päritosiu
Ca
Ind.
Dāyavi Harisiu So Amangaliu
(Dā) Abs. (Harisa) PAP. 1/1 (Ta) 1/1 Pro. (Amangalia) 1/1 Adj. Ind. (Santussa) PAP. 1/1
Vi
Santussiu
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