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6.1
The Sound of Shrieking
6 ANALYSIS
✓ RAT.300 VDIV/DEV/DIV does not occur in Vasunandin's text.301 Outside Jainism, we find some instances for the use of DIV in the context of death rituals. In Pāli present tense, gerunds, and participles deriving from DĪV occur numerous times in the Sutta-Nipāta.302 Instead of DIV and KRAND we find the substitutes RAT303, LAP and RU/ RUD. In (142b) the lamenting of the sentient being in suffering is characterised as pitifully or heart-rendingly (karuna-palāvam ruvei). In the phrase of Sr (142b), palāvam ruvei, with the alteration karunam puno ruvai in (149d), the predicate and the adjunct derive from LAP and RUD. We should take to account the semantical relation of RU /RUD304 and the designation for hell in Buddhist and Hindu eschatological texts: "Raurava". In Vasunandin's Śr ruvai/ ruyai occur in (113a), (149d), (1950), besides we find the phrases alam hi ruyanena (144b), and the participle rovamto (165d).
With the phrase (144) alam hi ruyanena our author depicts fancifully the situation of purgation: in the grounds of the earth some cruel inhabitants of hell (identified with the Asuras in 170) scold the sentient being. It is a reproach, now it is enough of crying!". In (149d) we get to know that the creature while suffering in the grounds of earth pitifully cries again and again. The phrase is constructed with the adverbial adjunct karunam puno ruvai.505 Outside Buddhism and Jainism this motif appears some
300 LAP and vi+ LAP are applied by Vasunandin in (2016) in vilavamāņo, (150c), (154c) vilavamto. Cf. LAP / RAP "to chatter"; "to prate" (Whitney 1885 (1945):136) and pra + LAP: "to utter moaning sounds; to wail; to lament; to bewail"; MW: pp. 689; 896).
301 For DEV/DIV / DIV, also with the prefix pari: "to lament; to bewail; to moan; to groan"; "to complain", see MW: p. 478; Whitney 1885 [1945]:75. In Ts VI.12 appears paridevanam. It denotes in Ts VI.12 the type of affliction caused by intense inauspicious sensations. It is translated into English "lamenting" in Tatia 1994:156. Jaini 1920:17 explains it as "piteous or pathetic moaning to attract compassion". Jacobi 1906:520 translates the verbal noun into German: "Wehklagen".
302 See Sutta-Nipāta (582-583), (774), (969-970), cited according to Rhys Davids/ Stede 1921-1925:49, for instance paridevaneyya: a monk should give up the mental attitude which is the origin of sadness: the concern about what and where to eat, the mental grief about the whereabouts of spending the last night, and the reflection about where to sleep the following night. He should cultivate wisdom. The author of a verse in the Thera-gāthā, (1110: paridevitena kim cited according to Norman), suggests that "seeing all objects as being unstable", what would be the use of lamentation at the time of putting on arms? The mendicant goes forth in order to attain the "undying state".
303 Vasunandin employs the gerund and participle (radiūna, (152c), and radamtam (148c; 169c) derived from RAT: 1. "to howl; to wail; to yell"; "to shout"; 2. "to roar"; "to ring as a bell"; 3. "to proclaim: to implore (a superior)" (Whitney 1885 (1945): 135; MW: p.863; Mayrhofer 1976, Vol. III, p. 36).
304Cf. RU/ RUD 1. "to howl; to roar"; 2. "to weep, to yelp; to cry aloud”; 3."to lament", Whitney 1885 (1945):141-142; MW: p. 883; Sheth 1923:713, 715.
305 Outside Jainism Buddhist poems composed in the post-Christian period appear with showing nearly the same semantic contexts of this verbal root, for example in the Jātakamāla XXIX:38. There is a passage, in which the crying of the inhabitants of hell is
