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CHAPTER XIII
CLASSIFICATION AND LOGICAL FORMS OF
INFERENCE
1.
Svārtha and Parārtha inferences
In Indian logic an inference is a combined deductiveinductive reasoning consisting of at least three categorical propositions. All inferences are thus pure syllogisms of the categorical type which are at once formally and materially valid. llence we have not a classification of inferences into deductive and inductive, immediate and mediate, syllogistic and non-syllogistic, pure and mixed. The Naiyāyikas give us three different classifications of inference. According to the first, inference is of two kinds, namely, svārtha and parārtha. This is a psychological classification which has in view the use or purpose which an inference serves According to another classification, inference is said to be of three kinds, namely, pūrvavat, gesavat and sāmānyatodrsța. This classification has reference to the nature of the vyāptı or the universal relation between the middle and major terms of inference. Pūrvavat and seşavat inferences are based on causal uniformity, while sāmānyatodęşta is based on non-causal uniforinity. According to a third classification, inference is distinguished into kevalānvayı, kevala-vyatireki and anvaya-vyalireki. This classification is more logical inasmuch as it depends on the nature of the induction by which we get the knowledge of vyāpti or the universal
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