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A Study of Syadvāda
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formulae, being considered from two stand-points viz. affirmation and negation. (Nyāyaviniscaya §47) And three kinds of scriptural knowledge (śruta) are put forward as follows: i) that which is derived from one's own perception according to other's indication (pratyakṣa-nimittaka), ii) that which is derived from one's own reasoning and not from other's indication (anumāna-nimittaka), and iii) that which is produced by scripture (agama-nimittaka). (Pramanasamgraha 1.1, p.97) On the other hand, Vädideva and others define agama (or śruta) as cognition derived from words of reliable person (apta-vacana), and thus Akalanka's interpretation seems more reasonable in covering wider range of śruta or agama. Furthermore he puts forward eight kinds of apparent fallacies (duṣana, dosa) and the refutation thereof, which will be later dealt with. (Pramāṇasaṁgraha III. 24)
In passing, Manikyanandin (Dig. c. 800 A.D.) wrote Parikṣāmukhasutra, the first systematic compendium of Jaina logic, containing 207 sutras, based on Akalanka's works like Nyayaviniscaya etc., but he does not refer to syadvāda in it at all. It is also to be added here that Vidyanandin (Dig. c. 900? A.D.) and Prabhācandra (Dig. 980-1065 A.D.) made a great contribution to the development of later Jaina logic, by their logical treatises as well as commentaries on Akalanka's works. 7. Haribhadra (Śvet. First half of the 9th cent. A.D.) mentions, in his Anekanta-jayapatākā and autocommentary, the following terms synonymous with syādvāda: anekānta-vāda, samhāra-vāda, sarva-vastusabala-vada, akula-vāda, tad-atad-vāda, vibhajya-vāda (Pkt. vibhajja-vāya)
etc.
8. Hemacandra (Svet. 1089-1172 A.D.), well-known for his epithet Kalikāla-sarvajña, gives no detailed account of syādvāda in his uncompleted work Pramāņamīmāmsā. In his Anyayogavyavacchedadvātrimśikā (or otherwise called Vitarāgastuti), he divides the knowledge into three: pramāņa, naya and durmaya, probably on the model of
3. Cf. Akalankagranthatraya, ed. by Mahendra Kumar, Singhi Jain Series No. 12. Bombay 1939, Intr. p.69.
4. Hemacanda composed two sets of "Thirty-two Stanzas (dvātrimśikā) in Praise of Passion-free'; Anyayogavyavaccheda and Ayogavyavaccheda. The former has traditionally been called Vitarägastuti, which was commented on by Mallisena
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